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Sosialisasi dan Pelatihan Pemeriksaan Fungsi Kognitif untuk Deteksi Dini Penyakit Demensia pada Tenaga Kesehatan di Puskesmas Wilayah Dinkes Kota Cimahi Sweetasari, Aprilia Grace; Dikot, Yustiani; Djajasasmita, Daswara; Lesmana, Sandi; Dessy, Dessy; Meria N, Rr. Desire; Fuadi, Luthfi Nurlaela
Jurnal Abdimas Kartika Wijayakusuma Vol 3 No 2 (2022): Jurnal Abdimas Kartika Wijayakusuma
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26874/jakw.v3i2.261

Populasi lansia di Indonesia sekitar 27,1 juta orang (hampir 10% dari total penduduk), dan pada tahun 2025 diproyeksikan meningkat menjadi 33,7 juta (11,8%). Penyakit neurodegeneratif, termasuk demensia, juga akan mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan meningkatnya populasi lansia. Demensia merupakan gangguan kognitif merupakan masalah serius bagi lansia karena menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan kinerja pada tugas-tugas kognitif utama sehingga mengganggu aktivitas hariannya. Tenaga kesehatan terutama di fasilitas kesehatan primer berperan penting dalam mendeteksi dini gejala demensia sehingga dapat dilakukan upaya untuk mencegah progresifitas. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah belum adanya gambaran pengetahuan tenaga kesehatan tentang demensia di puskesmas wilayah Dinas Kesehatan Kota Cimahi. Dari hasil pengisian kuesioner sebelum kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat Sosialisasi dan Pelatihan Pemeriksaan Fungsi kognitif Untuk Deteksi Dini Demensia, nilai rata-rata 22 tenaga kesehatan peserta pelatihan adalah 71,82. Setelah selesai dilakukan sosialisasi dan pelatihan, hasil pengisian kuesioner mengalami peningkatan menjadi 85,91. Dari hasil kegiatan ini, diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran pengetahuan tenaga kesehatan di fasilitas kesehatan primer yaitu puskesmas di wilayah Dinas Kesehatan Kota Cimahi sehingga diperlukan sosialisasi berkala di fasilitas kesehatan primer agar dapat mensosialisasikan dan mendeteksi dini penyakit demensia.

Penyuluhan Jajanan Sehat dan Higienis di Desa Binaan Mekarsaluyu Kabupaten Bandung Rahaju, Asih; Djajasasmita, Daswara; Suntana, Mutiara Sukma; Adinugraha, Irham M; Yuslianti, Euis Reni
Jurnal Abdimas Kartika Wijayakusuma Vol 4 No 1 (2023): Jurnal Abdimas Kartika Wijayakusuma
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26874/jakw.v4i1.285

Kebiasaan jajan anak-anak sudah menjadi perilaku umum di semua lapisan sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Jajanan anaksering dijumpai di lingkungan sekolah dan sering dikonsumsi oleh sebagian besar anak usia sekolah, terutama anak usia sekolah dasar, karena harganya yang terjangkau dan dikonsumsi sebagai energi tambahan. Namun, peran strategis jajanan tersebut belum diimbangi dengan kualitas dan nilai gizi yang diharapkan. Artikel ini menguraikan tentang kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk pendayagunaan peran mahasiswa Pembelajaran Luar Kelas (PLK). Metode yang dilaksanakan berbentuk penyuluhan kepada para kader di Desa Mekarsaluyu Kabupaten Bandungmengenai jajanan sehat untuk kesehatan tubuh, gigi dan mulut. Kegiatan diikuti oleh 29 orang kader desa dan berjalan efektif. Penyuluhan dilakukan dalam bentuk audio visual dan demonstrasi pembuatan bekal minuman sehat berupa infused water dari buah kepada para kader. Seluruh peserta mengikuti kegiatan dengan antusias.

Pengaruh Gangguan Tidur dan Peranan Sitokin terhadap Luaran Stroke Iskemik Djajasasmita, Daswara
Jurnal Neuroanestesi Indonesia Vol 10, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : https://snacc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/fall/Intl-news3.html

Stroke merupakan penyebab kematian kedua di dunia. Sebanyak 15,4% dari seluruh kematian di Indonesia disebabkan oleh stroke. Prevalensi penyakit stroke meningkat dari tahun ke tahun dan akan menimbulkan masalah di bidang kesehatan. Salah satu faktor yang dapat memperburuk penyakit stroke, diantaranya adalah gangguan tidur. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara gangguan tidur dan pengaruh sitokin terhadap luaran stroke iskemik. Stroke iskemik akibat aterosklerotik dengan adanya hipoksia pada neuron akan memicu pelepasan sitokin, termasuk tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) dan interleukin-10 (IL-10) dari neuron dan sel glial. Sitokin juga berpengaruh terhadap pola tidur seperti nerve growth factor (NGF) menginduksi non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) dan rapid eye movement sleep (REM). Gangguan tidur terutama sleep apnea mempunyai risiko yang lebih besar terhadap kejadian stroke atau risiko kematian oleh sebab apapun. Proses yang terjadi pada stroke iskemik akut menimbulkan respon inflamasi, proses inflamasi ini seperti pedang bermata dua karena di satu sisi menimbulkan kerusakan yang lebih luas, namun di sisi lain dapat bertindak membantu perbaikan. Peningkatan produksi sitokin seperti interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, dan C-reactive protein (CRP) akan menimbulkan luaran yang buruk pada penderita stroke.The Effect of Sleep Disturbances and The Role of Cytokines on The Outcome of StrokeAbstractStroke is the second cause of death in the world. As many as 15.4% of all deaths in Indonesia are caused by strokes. The prevalence of stroke increases from year to year and will cause problems in the health sector. One of the factors can exacerbate stroke, including sleep disturbances. The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between sleep disturbances and the effect of cytokines on ischemic stroke outcome. Ischemic stroke due to atherosclerosis in the presence of hypoxia in neuron will result in the release of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) from neurons and glial cells. Cytokines also influence sleep patterns such as nerve growth factor (NGF) inducing non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). Sleep disorders, especially sleep apnea, have a greater risk of stroke or risk of death for any cause. The process that occurs in acute ischemic stroke causes an inflammatory response, this inflammatory process is like a double-edged sword because on the one hand it causes more extensive damage, but on the other hand it can act help repair. Increased production of cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) will lead to poor outcomein stroke patients.

Gambaran Pengetahuan Peserta Pelatihan Deteksi Dini dan Tatalaksana Stroke Terkini Pada Tenaga Kesehatan di Puskesmas Wilayah Dinas Kesehatan Kota Cimahi Sweetasari, Aprilia Grace; Djajasasmita, Daswara; Lesmana, Sandi; Dessy, Dessy
Jurnal Abdimas Kartika Wijayakusuma Vol 5 No 1 (2024): Jurnal Abdimas Kartika Wijayakusuma
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26874/jakw.v5i1.396

Stroke merupakan penyakit kegawatdaruratan neurologi yang bersifat akut dan menjadi penyebab kematian nomor dua tertinggi di seluruh dunia dan kecacatan nomor satu di dunia. Kejadian stroke harus dikenali sesegera mungkin karena merupakan suatu serangan otak yang merupakan kegawatdaruratan. Kemampuan tenaga kesehatan dalam mendeteksi dini stroke menjadi hal yang sangat penting dimiliki. Penanganannya pun perlu dilakukan sedini mungkin agar tidak menimbulkan gejala sisa baik berupa kelainan neurologis maupun kognisi. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah belum adanya gambaran pengetahuan tenaga kesehatan tentang deteksi dini dan tatalaksana stroke di puskesmas wilayah Dinas Kesehatan Kota Cimahi. Dari hasil pengisian kuesioner sebelum kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dilakukan, nilai rata-rata 12 tenaga kesehatan peserta pelatihan adalah 72. Setelah selesai dilakukan sosialisasi dan pelatihan, hasil pengisian kuesioner mengalami peningkatan menjadi 90. Dari hasil kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran pengetahuan tenaga kesehatan di fasilitas kesehatan primer yaitu puskesmas di wilayah Dinas Kesehatan Kota Cimahi sehingga diperlukan sosialisasi berkala di fasilitas kesehatan primer agar dapat mensosialisasikan deteksi dini dan melakukan tatalaksana terkini untuk penyakit stroke.

Relationship between backpack weight and incidence of low back pain in senior high students Djajasasmita, Daswara; Jacob Manoe, Zacarja; Wulandari, Feby
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 1 No. 3 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
Publisher : ACTA Medical Health Sciences

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Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders that can impair daily activities. The causes of LBP are mostly non-specific, including the abnormalities in the soft tissues or form of muscles, ligament injuries, and muscle spasms or fat igue. One of the causes of LBP is carrying excess weight. If the load carried exceeds 15% of body weight, the person who carried the weight will experience musculoskeletal disorders. Students may carry a backpack with a weight that exceeds the recommended weight and this weight will put pressures on the muscles, ligaments, and tendons, causing tension and acute neck pain. These students then will have a higher risk of suffering LBP. The aimed of this study was to identify the relationship between the backpack load and the incidence of low back pain in students. Using the cross-sectional analytical method, this study was performed on a total of 63 students from a senior high school in Cimahi, Indonesia. Subjects were selected using the multistage random sampling and data on the sociodemographic, backpack load, and low back pain were collected and analyzed using the chi-square test. Results showed that 45 students (71.4%) experienced LBP, while the average weight of the backpack carried by these students 6.59 kg (p <0.001). Thus, there is a significant relationship between the excessive backpack weight and the incidence of LBP among students. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v1n3.p105-111 REFERENCES Amyra Natasha A, Ahmad Syukri A, Siti Nor Diana MK, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. The association between backpack use and low back pain among pre-university students: A pilot study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2017;13(2):205-9. Walsh E. Finite Element Analysis. Section I, Chapter 11. Elsevier; 2017. p. 168. Barkhordari A, Ehrampoush MH, Barkhor M. Assessment of school backpack weight and other characteristics in elementary schools, Yazd, Iran. J Community Health Res. 2013;2(1):2-7. Epidemiologic features of chronic low-back pain. The National Musculoskeletal Medicine Initiative; 2000. p. 585. Cooper P. Low Back Pain. Clinical Reference System. McKesson Health Solution LLC; 2003. p. 16. Bener A, Alwash R, Gaber T, Lovasz G. Obesity and low back pain. Coll Antropol. 2003;27(1):95-104. Kędra A, Czaprowski D. Epidemiology of back pain in children and youth aged 10–19 from southeast Poland. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:506823. Rahmi SA. Analisis faktor sedentary lifestyle dan konsumsi jajanan terhadap kejadian stunted obesity pada anak sekolah dasar di Kabupaten Magelang [dissertation]. Universitas Negeri Semarang; 2020. Wheeler A. Low back pain and sciatica. 2013. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300909291_Low_Back_Pain_and_Sciatica Fathoni H, Handoyo, Swasti KG. Hubungan sikap dan posisi kerja dengan low back pain pada perawat di RSUD Purbalingga. Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman. 2012;7(2). Lailani TM, Dewi DRL, Handoko W. Hubungan antara peningkatan indeks massa tubuh dengan kejadian nyeri punggung bawah pada pasien rawat jalan di poliklinik saraf RSUD Soedarso Pontianak. Dokter. 2013;3(1). Moore KL, Dalley AF. Anatomi berorientasi klinis. 5th ed. Vol. 2. 2013. Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH. Principles of anatomy and physiology. 12th ed. Danvers: John Wiley & Sons; 2009. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Buku ajar fisiologi kedokteran. 11th ed. Rachman RY, Hartanto H, Novrianti A, Wulandari N, editors. Jakarta: EGC; 2007. Battié MC, Videman T, Levalahti E, Gill K, Kaprio J. Heritability of low back pain and the role of disc degeneration. Pain. 2007;131(3):272-80. Siivola SM, Levoska S, Latvala K, Hoskio E, Vanharanta H, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S. Predictive factors for neck and shoulder pain: A longitudinal study in young adults. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(15):1662-9. Alghamdi RS, Nafee H, El-Sayed A, Alsaadi SM. A study of school bag weight and back pain among intermediate female students in Dammam City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Nurs Educ Pract. 2018;8(12):105. Ernawati TS, Andriani R, Yanti SN. Hubungan penggunaan tas ransel terhadap kejadian nyeri punggung bawah pada siswa kelas IX Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 2 Pontianak. Jurnal Cerebellum. 2016;2(2):468-78. Dumondor SV, Angliadi E, Sengkey L. Hubungan penggunaan ransel dengan nyeri punggung dan kelainan bentuk tulang belakang pada siswa di SMP Negeri 2 Tombatu. E-CliniC. 2015;3(1). Al Fageeh A. The effect of school bag weight on pain, posture, and vital capacity of lung of elementary school students in Bethlehem District, Palestine. Middle East J Family Med. 2009;7(7):7-14. Keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja: Manajemen dan implementasi K3 di tempat kerja. Surakarta: Harapan Press; 2008.

The correlation between motorcycle riding duration with carpal tunnel syndrome among online ojek workers in Cimahi Djajasasmita, Daswara; Dessy; Amalia, Farinez
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): Acta Medical and Health Sciences
Publisher : ACTA Medical Health Sciences

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a neuropathy of the wrist caused by the compression within the carpal tunnel, which puts pressure on the median nerve. Riding a motorcycle combines the risk factors for CTS, including grip strength and repetitive movements. The flexibility of working hours has led to an increase in the number of online motorcycle taxi workers. This research uses a cross-sectional design, and the sample consisted of 82 individuals selected using purposive sampling technique. Research data were processed using the Chi-Square test. The duration of motorcycle riding, categorized as either ≥8 hours per day or <8 hours per day, is associated with a risk of developing CTS. The results of the questionnaire indicated that the most common CTS symptoms reported by ojek online workers was tingling, experienced by 70.73% of respondents, while the least reported symptom was difficulty grasping or using small objects, reported by 23.17% of participants. The Chi-Square analysis test revealed no significant difference in the incidence of CTS complaints between those who rode motorbike for ≥8 hours and thos who rode <8 hours per day among Ojek Online workers in Cimahi (pvalue 0.635). This insignificant difference may be due to other risk factors that influence the emergence of CTS in Ojek Online workers. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v3n2.p68-74 REFERENCES Maher, A. B. (2016). Neurological assessment. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing, 22, 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijotn.2016.01.002 Chairunnisa, S., Novianus, C., & Hidayati. (2021). Factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms among online ojek communities in Tangerang City in 2021. JFKI, 1(2), 2807–8020. Sekarsari, D., Arum, D., & Amrin, F. (2017). The association between working hours, repetitive motion, and awkward hand postures with carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms among stone breaking workers. Journal of Public Health Student Research, 2(6), 1–9. Feng, B., Chen, K., Zhu, X., Ip, W. Y., Andersen, L., et al. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of self-reported wrist and hand symptoms and clinically confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome among office workers in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–10. Perţea, M., Ursu, S., Veliceasa, B., Grosu, O. M., Velenciuc, N., & Luncă, S. (2020). Value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: A new ultrasonographic index in carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis. Medicine (Baltimore), 99(29), e20903. Farahdhiya, F. A., Jayanti, S., & Ekawati. (2020). The association between duration, frequency, repetitive motion, and wrist posture with carpal tunnel syndrome in chamberstring orchestra violinists. Journal of Public Health, 8(5), 657–664. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm/article/view/27947 Sylvano, L. (2021). Low back pain in online ojek drivers. Ebers Papyrus, 27(2), 42–49. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (2023). Indonesian Statistics 2023. Jakarta: Statistics Indonesia. Febrianti, W. (2020). Impact of online transportation service (Gojek) on employment expansion in Bandung City. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 6(1), 57. Ibnu, A., Djarot, S., & Mokhammad, R. (2020). Internet of things-based driving duration warning system to improve traffic safety. Journal of Transportation, 20(3), 191–200. Sylvano, L., & Novendy. (2021). The association between riding duration and low back pain symptoms in online ojek drivers. Ebers Papyrus, 27(2), 42–49. Datu, M. M. D., Kawatu, P. A. T., & Mandagi, C. K. F. (2019). The association between working hours and work fatigue in online ojek drivers of the Manguni Rider Online Community. Kesmas, 8(6), 601–607. Sari, M. F., & Novendy. (2022). Risk of suspected carpal tunnel syndrome in online ojek drivers. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 4(2), 341–348. Nurdasari, A., & Ariasih, R. R. (2021). Factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in online ojek drivers in South Tangerang City. Semesta Sehat Journal, 1(1), 10–17. Rukayah, S., & Lupita, L. (2020). Factors associated with work fatigue level in online ojek drivers in East Jakarta in 2019. Journal of Persada Husada Indonesia, 7(25), 31–37. Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., et al. (2020). Purposive sampling: Complex or simple research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652–661. Sarilar, A. C., & Gök, D. K. (2021). Value of the Boston Questionnaire in carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurological Sciences and Neurophysiology, 38(4), 245–249. Wibawa, R. A. K., & Agustin, I. W. (2019). Characteristics of motorcyclists involved in traffic accidents in Surabaya. Plan Urban Reg Environ, 8(0341), 295–302. Radinda, U. B. I. (2023). The effect of riding duration on musculoskeletal complaints among online ojek drivers in Bandung City. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Fanny, A., & Aisyah. (2018). Factors influencing the occurrence of health complaints. 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Effectiveness of various lower extremity rehabilitation techniques to improve quality of life in post-stroke patients Mumtazati, Naili; Ayu Sinta, Gusti; Djajasasmita, Daswara; Taufan, Ali
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): Acta Medical and Health Sciences
Publisher : ACTA Medical Health Sciences

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The ability to move the lower extremities in individuals who have suffered from a stroke presents significant challenges to daily mobility and function. We conducted a systematic evaluation to compare the effectiveness of physical rehabilitation following a stroke. We searched six databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Springer, Portal Garuda, and Nature Portfolio) for publications published before November 2023. The researchers recruited stroke patients and used a validated scale to assess lower extremity strength and walking capacity in post-stroke patients. We used the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist to evaluate the quality of the papers that met the inclusion criteria. The PRISMA checklist was used to report the study. We identified nine relevant articles that discussed various rehabilitation methods for stroke patients with lower extremity impairment. We examined the specificity of these results using a statistical parameter. The findings were as follow: Biofeedback cycling (P < 0.001); Pelvic Stability Training (P < 0.05); Exoskeleton for post-stroke recovery of ambulation (ExStRA) (P < 0.05); Aerobic Cycling (P < 0.001); Somatosensory Training (P < 0.001), Lower-extremity constraint-induced movement therapy (P < 0.001), Motor imagery with circuit class therapy (P < 0.001), Robotic gait training (P < 0.05), and Early and Intensive (P < 0.001). Various rehabilitation methods discussed in the article demonstrate high effectiveness in improving lower extremity function. These methods include biofeedback cycling, aerobic cycling, somatosensory training, movement therapy, motor imagery combined with structured progressive circuit therapy classes, and early and intensive rehabilitation after ischemic stroke. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v3n2.p106-117 REFERENCES Murphy, S. J., & Werring, D. J. (2023). Stroke: Causes and clinical features. Medicine (United Kingdom), 51, 602–607. Kuriakose, D., & Xiao, Z. (2020). IMP para qué es el ictus, tipos y causas. También para datos epidemiológicos y tratamientos. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, 1–24. Kuriakose, D., & Xiao, Z. (2020). Pathophysiology and treatment of stroke: Present status and future perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, 1–24. Maida, C. D., et al. (2024). Molecular pathogenesis of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes: Background and therapeutic approaches. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25. Medea, G. P., Nurachmah, E., & Adam, M. (2021). Post-stroke quality of life perceived by patients and caregivers. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 24, 165–172. Kwakkel, G., et al. (2023). Motor rehabilitation after stroke: European Stroke Organisation (ESO) consensus-based definition and guiding framework. European Stroke Journal, 8, 880–894. The University of North Carolina. (2016). Guide to Stroke, 1–8, 15–16. Johnson, W., Onuma, O., Owolabi, M., & Sachdev, S. (2016). Stroke: A global response is needed. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94, 634A–635A. Mozaffarian, D., et al. (2016). Heart disease and stroke statistics–2016 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 133. Abdu, H., & Seyoum, G. (2022). Sex differences in stroke risk factors, clinical profiles, and in-hospital outcomes among stroke patients admitted to the medical ward of Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease, 12, 133–144. Løkkegaard, E., Nielsen, L. H., & Keiding, N. (2017). Risk of stroke with various types of menopausal hormone therapies: A national cohort study. Stroke, 48, 2266–2269. Demel, S. L., Kittner, S., Ley, S. H., McDermott, M., & Rexrode, K. M. (2018). Stroke risk factors unique to women. Stroke, 49, 518–523. Bhadra, J., et al. (2021). Testosterone and estradiol in men with acute ischemic stroke: A North Indian case-control study. Current Journal of Neurology, 20, 202–207. Huang, S., et al. (2022). Research progress on the role of hormones in ischemic stroke. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 1–15. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2018. Mora, L., Gonzalez Alted, C., & Cocchini, G. (2023). The flubbed body: Pathological body size representation in personal neglect. Neuropsychologia, 183. Azzollini, V., Dalise, S., & Chisari, C. (2021). How does stroke affect skeletal muscle? State of the art and rehabilitation perspective. Frontiers in Neurology, 12. Desrosiers, J., et al. (2003). Comparison of changes in upper and lower extremity impairments and disabilities after stroke. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 26, 109–116. Li, S. (2023). Stroke recovery is a journey: Prediction and potentials of motor recovery after a stroke from a practical perspective. Life, 13, 1–13. Abdullahi, A., Wong, T. W. L., & Ng, S. S. M. (2023). Variation in the rate of recovery in motor function between the upper and lower limbs in patients with stroke. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1–8. Noguchi, K. S., et al. (2023). Optimal resistance exercise training parameters for stroke recovery: A protocol for a systematic review. PLOS ONE, 18, 1–10. Matozinho, C. V., et al. (2023). Relative contributions of positive, negative, and adaptive features to limitations in upper-limb function three months after stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 32. Moore, S. A., Boyne, P., Fulk, G., Verheyden, G., & Fini, N. A. (2022). Walk the Talk: Current evidence for walking recovery after stroke, future pathways and a mission for research and clinical practice. Stroke, 53, 3494–3505. Li, S., Francisco, G. E., & Zhou, P. (2018). Post-stroke hemiplegic gait: New perspective and insights. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1–8. Kennedy, C., et al. (2021). Factors associated with time to independent walking recovery post-stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 92, 702–708. Short, T., & Performance, P. A. (2014). A diagnosis of dismobility: A mobility working group recommendation. JAMA, 311, 2061–2062. Djurovic, O., et al. (2021). Risk factors related to falling in patients after stroke. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 50, 1832–1841. Tan, E., et al. (2022). The economic and health burden of stroke among younger adults in Australia: A societal perspective. BMC Public Health, 22, 1–11. Vidyanti, A. N., et al. (2022). Roles and problems of stroke caregivers: A qualitative study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. F1000Research, 10, 1–24. Mazidah, Z., Yasin, N. M., & Kristina, S. A. (2019). Analisis biaya penyakit stroke pasien Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di RSUD Blambangan Banyuwangi. Jurnal Manajemen dan Pelayanan Farmasi, 9, 76–87. Fadhilah, H., & Permanasari, V. Y. (2020). Economic burden bore by patients and families because of stroke: Policy assessment. Jurnal Indonesian Health Policy and Administration, 5. Gertrude, N., et al. (2019). Caring for a stroke patient: The burden and experiences of primary caregivers in Uganda – A qualitative study. Nursing Open, 6, 1551–1558. Louie, D. R., et al. (2020). Exoskeleton for post-stroke recovery of ambulation (ExStRA): Study protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMC Neurology, 20. Kim, H., Park, G., Shin, J. H., & You, J. H. (2020). Neuroplastic effects of end-effector robotic gait training for hemiparetic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 10, 1–9. Yang, H. C., et al. (2014). Effect of biofeedback cycling training on functional recovery and walking ability of lower extremity in patients with stroke. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 30, 35–42. Dubey, L., Karthikbabu, S., & Mohan, D. (2018). Effects of pelvic stability training on movement control, hip muscle strength, walking speed and daily activities after stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Neurosciences, 25, 80–89. Linder, S. M., et al. (2021). Forced and voluntary aerobic cycling interventions improve walking capacity in individuals with chronic stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 102, 1–8. Alwhaibi, R. M., et al. (2021). Impact of somatosensory training on neural and functional recovery of lower extremity in patients with chronic stroke: A single blind controlled randomized trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18. Marklund, I. et al. Lower-extremity constraint-induced movement therapy improved motor function, mobility, and walking after stroke. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 59, 136–144 (2023). Bovonsunthonchai, S., Aung, N., Hiengkaew, V. & Tretriluxana, J. A randomized controlled trial of motor imagery combined with structured progressive circuit class therapy on gait in stroke survivors. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–11 (2020). Wu, W. X. et al. Effect of early and intensive rehabilitation after ischemic stroke on functional recovery of the lower limbs: A pilot, randomized trial. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 29, (2020).

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