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INDONESIAâ€™S FOREIGN POLICY DURING SOEKARNO ERA 1945 â€“ 1965 Indrayani, Irma; Umar, Harun; Mellaz, August
Journal of Social Political Sciences Vol 1 No 3 (2020): August 2020
Publisher : Universitas Nasional

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This paper aims to see the shift of Indonesiaâ€™s foreign policy from diplomacy to a confrontation during the Soekarno era from 1945 to 1965. The change of foreign policy orientation become a spotlight on this paper that explores the issue based on historical chronology, national interest, and the dynamics of international politic that shaped the goal of Indonesiaâ€™s international politics, that is to defend its independence and gaining recognition as an independent and sovereign country. The analysis used to study this shift of foreign policy of Indonesia, from diplomacy to confrontation is described using the qualitative method through a historical approach. The data and information used for analysis in this study are sourced from secondary data obtained from the literature study.

AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN AID MOTIVATION FOR TUVALU IN EFFORTS TO COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE 2015 - 2020 Hallatu, Farah Diba; Indrayani, Irma
Journal of Social Political Sciences Vol 3 No 1 (2022): February 2022
Publisher : Universitas Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52166/jsps.v3i1.97

Tuvalu is a country located in the Pacific Region which only has an area of about 26 square kilometers with an average height of only 1.83 meters which makes this country very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, especially sea level rise. Tuvalu is quite dependent on foreign aid from donor countries. Australia is one of the most disaster-responsive countries and continues to assist Tuvalu in its efforts to deal with the impacts of climate change. In trying to understand Australia's background in providing assistance, the approach used is a qualitative method through literature study. The theories used to answer this phenomenon are the theory of foreign aid, the theory of soft power, and green political theory. Based on the data analysis, it was concluded that Australia has a low commitment to climate change and has not taken the right steps to achieve climate targets, so that the foreign assistance provided by Australia is one of Australia's soft power strategies to maintain its dominance and influence in the Pacific Region. Australia can form a defense and security mapping to protect its national interests. Although the countries in the Pacific Region are relatively small and of little significance, Australia is taking advantage of the situation by making living fences as far as possible.

DIPLOMASI ENERGI DALAM EKSPOR BATUBARA INDONESIA DAN CHINA SERTA TRANSISI ENERGI DI INDONESIA Indrayani, Irma; Firdaus , Najmi
Populis : Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47313/pjsh.v9i1.3655

This research aims to analyze securitization in energy diplomacy between Indonesia and Tiongkok which imports coal from Indonesia, which has not yet reached its maximum potential. Tiongkok is considering increasing coal imports from other countries, including from Indonesia, which is one of the main sources and one of the largest coal exporting countries in the world. Tiongkok need coal from Indonesia to meet its coal import needs. On the other hand, Indonesia is trying to carry out an energy transition which causes a conflict of economic interests. The main issue raised in this research is how the energy diplomacy carried out by Indonesia in coal exports to Tiongkok is examined based on the theory of securitization and energy security. This research uses a qualitative approach by applying the literature study/document study method. Research findings show that in relation to Indonesia's energy diplomacy with Tiongkok through coal exports, Indonesia has not been completely able to let go of dependence on coal use. At the same time, Indonesia is also required to be able to balance energy security and environmental security. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sekuritisasi dalam diplomasi energi antara Indonesia dan Tiongkok yang melakukan impor batu bara dari Indonesia, yang belum mencapai potensi maksimalnya. Tiongkok mempertimbangkan untuk meningkatkan impor batu bara dari negara lain, termasuk dari Indonesia yang menjadi salah satu sumber utama sekaligus salah satu negara pengekspor batu bara terbesar di dunia. Tiongkok membutuhkan batu bara dari Indonesia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan impor batu baranya. Di sisi lain, Indonesia sedang berupaya melakukan transisi energi yang menyebabkan benturan kepentingan ekonomi. Isu utama yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana diplomasi energi yang dilakukan Indonesia dalam ekspor batu bara ke Tiongkok, dikaji berdasarkan teori sekuritisasi dan ketahanan energi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menerapkan metode studi literatur/studi dokumen. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam kaitan dengan diplomasi energi Indonesia dengan Tiongkok melalui ekspor batu bara, Indonesia belum sepenuhnya mampu melepaskan ketergantungan terhadap penggunaan batu bara. Pada saat yang sama, Indonesia juga dituntut untuk mampu menyeimbangkan ketahanan energi dan keamanan lingkungan.

Lombok Treaty and Strengthening Regional Identity: Its Impact on Australia, Indonesia, and Global Stability Darmawan, Harry; Putri, Ni Luh Pingkan Amalia Pratama; Indrayani, Irma
JURNAL PARADIGMA : Journal of Sociology Research and Education Vol. 4 No. 2 (2023): (DESEMBER 2023) JURNAL PARADIGMA: Journal of Sociology Research and Education
Publisher : Labor Program Studi Pendidikan Sosiologi

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This article examines the role of the Lombok Agreement in strengthening regional identity and its implications for Australia, Indonesia and global stability. Signed in 2006, this treaty forms the basis of bilateral cooperation between important countries in the Asia-Pacific. This research analyzes how the agreement has enhanced regional identity and mutual understanding and overcome historical, cultural and political differences. The study examines the historical context of the treaty, its key provisions, implementation challenges and achievements since 2006 and its impact on bilateral relations, including trade, security cooperation and cultural exchanges. This study also examines the impact of the treaty on regional dynamics in ASEAN and the wider Asia-Pacific region. This study also assesses the treaty's contribution to the formation of a shared regional identity and its impact on global stability, particularly in managing regional tensions and promoting the peaceful resolution of conflicts. Using a qualitative approach, this research will analyze diplomatic communications, policy documents and official statements. In-depth interviews will also be conducted with diplomats, policymakers and regional experts to gain insight into the treaty's implementation and impact. This approach allows for a comprehensive and contextual understanding of the complex dynamics surrounding the Lombok Treaty and its impact on regional identity. The results show that the Lombok Treaty has significantly enhanced regional cooperation, increased a sense of shared identity, and promoted stability in the Asia-Pacific region. This study concludes that this kind of treaty has the potential to be applied as a model and has broad implications for international relations theory, particularly in the context of understanding formal agreements that aim to shape regional identity and at the same time maintain global stability.

POLITICAL CHALLENGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND INDIA FREE TRADE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP Pangarsi, Nini Mumpuni Putri; Widayanto, Sulistyo; Indrayani, Irma
Journal of Social Political Sciences Vol 5 No 1 (2024): February 2024
Publisher : Universitas Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52166/jsps.v5i1.220

The 15th European Union and India Summit held in 2020 indicated that there have been over 50 years of cooperation between the two international actors with their first diplomatic relations that began in 1962. From the summit, the EU – India will form a strategic partnership to carry out collective economic recovery and overcome the global pandemic through increasing trade and biotechnology cooperation. By using qualitative methods through literature studies and a liberalism paradigm approach, the results of the analysis show that there are political challenges from both parties in implementing or following up initiatives to combine free trade and biotechnology cooperation.

BRICS AGAINST HEGEMONY OF THE UNITED STATES DOLLAR IN THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM Firdaus, Najmi; Widayanto, Sulistyo; Indrayani, Irma
Journal of Social Political Sciences Vol 4 No 4 (2023): November 2023
Publisher : Universitas Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52166/jsps.v5i1.222

This study aims to examine the indications of a new currency project which is planned to be announced at the BRICS Summit in South Africa2023. The BRICS countries now account for 40% of the global population and a quarter of global GDP. PUse of Yuan has increased over recent years, accounting for 7% of global foreign exchange trading. While the US dollar continues to play a large role in the international financial system, including serving as the leading global reserve currency. US dominance is increasingly facing challenges from oil-producing countries, including Iran, andalsoWashington's longtime ally Saudi Arabia which announced that it would consider selling oil in currencies other than Dollar. The research uses the theory of International Monetary System and Counter Hegemony in understanding the problems that occur. This research uses a qualitative approach to explain a phenomenon in depth and examines more to the substance of the meaning of the phenomenon.The findings of this research are on the attitude of each BRICS member country, that although BRICS has a discourse for the global financial system, but no country seems to seriously intend to de-dollarize or make a real effort to find an alternative currency to replace the US dollar. The goal that is in the common interest of BRICS is not to replace, find an alternative to the dollar, or even for the purpose of lowering the value of the US dollar. The common goal is to control hegemony so that the US cannot arbitrarily exercise its political power for unilateral economic and military interests.

GEOPOLITICAL ISSUE ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSIA - UKRAINE WAR FROM AN INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR AUSTRALIA Indrayani, Irma; Nurhadi, Robi; Putri, Ni Luh Pingkan Amalia Pratama
Journal of Social Political Sciences Vol 5 No 4 (2024): November 2024
Publisher : Universitas Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52166/jsps.v5i4.262

The invasion of Ukraine by Russia has become a critical point of international discourse, significantly affecting global stability and reshaping regional security dynamics. This paper analyzes the conflict through a geopolitical lens, focusing on its historical context, strategic implications, and global impact, with particular attention to Australia. The study traces the complex Russia-Ukraine relationship from the Soviet era to the present, highlighting the historical factors that have shaped their actions, responses, and global consequences. The paper also explores the concept of hybrid warfare, examining Russia’s use of conventional and unconventional tactics, such as cyber-attacks, propaganda, and proxy forces. Furthermore, the research investigates the economic dynamics within the energy sector involving Russia, Ukraine, and the European Union, analyzing shifts in energy dependence due to regional geopolitical changes and their implications for Australia’s energy security. The economic impact of the conflict on global markets and supply chains, particularly concerning Australia, is also discussed. By employing geopolitical theory, the analysis delves into the motivations behind Russia’s actions and the subsequent international response, including Australia’s strategic positioning and defense considerations. The paper concludes that the Russia-Ukraine conflict marks a significant shift in global power dynamics, presents new challenges to traditional security frameworks, and underscores the need to reevaluate international norms and alliances. This study emphasizes the complexity of modern conflicts that intertwine military, economic, and information warfare, and advocates for a redefined international relations landscape to address the challenges of the 21st century, with a focus on Australia’s role in these developments.

ASEAN-GERMANY DIPLOMACY IN MARINE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MANADO THROUGH 3RPROMAR (PROTECTING OCEANS & REEFS) 2023-2024 Khuzaimah, Salfa; Firdaus, Aos Yuli; Indrayani, Irma; Syabudin, Doddy W.
Journal of Social Political Sciences Vol 6 No 2 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : Universitas Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52166/jsps.v6i2.270

Plastic waste pollution has emerged as a critical transboundary environmental issue, posing significant threats to marine biodiversity, coastal communities, and ecosystem services. This study investigates the role of environmental diplomacy in addressing marine plastic waste through the 3RProMar (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Protect the Marine Environment and Coral Reefs) Project implemented in Manado, Indonesia, during the period 2023–2024. Manado was strategically chosen due to its high vulnerability to plastic leakage into the marine environment and the surrounding coral reef systems. The research aims to assess the effectiveness of multilateral cooperation in mitigating marine plastic pollution by examining the implementation of 3RProMar, a collaborative initiative involving the Government of Indonesia, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Employing a qualitative research design, data were collected through content analysis of project documentation, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, and an extensive review of relevant literature. The study identifies key challenges, including inadequate waste management infrastructure and limited public awareness. However, the findings indicate that the project has achieved significant progress through the integration of technological innovation, community education programs, infrastructure development, and capacity building. Notably, the initiative has contributed to a reported annual reduction of plastic waste by approximately 30% in the target area, alongside increased public engagement in sustainable waste practices. The research concludes that environmental diplomacy, when operationalized through inclusive, multistakeholder cooperation and context-specific interventions, can serve as an effective instrument for addressing marine pollution and promoting sustainable development in coastal regions.

SAWAH POKOK MURAH IN WEST SUMATRA: A LOCALIZED, SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO THE CAPITALIST GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM Setyaka, Virtuous; Andrezal, Andrezal; Yulianti, Dina; Bainus, Arry; Indrayani, Irma
Journal of Social Political Sciences Vol 6 No 3 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Universitas Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52166/jsps.v6i3.278

This article explores the Sawah Pokok Murah (SPM) initiative in West Sumatra as a localized, reconstructive response to the capitalist-driven global food system. Through a historical sociology approach and food sovereignty framework, the study investigates how SPM challenges structural inequalities in global food markets by promoting sustainable farming practices and community empowerment. The paper analyzes the historical context of SPM, its socio-economic impact, and its role in resisting neoliberal agricultural policies. Key findings reveal that SPM empowers local farmers, reduces dependency on global supply chains, and fosters economic resilience, thereby providing a viable alternative to market-driven agriculture. However, challenges such as youth engagement and regional disparities highlight the need for targeted policy interventions. This study contributes to the discourse on food sovereignty and offers a critical perspective on how localized innovations can reshape global agricultural systems toward greater sustainability and equity.

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