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Oxidation of Styrene to Benzaldehyde Using Environmentally Friendly Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate-Supported Titania Catalysts Koesnarpadi, Soerja; Wirawan, Teguh; Nurhadi, Mukhamad; Wirhanuddin, Wirhanuddin; Prananto, Yuniar Ponco; Nazarudin, Nazarudin; Degirmenci, Volkan; Lai, Sin Yuan; Nur, Hadi
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2024: BCREC Volume 19 Issue 4 Year 2024 (December 2024)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20224

Abstract

This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH)-supported titania (TiO2) catalysts and their application in the environmentally friendly oxidation of styrene to benzaldehyde using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant. The study explores the catalyst's structure-activity relationship, emphasizing the importance of mesoporous materials for enhanced catalytic performance. The CSH-Titania catalysts were synthesized using fish bone-derived CSH as a support, which aligns with green chemistry principles. Characterization techniques such as Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis confirmed the successful impregnation of titania and its catalytic efficiency. The catalysts exhibited high selectivity for benzaldehyde, achieving up to 49.45% conversion of styrene, with benzaldehyde as being the main product. The research highlights that the catalyst’s performance decreased after calcination due to a reduced surface area and pore volume, yet it maintained recyclability across three cycles with minimal  lose  in selectivity loss. Overall, this study introduces a cost-effective and sustainable approach to styrene oxidation, demonstrating the potential for industrial application in producing high-value chemicals with minimal environmental impact. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Energy-efficient Carbon-doped TiO2 for Visible Light Degradation of Methyl Orange: Preparation, Performance, and Mechanism Han, Xinying; Guo, Yubei; Goh, Chien Yong; Ngan, Cheng Loong; Tan, Jian Ping; Tan, Peng Chee; Lai, Sin Yuan
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2024: BCREC Volume 19 Issue 4 Year 2024 (December 2024)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20236

Abstract

Water pollution caused by textile dyes has become a serious issue, making the treatment of sewage urgent. Carbon-doped TiO2 (C-doped TiO2), using alkanes and polyols as carbon sources, has been found to be light-responsive in degrading dyes. However, there is a lack of studies on the interfacial interaction between carboxylic acids and TiO2. Therefore, citric acid, a triprotic, hexadentate carboxylic acid, was used to dope TiO2 through solvothermal-calcination. The effects of carbon content and calcination temperature on the photodegradation performance of C-doped TiO2 were investigated. The band gap energy of C-doped TiO2 was found to be narrower (2.67 eV) than that of undoped TiO2 (2.88 eV). After carbon doping, the absorption band extended from the UV to the visible regions, lowering the energy required for electron excitation. The functional groups present on C-doped TiO2 assisted in the adsorption of methyl orange (MO), assisting in photodegradation. Only the anatase phase of TiO2 was observed at calcination temperatures between 250 and 400 °C. Photoluminescence analysis revealed that a lower carbon content and slightly higher calcination temperature resulted in better interfacial charge separation and transfer efficiency. The 10 wt% C-doped TiO2 calcined at 300 °C demonstrated the best MO photodegradation efficiency of 62.1% under visible light illumination. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Visible-light Degradation of Methylene Blue using Energy-Efficient Carbon-Doped TiO2: Kinetic Study and Mechanism Lau, Alysa; Goh, Chien Yong; Guo, Yubei; Alsultan, Abdulkareem Ghassan; Yun Hin, Taufiq-Yap; Nurhadi, Mukhamad; Lai, Sin Yuan
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2025: BCREC Volume 20 Issue 1 Year 2025 (April 2025)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20347

Abstract

Wastewater pollution is mainly produced from the dye textile industry and the most widely used photocatalyst to degrade dye textile is TiO2 due to its photostability, low toxicity, and low production cost. However, TiO2 is only responsive under UV light; thus, our study is to extend the TiO2 absorption light to visible region via doping of bio-based carbon source, viz. ascorbic acid, to produce carbon-doped TiO2. The carbon-doped TiO2 were solvothermally synthesized with varying carbon loadings (10, 30, and 50 wt%) and calcination temperatures (250, 300, and 400 oC). The functional groups of carbon-doped TiO2 were determined, which the carbonyl groups (C=O) at 1700 cm-1, alkenyl groups (C=C) at 1630-1670 cm-1, hydroxyl groups at 3380-3390 cm-1, and TiO2 appeared at 450 cm-1. The absorption spectra shifted from UV to visible-light region and the band gap was reduced compared to undoped TiO2. The photoluminescence results showed that the surface oxygen vacancies (SOVs) are generated for carbon-doped TiO2. The Ti–C bond formation was proved through diffractogram peak shifting, while the crystallite sizes decrease with increasing carbon amount and decreasing calcination temperature. The highest methylene blue photodegradation of 89.53% was achieved by 30 wt%C-TiO2-250 photocatalyst at pH 10 under 2 h visible light irradiation. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
SO2 Mitigation via Catalytic Oxidation using Carbonaceous Materials and Metal Oxides for Environmental Sustainability Edward, Tanoko Matthew; Weng, Ying; Lai, Sin Yuan
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2023: BCREC Volume 18 Issue 4 Year 2023 (December 2023)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20031

Abstract

The high concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air that contributes to increasing health and environmental issues has caught the attention of all countries. Numerous tactics to regulate and lower the SO2 levels in the environment that have been applied through regulations and promising technology, progress has been obtained to decrease the SO2 concentration. Among methods for SO2 removal, one of the promising techniques used is the catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3, which not only reduces the SO2 concentration in the environment but also produces sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Thus, the performance of the catalysts that can promote the catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3 for environmental sustainability is reviewed in this study. The types of catalysts evaluated in this study are carbon-based materials and metal oxides. Worth noting that these catalysts are feasible to catalytically converting SO2 hazardous material to resources, viz. SO3 and H2SO4 for industrial use. The findings of this study can serve as a foundation for devising an innovative method for SO2 mitigation through catalytic oxidation. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).