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All Journal JIFI (Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Imelda) Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Kedokteran (JURRIKE) Jurnal Praba: Jurnal Rumpun Kesehatan Umum
Ernawaty Ginting
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Veterinary

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Penetapan Kadar Formalin Pada Mie Basah Yang Beredar Di Pasar Peunayong Kota Banda Aceh Secara Spektrofotometri Visible Syarifah Nadia; Debi Meilani; Dea Anggreini; Siti Rahmi Ningrum; Supran Hidayat Sihotang; Ernawaty Ginting
JURNAL RISET RUMPUN ILMU KEDOKTERAN Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Agustus : Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Kedokteran
Publisher : Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/jurrike.v4i2.6296

Abstract

Formalin is a 37% formaldehyde solution in water, commonly misused as a food preservative despite its toxicity and prohibition in food products. This study aimed to determine the presence and levels of formalin in wet noodles sold at Peunayong Market, Banda Aceh, using visible spectrophotometry. A descriptive design was applied to three randomly selected samples. Qualitative tests using multiple reagents (Schiff, Schryver, KMnO₄, and a test kit) showed negative results for formalin presence. However, quantitative analysis with Spectroquant Prove 300 revealed that all samples contained formalin levels exceeding the acceptable standard. The concentrations ranged from 0.7433 mg/L to 0.8766 mg/L, indicating that the products are unsafe for consumption. These findings underline the need for stricter monitoring and improved food safety awareness among producers and consumers in traditional markets.
PENGARUH POLIMER KITOSAN DAN POLIVINIL ALKOHOL TAUT SILANG NATRIUM TRIPOLI FOSFAT TERHADAP KARAKTER PENETRASI FILM NATRIUM DIKLOFENAK Ernawaty Ginting; Robiatun Rambe
JIFI (Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Imelda) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2020): JIFI (Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Imelda)
Publisher : Universitas Imelda Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (280.176 KB) | DOI: 10.52943/jifarmasi.v3i2.397

Abstract

Background: Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which has anti-inflammatory and pain effects. Transdermal administration of diclofenac sodium can control the release of diclofenac sodium from its base, which is expected to avoid side effects in the stomach and first pass metabolism in the liver. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of chitosan polymers and polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked sodium tripoli phosphate on the penetration character of diclofenac sodium film. Method: Transdermal film is made by mixing chitosan solution and polyvinyl alcohol solution with the addition of glycerin and sodium diclofenac until the film is formed and then dried. Drop the sodium tripoli phosphate solution until a crosslink reaction occurs, then dried. Transdermal films were made in six formulas using chitosan (2%), polyvinyl alcohol (8%) with a ratio of 30:70 adding sodium tripolyphosphate solution at 10 minutes crosslink time (F1) and 20 minutes (F2), 50:50 crosslink time 10 minutes (F3) and 20 minutes (F4), 70:30 cross time 10 minutes (F5) and 20 minutes (F6). Evaluation of film character includes organoleptic observation, weight test, thickness, moisture content (%), interactions between ingredients, levels of active substances. Drug release was determined using Franz diffusion cells in phosphate buffer (pH7.4). All transdermal films meet the test requirements for uniformity in weight, thickness and moisture content. Penetration test in vitro film shows the formulation with 10 minutes crosslink time has cumulative percent and release flux is better than 20 minutes crosslink time. The release of dicofofen sodium transdermal film follows the release of a zero order erosion mechanism. FTIR examination showed no interaction between sodium diclofenac and excipients. Conclusion: Chitosan polymer, polyvinyl alcohol and sodium tripoli phosphate affect organoleptic properties and penetration through the skin. Transdermal film making with a 10 minute crosslink time results in a better release profile than a 20 minute crosslink time. Keywords: diclofenac sodium, chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium tripoli phosphate, glycerin, release kinetics.
Comparative Evaluation Of Transdermal Patch Formulations From Ethanol Extract Of Soursop Leaves (Annona Muricata L.) Using Pvp–Ethyl Cellulose And Chitosan Polymer Systems Ernawaty Ginting; Syarifah Nadia; Nilsya Febrika Zebua; Nurul Karimah; Laila Nirwana Sari; Cindy Agustina; Manuella sinaga
Jurnal Praba : Jurnal Rumpun Kesehatan Umum Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): September : Jurnal Praba : Jurnal Rumpun Kesehatan Umum
Publisher : STIKES Columbia Asia Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62027/praba.v4i3.960

Abstract

Background: Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) contain bioactive compounds including acetogenins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. Transdermal patch delivery systems offer significant advantages by bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism, enabling controlled drug release, and improving patient adherence. Two independent formulation strategies were pursued: (1) a hydrophilic–hydrophobic PVP–Ethyl Cellulose (EC) matrix system, and (2) a chitosan-based biopolymer matrix system. Objectives: This study aimed to formulate and comparatively evaluate transdermal patches of soursop leaf ethanol extract using PVP K-30/ethyl cellulose (Study 1) and chitosan (Study 2) as polymer systems, and to determine the optimal formulation for each system based on physicochemical characteristics and in vitro diffusion performance. Methods: Ethanol extracts were prepared by maceration with 96% ethanol. Study 1 evaluated three PVP:EC ratios (F1: 1:1, F2: 1:2, F3: 1:3). Study 2 evaluated three chitosan concentrations (F1: 250 mg/50%, F2: 225 mg/45%, F3: 200 mg/40%). Both systems incorporated PEG 400 as plasticizer and oleic acid as penetration enhancer. Patches were evaluated for organoleptic properties, thickness, pH, folding endurance, and in vitro diffusion using Franz diffusion cells with phosphate buffer pH 7.4, measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 266 nm. Results: Both polymer systems produced patches meeting pharmacopoeial physical requirements. Study 1: pH 5.26–5.47, thickness 0.1 mm, folding endurance >300; optimal formula F3 (PVP:EC = 1:3) achieved the highest cumulative diffusion of 119.087 µg/cm² at 360 min (R² calibration = 0.99909). Study 2: pH 4.30–4.59, thickness 0.35 mm, folding endurance >300; optimal formula F3 (chitosan 40%) achieved the highest cumulative diffusion of 327.44 µg/cm at 360 min with cumulative release of 0.655%. A clear inverse relationship between chitosan concentration and diffusion rate was established. Conclusion: Soursop leaf ethanol extract can be successfully formulated into transdermal patches using both PVP–EC and chitosan polymer systems. The chitosan-based system (F3: 40%) demonstrated superior total drug diffusion, while the PVP–EC system (F3: 1:3) produced a thinner, more uniform patch with controlled diffusion. Both formulations are promising candidates for further in vivo and stability studies.
Co-Authors Cindy Agustina Dea Anggreini Debi Meilani Khalisa Khalisa Laila Nirwana Sari Manuella sinaga Nilsya Febrika Zebua, Nilsya Febrika NURUL KARIMAH Rina Ridara Robiatun Rambe Siti Rahmi Ningrum Supran Hidayat Sihotang Syarifah Nadia