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Determination of the Optimum Hydraulic Retention Time in Two-Stage Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Bioreactor for Landfill Leachate Treatment Prasetyo, Eli; Sudibyo, Hanifrahmawan; Budhijanto, Wiratni
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol 49, No 3 (2017)
Publisher : ITB Journal Publisher, LPPM ITB

Leachate in Indonesian landfill sites poses a high risk to the surrounding environment should there be leakage in the accumulating ponds. Anaerobic digestion is an attractive option to clean up leachate, mostly due to the affordability of its operational cost. To enhance the efficiency of leachate digestion, anaerobic microbes were immobilized on the surface of natural zeolite powder. The powder was fluidized in a mesophilic anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) for more stable biofilm formation. The AFBR scheme was split into two stages, with the first stage dominated by the acidogenic process and the second stage dominated by the methanogenic process. The dominating microbes in each stage were provoked by pH control to maintain the first stage acidic at pH 5-5.5 and the second stage neutral at pH 7-7.5. The first stage was run at five different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), while the second stage was run at three different HRTs to determine the optimum HRT for each stage. For acidogenic AFBR with HRTs of 5 days and 2.5 days, the VFA concentration profile increased for a longer period compared to the other HRTs. The COD removal efficiency at steady state was almost identical for all HRTs. For methanogenic AFBR, all three HRTs showed an identical rate of biogas formation at steady state.

Inoculum Selection and Micro-Aeration for Biogas Production in Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Damayanti, Sri Ismiyati; Astiti, Dian Fitriani; Purnomo, Chandra Wahyu; Sarto, Sarto; Budhijanto, Wiratni
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.16318

Two-stage anaerobic fluidized bed is an innovation in anaerobic digestion technology intended to handle liquid waste with high organic loading and complex substrate. The process is based on separation between acidogenic/acetogenic and methanogenic processes. The first stage is anaerobic process to convert substrate (represented as soluble chemical oxygen demand/sCOD) into volatile fatty acids (VFA). The second stage is methanogenic process to convert VFA into biogas. This study aimed to separate acidogenic/acetogenic and methanogenic processes by means of limited injection of air (micro-aeration) and inoculum selection. Micro-aeration was introduced in acidogenic/acetogenic stage because the relevant microbes were facultative so that the obligate anaerobic methanogens will be suppressed. On the other hand, the methanogenic reactor was kept completely anaerobic to ensure methanogenic dominance over acidogenic/acetogenic ones. Two sources of inoculums were used in this study, i.e. anaerobically digested biodiesel waste and anaerobically digested cow manure. Both inoculums were taken from active biogas reactor treating biodiesel waste and cow manure, respectively. Experiments were run in batch reactors treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) as the substrate for the acidogenic/acetogenic reactor. After the reaction in the first stage reached the minimum substrate concentration, the content of the reactor was used as the substrate for the methanogenic reactor as the second stage. Routine measurements were taken for sCOD and VFA concentrations, biogas production, and methane concentration in the biogas. Results confirmed that micro-aeration maintained good performance of acidogenic/acetogenic process, which was indicated by peaks in VFA accumulation, while suppressing methanogenic activities as no methane produced in this stage. Digested biodiesel waste was superior inoculum to be compared to digested cow manure with respect to sCOD removal. In the methanogenic stage, digested biodiesel waste also performed better as inoculum as it led to higher VFA conversion, higher biogas production rate, and higher methane content in the biogas.Ã‚Â

Comparison of Formulation Methods to Produce Nano-Chitosan as Inhibitor Agent for Bacterial Growth Nugraheni, Prihati Sih; Soeriyadi, Alexander H.; Ustadi, Ustadi; Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi; Budhijanto, Wiratni
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol 51, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : ITB Journal Publisher, LPPM ITB

Chitosan is known as an antibacterial agent. The effective surface area ratio of chitosan can be increased by modification into nanoparticles. Nano-chitosan can be prepared with several simple methods, i.e. precipitation, ionic gelation, or the polyelectrolyte complex method. This study compared these three methods in terms of the targeted product characteristics, i.e. stability of the average nanoparticle size as well as the colloidal dispersion, and the antibacterial characteristics. All three methods resulted in nanoparticle formation, but in the precipitation method significant zeta potential reduction was observed due to the presence of negative ions from the alkali that neutralized the chitosan amine group. The ionic gelation method yielded higher zeta potential and higher inhibition of bacterial growth than those yielded by the polyelectrolyte complex method. Ionic gelation and the polyelectrolyte complex method resulted in much better colloidal dispersion stability than the precipitation method, where a significant particle size increase was observed after one week of storage. This result indicates that both ionic gelation and the polyelectrolyte complex method can be used for forming nano-chitosan for the purpose of food preservation. However, for fishery products it is advisable to use the polyelectrolyte complex method because the TPP usually used in ionic gelation is not allowed to be applied to fish.

The Effect of the Addition of Active Digester Effluent for Start-up Accelerator in Anaerobic Digestion of Soybean Curd Industry Waste Water (Basic Research for Biogas Power Generation) Wresta, Arini; Budhijanto, Wiratni
Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power and Vehicular Technology Vol 3, No 2 (2012)
Publisher : Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Istitutes of Sciences

Biogas production from soybean curd industry waste water was studied in laboratory scale to improve the application of anaerobic digestion process. The problem with the soybean curd waste water was the fact that it does not sufficiently contain anaerobic microorganisms required in biogas production. Therefore, it is necessary to add a well-developed population of anaerobic microorganisms to accelerate the start-up of the anerobic digestion. This research was aimed to verify the influence of the addition of active digester effluent into the soybean curd waste water batches in an anaerobic digestion process. Batch experiments were done in two digesters. The first digester was only fed with soybean curd waste water while the second digester was fed with soybean curd waste water and active digester effluent from a digester processing cow manure which was very rich in anaerobic microorganism consortium. The results indicated that soybean curd industry waste water did not contain methanogenic bacteria but there existed some acidogenic bacteria. The addition of active digester effluent accelerated the anaerobic digestion start-up and directed the process pathway towards methanogenic process so that more methane was obtained. The high methane content obtained (more than 64% volume) was very potential for power generation. The capacity of soybean curd industry must be as high as 697.13 kg soybean per day to generate the electric energy of 8.4 kWh.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OPERATING PARAMETERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ORIFICE/POROUS PIPE TYPE MICRO-BUBBLE GENERATOR Pambudiarto, Benny Arif; Mindaryani, Aswati; Deendarlianto, D.; Budhijanto, Wiratni
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol 52, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2020.52.2.5

The micro-bubble generator (MBG) is a novel aeration technology utilizing the concept of fluid flow through an orifice, where air is sucked into the internal chamber of the MBG by the pressure difference created by the orifice and immediately pushed by the high-velocity flow of the fluid. This mechanism creates micro-size bubbles with a high dissolution rate. This study focused on studying the effect on the oxygen dissolution rate of the two most important operating parameters, i.e. the volumetric flow rate of the liquid (QL) and the volumetric flow rate of the air (QG). Various combinations of values for QL and QG were systematically compared by means of the oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa). The experiment was carried out in a transparent container of 2.8 m x 0.6 m x 0.4 m filled with tap water that was aerated using an orifice/porous-pipe type MBG. The dissolved oxygen (DO) values were measured at distances of 60 cm, 120 cm, and 180 cm from the MBG outlet. The experiment was designed with five different values for QL and QG respectively. The results showed that the value of kLa, which is proportional to the oxygen dissolution rate, increased asymptotically with increasing QL value, while the QG values did not significantly affect the kLa value.

The Impact of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Biomethane Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Two-Stage Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor Ramadhani, Laily Isna; Damayanti, Sri Ismiyati; Sudibyo, Hanifrahmawan; Azis, Muhammad Mufti; Budhijanto, Wiratni
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 10, No 1 (2021): February 2021
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2021.20639

Indonesia is currently the most significant crude palm oil (CPO) producer in the world. In the production ofCPO, 0.7m3 of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is emitted as the wastewater for every ton of fresh fruit bunches processed in the palm oil mill.With the increasing amount of CPO production, an effective POME treatment system is urgently required to prevent severe environmental damage. The high organic content in the POME is a potential substrate forbio-methane production. The biomethane production is carried out by two groups of microbes, i.e., acidogenic and methanogenic microbes. Each group of bacteria performs optimally at different optimum conditions. To optimize the biomethane production, POME was treated sequentially by separating the acidogenic and methanogenic microbes into two stages of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBR). The steps were optimized differently according to the favorable conditions of each group of bacteria. Although perfect separation cannot be achieved, this study showed that pH control could split the domination of the bacteria, i.e., the first stage (maintained at pH 4-5) was dominated by the acidogenic microbes and the second stage (kept neutral) was governed by methanogens. In addition to the pH control, natural zeolitewas added as microbial immobilization media in the AFBR to improve the performance of the microorganisms, especially in preventing microbial wash out at short hydraulic retention time (HRT). This study was focused on the understanding of the effect of HRT on the performance of steady-state continuous AFBR. The first stage as the acidogenic reactorwas rununder acidic conditions (pH 4-5) at five different HRTs. In comparison, the second stage as the methanogenic reactorwasrun under the neutral condition at four different HRTs. In this work,short HRT (5 days) resulted in better performance in both acidogenic AFBR and methanogenic AFBR. The immobilization media was hence essential to reduce the risk of washout at such a short HRT. The two-stage system also resulted in quite a high percentage of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal, which was as much as 96.06%sCOD.

Pengawetan Ekstrak Zat Warna Alami dari Gambir (Uncaria gambir) dalam Pelarut Air Edia Rahayuningsih; Wiratni Budhijanto; Rizal I. Rosyid; Yosephine I. Ayuningtyas
Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Vol 18, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : ASOSIASI PENDIDIKAN TINGGI TEKNIK KIMIA INDONESIA (APTEKIM)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/jtki.2019.18.1.4

Abstrak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan jenis dan jumlah bahan pengawet yang secara efektif dapat menghambat reaksi biodegradasi zat warna alami dalam ekstrak gambir (Uncaria gambir) dalam pelarut air, serta menentukan nilai parameter reaksi biodegradasi zat warna alami dalam ekstrak gambir. Ekstrak zat warna alami dari gambir, yang telah bebas padatan, sebanyak 300 mL ditambah asam sitrat (0,006 gram/mL ekstrak) sebagai bahan bahan pengawet. Ekstrak kemudian disimpan dalam reaktor yang ditutup rapat dan dilindungi dari sinar ultra violet. Setiap selang waktu 2 hari, kadar pewarna alami dianalisis dengan metode gravimetri. Percobaan dilakukan dengan cara yang sama untuk 5 jenis pengawet lainnya dan dengan berbagai konsentrasi, yaitu: larutan formalin dalam air, larutan kitosan dalam asam asetat, ekstrak temu kunci (Boesenbergia rotunda L.), ekstrak daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum), dan ekstrak daun bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.), masing-masing sebanyak 5 mL larutan atau ekstrak bahan pengawet dalam 40 mL sampel ekstrak. Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat ditetapkan bahwa larutan formalin dalam air dan larutan kitosan dalam larutan asam asetat 2% merupakan pengawet yang paling efektif menghambat reaksi biodegradasi zat warna alami dalam ekstrak, dibandingkan pengawet lainnya, yaitu: asam sitrat, ekstrak daun salam, ekstrak temu kunci, dan ekstrak daun bandotan. Jumlah formalin dan kitosan yang ditambahkan dalam ekstrak paling efektif berturut-turut adalah 0,017% dan 0,25% v/v. Nilai parameter reaksi biodegradasi zat warna alami dalam ekstrak diperoleh dalam bentuk konstanta kecepatan pertumbuhan spesifik (µ0, hari-1), konstanta saturasi (Ks, g/mL), konstanta kematian (kd, hari -1), rasio kd/µ0, dan yield (Yi). Kata kunci: biodegradasi, gambir, pengawet, pewarna alami. Abstract. Preservation of Natural Dye Extract from Gambir (Uncaria gambir) in Water as Solvent. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and the amount of preservative agent which effectively prevent biodegradation reaction of natural colorant in the aqueous extract of “gambir” (Uncaria Gambir). This study also determined the parameter values in the biodegradation reaction of gambir extract. The experiment was carried out by first preparing 300 mL of filtered gambir extract, into which citric acid as much as 0.006 g/mL was added as a preservative. The extract was then stored in a closed reactor with UV protector. Every two days, sample was drawn from the reactor for gravimetric analysis to determine the colorant concentration. Besides citric acid, the same experiments were also conducted for five other preservatives, which were the aqueous formaldehyde solution, the chitosan dissolved in 2% acetic acid solution, the extract of “temu kunci” (Boesenbergia rotunda L.), the extract of Indian bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum), and the extract of “bandotan leaf” (Ageratum conyzoides L.). This study showed that aqueous formaldehyde solution and chitosan dissolved in 2% acetic acid solution was the most effective preservative to prevent biodegradation reaction of natural colorant in gambir extract, in comparizon to citric acid, “temu kunci”, Indian bay leaf, and “bandotan” leaf. The effective concentrations of formalin and chitosan were 0.017% and 0.25% v/v respectively. The parameters of the biodegradation reaction of the natural colorant in gambir extract in the form of specific growth rate coefficient (µ0, day-1), saturation constant (Ks, g/mL), death constant (kd, day -1), ratio of kd/µ0, and yield (Yi). Keywords: biodegradation, gambir, natural dye, preservative. Graphical Abstract

Evaluasi Rangkaian Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) dan Micro Bubble Generator (MBG) untuk Pengolahan Air Lindi Sampah Wiratni Budhijanto; Sholahuddin Al Ayyubi; Khalid Abdul Latif
Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Vol 18, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : ASOSIASI PENDIDIKAN TINGGI TEKNIK KIMIA INDONESIA (APTEKIM)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/jtki.2019.18.1.1

Abstrak. Timbulan air lindi adalah masalah serius pada tempat pengolahan sampah akhir (TPA) di Indonesia. Kandungan komponen organik pada sampah Indonesia yang mencapai 70-75% dari total timbulan sampah menyebabkan tingginya produksi lindi sebagai cairan hasil pembusukan. Studi ini bertujuan mengoptimalkan proses pembersihan air lindi dengan rangkaian proses anaerob yang diikuti dengan proses aerob pada skala mini pilot plant. Peruraian anaerobik dijalankan dalam anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) dengan media imobilisasi mikroorganisme yang difluidisasi. Tahap selanjutnya adalah proses peruraian secara aerob dengan aerasi menggunakan micro bubble generator (MBG). Pilot plant yang didirikan di tempat pengolahan akhir (TPA) Piyungan di Yogyakarta ini terdiri atas AFBR dengan volume 500 L dan bak aerasi dengan MBG berukuran 500 L. Pengamatan data kualitas air (soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) dan volatile fatty acid (VFA)) pada input/output AFBR dan input/output MBG serta volume biogas yang dihasilkan di AFBR dilakukan secara berkala selama 70 hari start-up di mana reaktor mulai dioperasikan secara kontinu setelah inokulasi secara batch dan 50 hari operasional pada kondisi steady state. Walaupun telah dioperasikan selama lebih dari sebulan, performa AFBR setelah tercapai kondisi steady state belum optimal karena baru mencapai kurang lebih 30% pengurangan kandungan senyawa organik. Performa yang lebih baik teramati pada proses aerob dengan aerasi menggunakan MBG. Proses tersebut berhasil menurunkan sCOD sampai 60%. Studi awal ini menunjukkan bahwa rangkaian AFBR dan MBG berpotensi untuk mengatasi masalah pencemaran air lindi di TPA. Optimalisasi kinerja unit ini terutama ditentukan oleh proses start-up yang dipengaruhi oleh teknik inokulasi. Kata Kunci: fluidisasi, imobilisasi mikrobia, lindi, peruraian aerob, peruraian anaerob, sampah. Abstract. Evaluation of Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) and Micro Bubble Generator (MBG) for Landfill Leachate Treatment. Landfill leachate emission is a very serious problem in Indonesian landfill sites. High organic fraction in Indonesian garbage, which accounts for 70-75% of total municipal solid waste amount, emits high flow rate of leachate as the result of decay process. This study aims to optimize landfill leachate treatment by means of anaerobic process followed by aerobic process. The anaerobic digestion was carried out in AFBR in which microbial immobilization media was fluidized. The next stage was aerobic digestion by applying novel aeration technology using MBG. The pilot plant was installed in Piyungan Landfill Site in Yogyakarta, which consisted of 500 L AFBR and 500 L MBG units. Observation was conducted periodically for 70 days of start-up when the unit was operated continuously after batch inoculation followed by 50 days of steady-state operation. The measurement was taken as soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) on the input/output of AFBR and input/output of MBG. The biogas volume production in the AFBR was also measured. AFBR performance was not optimal since even after achieving a steady state condition (for one-month operation), it could only reduce less than 30% organic content. A better performance was observed in the aerobic process where MBG was used for the aeration. It could reduce 60% of sCOD. This preliminary study showed that the coupling of AFBR and MBG units is potential for landfill leachate treatment. Optimization of this unit depended on the inoculation technique during the start-up period. Keywords: aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, fluidization, landfill leachate, microbial immobilization, municipal solid waste. Graphical Abstract

The Effect of the Addition of Active Digester Effluent for Start-up Accelerator in Anaerobic Digestion of Soybean Curd Industry Waste Water (Basic Research for Biogas Power Generation) Arini Wresta; Arini Wresta; Wiratni Budhijanto
Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power and Vehicular Technology Vol 3, No 2 (2012)
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/j.mev.2012.v3.81-86

Biogas production from soybean curd industry waste water was studied in laboratory scale to improve the application of anaerobic digestion process. The problem with the soybean curd waste water was the fact that it does not sufficiently contain anaerobic microorganisms required in biogas production. Therefore, it is necessary to add a well-developed population of anaerobic microorganisms to accelerate the start-up of the anerobic digestion. This research was aimed to verify the influence of the addition of active digester effluent into the soybean curd waste water batches in an anaerobic digestion process. Batch experiments were done in two digesters. The first digester was only fed with soybean curd waste water while the second digester was fed with soybean curd waste water and active digester effluent from a digester processing cow manure which was very rich in anaerobic microorganism consortium. The results indicated that soybean curd industry waste water did not contain methanogenic bacteria but there existed some acidogenic bacteria. The addition of active digester effluent accelerated the anaerobic digestion start-up and directed the process pathway towards methanogenic process so that more methane was obtained. The high methane content obtained (more than 64% volume) was very potential for power generation. The capacity of soybean curd industry must be as high as 697.13 kg soybean per day to generate the electric energy of 8.4 kWh.

Evaluasi Waktu Start Up pada Proses Peruraian Limbah Stillage secara Anaerobik Menggunakan Reaktor Fluidized Bed Kontinyu dengan Zeolit sebagai Media Imobilisasi Kunthi Widhyasih; Wiratni Budhijanto; Chandra W Purnomo
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan" 2016: Prosiding SNTKK 2016
Publisher : Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Stillage is wastewater from the ethanol industry. Organic matter content in the stillage is quite high, so it can damage to the environment if disposed of directly into the environment. Stillage has great potential to produce biogas that can be converted into energy by anaerobic treatment process. One of the anaeobic digestion methods is the bacterial cell immobilization technique. One of the reactor types using cell immobilization technique is Anaerobic Fluidizied Bed Reactor (AFBR). This study uses a set of AFBR reactor containing zeolite media with particle diameters of 0.5 - 0.8 mm and operated at a fluidization level (FL) 20% - 40% of the total effective volume of the reactor. This work studied the effect initial organic concentrations and time dring start up process on decomposition of stillage using AFBR. Scope of this work was evaluating AFBR performance by comparing the matematical model simulation result with experimental data. The simulation results were used as standard, that described AFBR performance under ideal conditions. This esperiment was conducted for 57 days in two cycles with varied sCOD concentrations and was done in batch recirculation process. The experiment showed that initial organic concentration was affected start up process. On high organic concentration, start up process failed, but the maximum concentrations limits have not been determined yet. Experiment showed that charging 50.000 mg sCOD/L to the reactor have made the system failed due the organic shock loading and inhibiton by VFA. Optimum time of start up was determined in first cycle, with initial organic concentration 10.000 mg sCOD/L. Optimum time of start up is 7 until 10 days. If start up process was longer than 10 days, bacteria entered the decay phase due insufficiency of substrat. AFBR performance evaluation using mathematical approaches produced more objective and more accurate result, although there were several factor not evaluated in the mathematical model such as the inhibition effect. These results could be used as a reference for reactor performance optimization especially in addressing the problem of inhibition

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