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All Journal TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) Journal of Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Technology The Indonesian Green Technology Journal The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA (JPPIPA) JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) Jurnal Litbang Sukowati : Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan

Warsito Warsito

Brawijaya University

Author-ID : 2458088

Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Energy Environmental Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Social Sciences Other

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Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller for flavonoid extraction Zainul Abidin; M. Aziz Muslim; Muhammad Muqorrobin; Warsito Warsito
TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) Vol 18, No 2: April 2020
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/telkomnika.v18i2.14830

In this research, water bath sonicator was fabricated to extract bioactive compound of plants material using sound energy (ultrasonic waves) and heater. The bioactive compound, flavonoid, has high sensitivity to temperature and extraction time and previous research stated best treatment with combination of 45˚C and 20 minutes. Therefore, fabricated water bath sonicator was equipped with proportional integral derivative (PID) based temperature controller and timer. Based on a calculation using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method, Kp, Ki, Kd parameters are 16.59, 0.0279, and 2463.6, respectively. The experimental result shows that the PID controller can perform as design specification with overshoot 1.39%, error steady-state 0.688% and settling time 37.2 minutes. Furthermore, it was proven that the PID controller has contribution to extract more flavonoid.

KAJIAN PUSTAKA: PEMICU KANKER DALAM SATE, AYAM/BEBEK/IKAN BAKAR/GORENG DAN ABON Eko Saputro; Djalal Rosidi; Lilik Eka Radiati; Warsito Warsito
Jurnal Litbang Sukowati : Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vol 4 No 2 (2021): Vol. 4 No. 2, Mei 2021
Publisher : Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kabupaten Sragen

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32630/sukowati.v4i2.187

Indonesian people are very fond of consuming satay, grilled/ fried chicken/ duck/ fish because these are very delicious but consumers still do not understand that there are carcinogenic consequences of heterocyclic aromatic mines (HAA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which are harmful to health. This paper aims to explore HAA, PAH and various ways that have succeeded in minimizing these levels so that consumers can still enjoy these foods safely and comfortably. Thermal meat processing is an important process to ensure microbiological safety, eliminate antinutrical factors, improving digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients and develop the profile of the color, aroma and flavor attributes that we want. However, this process also turns out to bring about carcinogens (cancer triggers), HAA and PAH that are potentially harmful to our health in the long run. The results of this literature review provide practical information that can be applied by producers or housewives to minimize HAAs levels in finished products, which is choosing the right sugar for marination; addition of synthetic antioxidants; addition of natural antioxidants; addition of phytochemical and herbal extracts; and pretreatment using a microwave.

MICROENCAPSULATION OF Cytrus hystrix OIL AND ITS ACTIVITY TEST AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT Warsito Warsito; Noorhamdani Noorhamdani; Sukardi Sukardi; Rissa Dwi Susanti
Journal of Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Technology Vol 4, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Brawijaya

Microencapsulation Kaffir lime oil (C. hystrix DC.) has advantages such as capable of controlling the evaporation process, oxidation by air or oxygen and release the active ingredient is stable, thus providing a constant concentration over long periods of therapy. In this research microencapsulation of kaffir lime oil from leaves (MJP-D) and rind (MJP-KB) using chitosan to crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (ratio 2:1). Characterization of kaffir lime oil use Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), characterization of microcapsule use FTIR and particle size analyzer, while analysis of essential oil content in the microcapsules with UV-Vis spectroscopy. Composition of MJP-D consist of citronellal (85,07%), lonalool (3,47%), citronelil acetate (2,77%) and sabinene (2,79%), while MJP-KB consist of citronellal (20,91%), terpinen-4-ol (11,93%), a-pinene (21,44%) and limonene (12,59%). Microcapsul MJP-D and MJP-KB has a distinctive absorption crosslinking results on 1558 cm-1 (-C=N) and particle size 340,43-404,90 nm. The effectiveness microcapsulation of MJP-D and MJP-KB 37,5% and 86,88% with each zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria is 12,8 mm and 17,1 mm. Keywords: microcapsul, kaffir lime oil, antimicrobial P. aeruginosa

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN ANTIMIKROBA MINYAK JERUK PURUT (Citrus hystrix DC.) DAN KOMPONEN UTAMANYA Warsito Warsito; Noorhamdani Noorhamdani; Sukardi Sukardi; Suratmo Suratmo
Journal of Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Technology Vol 4, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Brawijaya

Kaffir lime oil (C. hystrix DC.) is consist of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons terpenoids and terpenoids which contain oxygen are distributed in every part of the plant. In this research tested the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, both against kaffir lime oil from twigs, leaves and rind including the main components citronellal. The antioxidant was evaluated by testing its ability to catch DPPH radical. Antimicrobial activity is measured by its ability to inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria, Escheria coli. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to analyze chemical composition of kaffir lime oil. Value of IC50 of kaffir lime oil obtained was 6,43 (mL/mL); 6,83 (mL/mL); 9,48 (mL/mL) and 10,1 (mL/mL), consecutive to kaffir lime oil from rind, leaves, twig-leaf mixture and citronellal. Compared to the other kaffir lime oil and major components citronellal, kaffir lime oil from rind show the most vigorous activity in inhibiting growth of Escheria coli bacteria, by MIC values of 12,5 (mL/mL). GC-MS analysis showed that citronellal and citronellol as major component on kaffir lime oil from leaves and twig-leaf mixture, while the major component of kaffir lime oil from rind is b-pinene, limonene, citronellal dan terpinen-4-ol. Keywords: kaffir lime oil, citronellal, citronellol, antioxidant, antimicrobial

Effect of Hydration and Oxidation Reactions of The Chemical Composition of Kaffir lime (Cytrus hystrix DC.) Oil Warsito Warsito; Edi Priyo Utomo; Siti Mariyah Ulfa
The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research Vol 5, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Chemistry Department, The University of Brawijaya

This research aims to determine changes of the chemical composition in the hydration and oxidation reaction of Kaffir lime (Cytrus hystrix DC.) oil. The hydration reaction was carried out using a Amberlyst catalyst with variation time for 1.5, 3, and 4.5 hours. Furthermore, the oxidation process was carried out using PCC catalyst with variation time for 1, 1.5, and 3 hours. Then, the analysis of chemical composition was performed using GC-MS. The results showed that hydration reaction process for 1,5 hours has changed monoterpenes micrene and b-ocimen turned into linalool and it changes citronellal to be linalool, citronellol and dimer ether citronellyl citronellol. The longer process of hydration tends to increase the dimer ether citronellyl citronellol products. Within that process, it has turned citronellal into isopulegol and isopulegone. The longer oxidation will decrease isopulegone products.

Renewable Oil Extracted from Indonesian Srikaya’s (Annona squamosa sp.) Seed: Another Potent Source for Biodiesel Masruri Masruri; Mukesh Sharma; Warsito Warsito; Prasetyo Adi
The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research Vol 1, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : Chemistry Department, The University of Brawijaya

This study looks at the wastes derived from Indonesian fruit as prospect for biofuels. This report investigates the chemical composition of Srikaya (Annona squamosal sp.) seed, which is disposed as waste products from traditional markets. The seeds were extracted with various extraction methods and the oil obtained was analysed by means of gas chromatography (GC/FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), infra-red spectrometry and ultra-violet-visible spectrometry. It was found 2 h extraction using soxhlet apparatus with diethyl ether as solvent gave the optimum time extraction. Moreover, five major components were isolated from i.e.: ethyl hexadecanoate, ethyl hexadec-9-enoate, ethyl octadecanoate, 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediyl hexadecanoate, octadec-9-enaldehyde, and unknown compound, respectively.

One-Pot Catalytic Oxidation for Transforming Eugenol to Vanillin Using ZnAl2O4 Catalyst Damiana Nofita Birhi; Elvina Dhiaul Iftitah; Warsito Warsito; Adzkia Qisthi Ismail
The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research Vol 10, No 3 (2021): Edition September-December 2021
Publisher : Chemistry Department, The University of Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2021.010.03.622

In this study, ZnAl2O4 catalyst was synthesized with the capability of transforming eugenol to vanillin through One-Pot Catalytic Oxidation. ZnAl2O4 was synthesized from Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O and Al2O3 using the wet-impregnation method, and characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. One-Pot Catalytic Oxidation was conducted by heating under reflux at 150oC using nitrobenzene and a certain amount of ZnAl2O4 catalyst (4% and 7%) for 2 and 3 hours of reaction. Catalytic Oxidation is also carried out without catalyst as a comparison. The vanillin product was confirmed by GC and spectral data achieved from UV-Vis, FTIR, and mass spectrometry. The results revealed that transforming eugenol to vanillin using ZnAl2O4 catalyst provides a better selectivity value than without using the catalyst, is 100% for the use of 4% catalyst in 2 hours, while without catalyst gives 88% in 3 hours. In addition, the use of 4% catalyst in 3 hours gives 94% for selectivity of vanillin, and the use of 7% catalyst gives selectivity values at 82% and 85%, respectively for 2 hours and 3 hours. The conversion rate of the use of catalyst and without catalyst gives the perfect rate at 100%, but the use of catalyst produces better vanillin with percent yield at 2.485 for 2 hours, and 3.22% for 3 hours, while without catalyst have percent yield of vanillin at 1.94% for 3 hours.

Chemical Composition of Oil Fraction Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC) as Antibacterial Activity of E.coli Rahmatika Ayu Habsari; Warsito Warsito; Noorhamdani Noorhamdani
The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research Vol 7, No 1 (2018): Edition January-April 2018
Publisher : Chemistry Department, The University of Brawijaya

The purpose of this research is to know the composition of fraction oil kaffir lime which is consist as antibacterial activity E.coli. This research uses kaffir lime oil from a branch for fractional distillation use PiloDist 104-VTU (number the stages 120), and reflux ratio 20/10 with 5 mbar pressure. Oil kaffir lime composition analysis use GC-MS (type Shimadzu QP 2010S) with a gas helium on speed 3mL/minute. Antibacterial activity assay use agar well diffusion assay which does in three concentration they are 500 µL/mL, 300 µL/mL, 100 µL/mL. The result of oil fraction kaffir lime has five fraction oil based on boiling point interval, they are A fraction oil (63,00 – 70,010 C), B fraction (71,30 – 70,800 C), C fraction (74,50 – 74,200 C), D fraction (74,20 – 74,000 C) and E fraction (72,90 – 91,100 C). The result of this research obtained five oil fraction they are monoterpene oxygenated (MO) except A oil fraction with monoterpene hydrocarbon composition (MH) 12,1%. The main component of a fraction which MO compound they are citronella, linalool and isopulegol, while in MH compound they are sabine, β-pinen, β-micren and limonene. The result of antibacterial activity assay obtained on highest concentration it is 500 µL/mL. Antibacterial activity assay also depends on fraction composition with higher composition of MO. The highest MO components of oil fraction on C oil fraction which has MO component such as citronella 74,94%; linalool 20,13%; and isopulegol 3,08%.

Activity Test of Essential Lime Oil of Leaves, Twigs, and Rind against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus Warsito Warsito; Nur Hidayat; Ayu Yasri Putri
JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) Vol 2, No 3 (2017): JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia)
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia FKIP Universitas Sebelas Maret

Activity tests of essential lime oil (Citrus hystrix DC) from its leaves, twigs, and rinds on the growth of gram-negative bacteria E. coli and gram-positive B. cereus have been conducted. Essential lime oil was obtained by steam distillation of leaves, twigs and rind for 5 h. GC-MS was used to analyze the composition of essential lime oil. Well diffusion method was used for antibacterial activities testing with concentrations of solution were 100, 300, 500 µL/mL in ethanol and microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The results showed that higher concentration of essential lime oil led higher minimal inhibitory in which minimal inhibitory of essential oil from rind was higher than that of leaves and twigs. MICs values of E. coli are 25, 50 and 12.5 µL/mL and of B. cereus are 6.25, 12.5 and 3.12 µL/mL of leaves, twigs and rind, respectively. Citronellal compound was found as main component of essential lime oil from leaves and twigs with value of 85.7 % and 46.4 %, respectively. In addition, sabinene (9.2%), β-pinene (21.4%), limonene (12.5%), citronellal (20.9%) and terpinene-4-ol (11.9%) were found as compounds of essential lime oil from rind.

Continuous Essential Oil and Oleoresin Extraction from Star Anise (Illicium verum) by Hydrodistillation and Solvent Extraction Fitri Ariadna Sodi Miranda; Elvina Dhiaul Iftitah; Warsito Warsito; Adilatunnisa Nur Indah Berliana; Fadhlih Arya Seta
The Indonesian Green Technology Journal Vol. 11 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Postgraduate School Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.igtj.2022.011.02.03

Star anise (Illicium verum) is widely used as a medicinal herb and spice. The extracts, essential oil and oleoresin, can be produced by hydro-distillation and steam distillation, while solvent and supercritical fluid extraction can be used to extract oleoresin. In this work, the star anise is distilled to obtain the oil, subsequently, its residue is extracted by solvent extraction to get the oleoresin. Whole and grounded star anise fruit is distilled by hydro-distillation for 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours, thus the highest yield is obtained at 20 hours from grounded fruit, and the highest trans-anethole content of 68.50% is obtained at 8 hours from grounded fruit. Residue from the whole fruit-distillation process is extracted by Soxhlet extraction with three types of solvent (ethanol, diethyl ether, and n-hexane) for 6 hours. The highest yield was obtained from ethanol extraction with 1.16% yield and the highest content of trans-anethol was obtained from n-hexane fraction. One sample with the highest content of anethole from whole and grounded fruit-distilled oil and oleoresin are picked, and later they are tested to measure their antioxidant capacity by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP). Keywords: Essential oil, oleoresin, star anise, trans-anethole

Co-Authors Adilatunnisa Nur Indah Berliana Adzkia Qisthi Ismail Arie Srihardyastutie Asyfariatus Zulfa Azhar Ayu Yasri Putri Damiana Nofita Birhi Djalal Rosidi Edi Priyo Utomo Eko Saputro Elvina Dhiaul Iftitah Elvina Dhiaul Iftitah Fadhlih Arya Seta Fitri Ariadna Sodi Miranda Lilik Eka Radiati M. Aziz Muslim Masruri Masruri Muhammad Muqorrobin Mukesh Sharma Noorhamdani Noorhamdani Noorhamdani Noorhamdani Nur Hidayat Prasetyo Adi Qurrotul A'yun Rahmatika Ayu Habsari Retno Indriatie Rissa Dwi Susanti Siti Mariyah Ulfa Sukardi Sukardi Suratmo Suratmo Zainul Abidin

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