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Distribution Strategy of Subsidized Fertilizer in Smallholder Oil Palm Plantation at Air Batu Subdistrict, Asahan District, North Sumatra Evand, Yogi; Chalil, Diana; Ginting, Rahmanta
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 2 No. 3 (2019): InJAR, Vol. 2, No. 3, November 2019
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Palm oil is an important commodity for Indonesia. It is an export oriented commodity with the highest export income contribution. Initially, Indonesian palm oil plantations were developed by major companies and since 1986, smallholders have started to establish. In 2018, the share of smallholders has reached 42% of the total Indonesian oil palm plantation areas. However, unlike major companies, most smallholdersâ€™ lack capital. Unfortunately, oil palm smallholders are not in the priority list of subsidized fertilizer recipients. As a result, smallholders have an average productivity that is still lower than private and state company plantations, which are 585.3 ton/ha/year and 5828 ton/ha/year, respectively. This does not only influence smallholder income but also the Indonesian palm oil industry. Therefore, this study will analyze subsidized fertilizer distribution for oil palm smallholders in Air Batu Subdistrict, Asahan District, which are determined purposively as one of the oil palm smallholding centers in North Sumatera. Data were collected from 1 (one) staff of the Agriculture office in Asahan, 2 (two) extension agents, 4 (four) fertilizer shopkeepers, and 24 smallholders in Air Batu. The agriculture office staff and extension agents were selected by purposive sampling based on their knowledge and responsibility in the distribution of subsidized fertilizers while shopkeepers and smallholders were selected with snowball sampling technique. Aside from timeliness, the overall distribution of subsidized fertilizer in Air Batu, Asahan is relatively good. Internal factors are negative since weaknesses are more dominant than strengths, while external factors are positive, since opportunities are more dominant than threats. The Asahan Agriculture Staff have made some fundamental changes, namely improving the management system both internally and externally. Therefore, they can use their strengths to overcome their weaknesses and threats to utilize the available opportunities as well as possible.

Dapatkah Pekebun Sawit Mandiri Secara Finansial? Chalil, Diana; Barus, Riantri
Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit Vol 32 No 2 (2024): Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v32i2.264

Oil palm plantations are highly profitable, attracting producers from different backgrounds, including smallholders. However, the industry requires a high investment and long-term financial management. Unfortunately, most smallholders do not have both capacities and thus have limited capacity to self-finance their plantations. This study aims to analyze this condition using data from 964 oil palm smallholdings from 5 groups, namely (i) certified plasma/ex-plasma smallholders, (ii) certified independent partnered smallholders, (iii) noncertified plasma/ex-plasma smallholders, (iv) noncertified independent – partnered smallholders, and (v) noncertified independent – non partnered smallholders in North Sumatra, South Sumatra, Riau, and Jambi. The data were collected in 2013, 2016, 2018, and 2019 by purposive clustered sampling method. The data were descriptively analyzed using a financial calculation approach. All values were converted into the 2019 future value using a 7% interest rate applied for small-scale business loans. Self-finance is assessed in short- and long-term needs. The short-term refers to the minimum household needs, while the long-term is the certification and replanting cost. The minimum household needs were calculated based on the minimum regional wage. Certification refers to RSPO smallholder certification, withfour cost components, namely audit, surveillance, HCV, SIA, and EIA, and corrective actions. Replanting costs refer to Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Perkebunan. The estimation results show that smallholders cannot self-fund their short- and long-term financial needs, which could lead to additional land needs. Long-term financial needs can be managed through group collective action and regular saving within a minimum total group of 250 ha.

Risk Analysis for Sustainability of Oil Palm Smallholdings Chalil, Diana; Barus, Riantri
Jurnal Manajemen dan Agribisnis Vol. 16 No. 1 (2019): JMA Vol. 16 No. 1, March 2019
Publisher : School of Business, Bogor Agricultural University (SB-IPB)

Oil palm plantation is well known as a profitable business. In general, oil palm smallholders have a higher income than farmers of other commodities. However, most smallholdings have land sizes that do not reach the economic scale. Together with the lack of managerial skills, smallholdings are likely to be more vulnerable to production and price fluctuations, which in turn affects their business sustainability. This study was conducted to analyze the possibility and impact of production and price changes to the oil palm smallholdings’ sustainability. Data were collected from 240 schemed and independent smallholders in Asahan, Labuhan Batu, Labuhan Batu Utara and Labuhan Batu Selatan, which were selected with purposive cluster sampling. The production and market risk possibility and impact were measured with Value at Risk Method. The estimations showed that smallholders had a low risk possibility and impact, which partly stemmed from the enormously low threshold of both production and market risks. In fact, on average, smallholders’ productivity is less than 20% of the potentials, and many schemed smallholders receive low prices due to their aged trees. This may be harmful to smallholding sustainability. Since VaR only considers risks from variations of production and price, a low threshold is not considered as a risk for sustainability. Therefore, further studies using different thresholds or approaches are required. From the policy implication point of view, to address such a situation, the Indonesian government needs to improve smallholdings’ productivity and their composition of trees.

Analisis Integrasi Spasial Pasar Cabai Merah di Provinsi Sumatera Utara Warsito, Edy Warsito; Chalil, Diana; Lindawati
JURNAL AGRICA Vol. 18 No. 1 (2025): JURNAL AGRICA
Publisher : Universitas Medan Area

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

North Sumatra Province is one of the largest red chili producing provinces in Indonesia. Red Chili production is spread across several districts and meets the needs of markets in North Sumatra. Production and differences in distance between producer areas and markets affect prices at the consumer level. Fluctuations in the price of Red Chili often occur so that this commodity is one of the contributors to inflation in North Sumatra. Inflation is measured from price indicators in 5 cities, namely Medan, Pematang Siantar, Sibolga, Padangsidimpuan, and Gunungsitoli. The purpose of this study was to determine the development of Red Chili production and prices and to analyze the integration of prices between Red Chili producer markets in 5 (five) cities in North Sumatra Province. The benefits of this study are as information for the North Sumatra Provincial Government in making policies. This study uses the descriptive analysis method and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method from weekly data for a period of 3 years, namely the period 2021 to 2023. The results of the study show that the comparison between production and demand for Red Chili in North Sumatra is in a surplus condition. Prices between the Red Chili producer markets in Medan City, Pematang Siantar City, Padang Sidempuan City, Sibolga City and Gunung Sitoli City are perfectly integrated. There is a short term relationship between the price of red chilies in Medan and Gunung Sitoli, Pematang Siantar and Sibolga. Price of red chilies in Padang Sidempuan with Sibolga, Medan and Pematang Siantar. There is a long-term relationship between the price of red chilies in Gunung Sitoli and Medan, Padang Sidempuan, Pematang Siantar and Sibolga. The relationship that occurs between the red chili price variable is a causal relationship, indicating that there is one-way causality between the red chili price variable in Medan and the price of Pematang Siantar chili and the price of Sibolga chili.

Opportunities from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Being Greener through Online and E-Learning Methods Chalil, Diana; Barus, Riantri
Journal of Sustainability Perspectives Vol 1: Special Issue 2021
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

To implement physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic, many universities around the world have applied online and E-learning methods. Although faced with several obstacles, online and E-learning methods also provide many opportunities. One of them include the reduction of paper usage, which in 2019 totaled to 394 million tons worldwide. To analyze such an opportunity, this study was conducted at Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) by involving 232 students and 113 lecturers from 16 faculties. Data were obtained using a structured online questionnaire. The results show that paper usage at USU can be reduced through online and e-learning methods by 48,008,800 sheets per year or equivalent with approximately 4,003 trees. This amount is totalled from lecturer research activities, lecture materials, and student final projects, which are 240,000, 44,800,000 and 3,000,000 sheets, respectively. To realize this, USU is required to improve internet facilities and e-learning access, train lecturers and students to use and manage said facilities, and train lecturers to prepare materials specifically designed for online and e-learning.

Opportunities from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Being Greener through Online and E-Learning Methods Chalil, Diana; Barus, Riantri
Journal of Sustainability Perspectives Vol 1: Special Issue 2021
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

To implement physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic, many universities around the world have applied online and E-learning methods. Although faced with several obstacles, online and E-learning methods also provide many opportunities. One of them include the reduction of paper usage, which in 2019 totaled to 394 million tons worldwide. To analyze such an opportunity, this study was conducted at Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) by involving 232 students and 113 lecturers from 16 faculties. Data were obtained using a structured online questionnaire. The results show that paper usage at USU can be reduced through online and e-learning methods by 48,008,800 sheets per year or equivalent with approximately 4,003 trees. This amount is totalled from lecturer research activities, lecture materials, and student final projects, which are 240,000, 44,800,000 and 3,000,000 sheets, respectively. To realize this, USU is required to improve internet facilities and e-learning access, train lecturers and students to use and manage said facilities, and train lecturers to prepare materials specifically designed for online and e-learning.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Seed Breeder’s Decisions to Certify Rice Seeds in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia Widari, Tenni Sri; Chalil, Diana; Sidique, Shaufique F.
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 8, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v8i2.2303

The number of breeding rice seeds in North Sumatra Province is decreasing every year. This will have an impact on the availability of rice seeds for farmers. Meanwhile, a certification process is needed to produce quality rice seeds. The aim of this research is to analyze how the differences in factors such as level of education, knowledge of certifying seeds, experience as a seed breeder, seed selling price, land area, and rice seed production costs can influence the seed breeder's decision to certify the rice seeds produced. The method used is the Average Difference Test with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test with sample determination using saturated samples (census) totaling 44 seed breeder groups. The results of the analysis show that the variables of knowledge, experience, selling price, and production costs differ significantly for each decision taken by seed breeders in rice seed certification activities. While the variables of education level and land area are not significantly different, this is because the education level of the seed breeder group is almost the same, namely an average of high school / vocational high school graduates, while the area of land controlled by the seed breeder group is also not significantly different between the 3 groups, the average land area of the Non-Seed Certification group is 16.25 ha, the average land area of the Unfinished Seed Certification group is 17.42 ha, and the average land area for the Seed Certification group is 27.35 ha.

Why Do Rice Millers Refuse to Partner With the State? A Socio-Agronomic Perspective From Indonesia’s Agricultural Heartland Simanjuntak, Kartika Damayanti; Chalil, Diana
Baileo: Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Vol 3 No 1 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30598/baileofisipvol3iss1pp210-226

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing rice millers’ willingness to engage in partnership with the Indonesian State Logistics Agency (Bulog) in Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra—one of the region’s key rice production centers. Despite this status, participation in Bulog’s procurement partnership scheme remains low. Employing a quantitative approach, this study involved 13 rice milling enterprises across six districts. Variables analyzed include Bulog’s outreach (socialization), purchase price, production capacity, market certainty, and business longevity. Data were examined using Fisher’s Exact Test due to the small sample size and categorical data type. Findings reveal that only the socialization variable had a statistically significant effect on partnership willingness. Bulog’s efforts in providing detailed information, explaining partnership schemes, and maintaining intensive communication played a crucial role in encouraging participation. In contrast, non-competitive pricing, varying production capacities, market stability, and business duration showed no significant effect. This study contributes to the socio-agribusiness literature by highlighting the importance of institutional communication in fostering state–private partnerships in the food sector. Key recommendations include enhancing the frequency and quality of Bulog’s outreach, improving procurement pricing mechanisms, and promoting local government support to strengthen rice supply chain integration through more inclusive partnership models.

Beyond Fertilizers and Labor: Understanding Socioeconomic Drivers of Technical Efficiency Among Smallholder Oil Palm Farmers Sari, Tengku Dede Rachma; Chalil, Diana; Lindawati, Lindawati
Baileo: Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Vol 3 No 2 (2026): January 2026 (On Process)
Publisher : Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30598/baileofisipvol3iss2pp276-294

The productivity of independent smallholder oil palm farmers remains significantly lower than that of corporate plantations, despite operating under similar agroecological conditions. This study aims to analyze the socioeconomic factors influencing technical efficiency among independent smallholders, focusing on the roles of education, farming experience, access to extension services, and household income. Using a quantitative explanatory design, the research applies the Cobb-Douglas Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) model based on primary survey data from 125 smallholders in Dolok Masihul District, North Sumatra. Data were analyzed using Frontier 4.1 and STATA through a one-step procedure to assess the effects of socioeconomic characteristics on inefficiency. Results show an average technical efficiency of 0.78, suggesting a 22% potential output increase through better resource utilization. Land size and fertilizer use significantly enhance productivity, while labor and seed type exhibit moderate effects. Farming experience, education, and extension access significantly reduce inefficiency, whereas age and household size have no notable influence. The study’s novelty lies in integrating an econometric model with a sociological perspective, demonstrating that smallholder efficiency is shaped by social capacities rather than agronomic factors alone. It advances a socio-econometric framework for understanding smallholder productivity and recommends policy interventions emphasizing human capital, farmer education, and community-based extension systems to foster sustainable rural development.

ANALISIS RISIKO PRODUKSI PADI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN ASURANSI USAHATANI PADI (AUTP) DI DESA PANCA ARGA, KECAMATAN RAWANG PANCA ARGA, KABUPATEN ASAHAN Saragih, Ika Rosalia; Chalil, Diana; Ayu, Sri Fajar
Jurnal AGRISEP JURNAL AGRISEP VOL 17 NO 02 2018 (OCTOBER)
Publisher : Badan Penerbitan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkulu

Rawang Panca Arga Sub-district, Asahan Regency is recorded as the most highly participated farmers in North Sumatra paddy centers in Rice Farming Insurance (AUTP) Program. This stems from their experience in suffering from pest attack and flood. However, the participation tend to decrease as the threshold for receiving the insurance coverage is considered too high ?75%, while in fact the range of loss is around 30%-40%. To analyze such a condition, this study collected data from 50 paddy farmer samples, and analyze the risk map with production risk probability and impact, namely Z-score and Value at Risk. The results show that the risk probability due to pests and climate change are 18,41%and0.60%, respectively, while the impacts are Rp 3,764,495 and Rp 1.256.036, respectively. Only 2 out of 50 farmers experienced loss more than 75%, in which the insurance could only cover 42%-78% of the production costs.

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