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All Journal Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Reaktor Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis Jurnal Rekayasa Proses
Lieke Riadi
Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Surabaya
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Control & Systems Engineering Education Energy Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Social Sciences

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Enhancing Enzymatic Digestibility and Lignin Production of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) by Green Deep Eutectic Solvent Wijaya, Candra; Pertiwi, Urania Noor Lintang; Apol, Tabina Raissa; Rohmah, Ika Putri Nikmatur; Muharja, Maktum; Widjaja, Tri; Riadi, Lieke; Widjaja, Arief
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 2 Year 2026 (August 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20526

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is an abundant lignocellulosic residue whose high lignin content restricts its bioconversion into sugars and value-added products. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly choline chloride–lactic acid, offer a green and tunable platform for selective delignification and biomass fractionation. This study investigates the effects of ChCl:LA (1:2) DES pretreatment under varying temperatures (100–140 °C) and reaction times (3-6 h) on the chemical composition, structural modification, delignification kinetics, and enzymatic digestibility of OPEFB. A modified combined delignification factor (CDF) was developed to unify temperature, time, and DES acidity into a single severity descriptor. Delignification followed a biphasic pattern successfully captured by the CDF-based kinetic model (R² = 0.9961), with activation energy of 63.5 kJ.mol⁻¹. Increasing pretreatment severity enhanced hemicellulose and lignin removal (up to 95.5% and 84.4%), while cellulose remained largely preserved. SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses confirmed progressive disruption of the lignin–carbohydrate matrix, increased cellulose exposure, and removal of amorphous domains. As a result, enzymatic hydrolysis yield improved by more than twofold relative to untreated biomass, reaching 75.5% at 140 °C for 6 h. Mass-balance evaluation demonstrated that from 100 g OPEFB, DES pretreatment yielded 21.6 g glucose and 24.7 g recoverable lignin under optimal conditions. Compared to other pretreatment strategies, the ChCl:LA DES system achieved a balanced co-production of sugars and lignin in significantly shorter processing time. Overall, this work provides mechanistic, kinetic, and mass-balance insights into DES-assisted fractionation of OPEFB and highlights its potential in integrated multiproduct biorefineries. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Co-Authors Agustin, Yuana Elly Andy Widyasayogo Angelio, Ricardo Apol, Tabina Raissa Arief Rachmat Herlambang Candra Wijaya, Candra Farida Suhud Indrayani, Clarissa Jodie, Kennita Alvina Lanny Sapei Lie Hwa Liok Dimas Sanjaya Loeman Muharja, Maktum Octovania Sugianto Ong, Lu Ki Pertiwi, Urania Noor Lintang Richard Wisanto Rohmah, Ika Putri Nikmatur Sangadji, Ningsi Lick Sasmita Mirifica Vania Sjarief Widjaja Sutikno, Kevin Hosea Titie Prapti Utami Tri Widjaja Tuani L. Simangunsong Whenny Ferydhiwati Yosephine Kristiani Yunus Fransiscus