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Environmental impact on electric vehicle: A cradle-to-cradle approach for various vehicle technologies toward sustainable transportation Idris, Muhammad; Garniwa, Iwa; Soesilo, Tri Edhi Budhi; Utomo, Suyud Warno
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61174

Abstract

The transition to sustainable transportation is critical to global efforts to mitigate climate change and reduce environmental degradation. Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental impacts of various vehicle technologies throughout their entire life cycle. Numerous studies have applied cradle-to-gate, cradle-to-wheel, and cradle-to-grave approaches. However, increasing material waste from vehicles and batteries is expected to become a significant environmental challenge due to intensive mining and resource extraction activities. To address this issue, the cradle-to-cradle approach is proposed to mitigate environmental impacts during the end-of-life phase through material recycling and recovery. This study examines manufacturing, operational, and end-of-life phases across various vehicle technologies. Unlike traditional cradle-to-grave assessments, the cradle-to-cradle approach promotes resource circularity by integrating material reuse and recycling into the evaluation process, thereby minimizing waste and optimizing resource efficiency. The analysis identifies critical indicators, including energy consumption, air quality, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although electric vehicles (EVs) significantly reduce operational emissions, they present challenges related to battery material extraction and end-of-life management. By incorporating cradle-to-cradle principles, this study highlights strategies to enhance material recovery and reusability, particularly for battery components and lightweight materials. Furthermore, this research underscores the importance of adopting renewable energy sources and circular economy principles in the transportation sector to achieve sustainability goals. Policy recommendations include strengthening recycling infrastructure, incentivizing eco-friendly vehicle design, and fostering cross-sector collaboration. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable vehicle technology pathways and provide a framework for reducing environmental impacts while meeting growing transportation demands.
Analisis Dampak Kebijakan Keringanan Biaya Penyambungan Tambah Daya Terhadap Adopsi Pelanggan dan Kelayakan Bisnis PLN Tommy Tommy; Iwa Garniwa
Jurnal Akuntansi, Ekonomi dan Manajemen Bisnis Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Maret : Jurnal Akuntansi, Ekonomi dan Manajemen Bisnis
Publisher : Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/jaemb.v6i1.9138

Abstract

In conducting its business and fulfilling its role in providing reliable energy, PLN is inevitably involved in sales and purchase transactions, which naturally involve sellers and buyers. PLN sells electricity to all sectors, including the government, industry, offices, and even households. A healthy company is one that has a smooth cash flow. With a smooth cash flow, the company will be able to grow by reinvesting its existing funds and ultimately increase its business capital and profits in the future. It is noted that in the case of strategic customer arrears, especially customers with special classification codes in 2020, the amount of arrears was the highest in the last 5 years, totaling Rp. 717,678,961,659. This is further exacerbated by the conditions in the field, where the installed power in each customer plot is still small, while the actual usage in the field is higher. PLN needs to review, strategize, and make decisions on the events in the field. By introducing a Connection Fee Reduction Policy for Additional Power, which aims to encourage customers to increase their power so that the number of kWh per month that can be claimed or calculated can increase PLN's revenue. From these calculations, a payback period of approximately 7.3 months and an IRR of 163% were obtained on the opportunity loss from the total BP of Rp 32.7 billion, with additional revenue from kWh usage of Rp 5.1 billion per month.