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Isolasi dan Seleksi Jamur Endofit Asal Tanaman Kakao Sebagai Agens Hayati Phytophthora palmivora Butl. Rita Harni; Widi Amaria; Khaerati Khaerati; Efi Taufiq
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 3, No 3 (2016): Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jtidp.v3n3.2016.p141-150

Phytophthora palmivora Butl. merupakan patogen penyebab penyakit busuk buah kakao (BBK) yang menimbulkan kerugian cukup besar bagi petani. Pengendalian P. palmivora yang banyak dianjurkan adalah pengendalian ramah lingkungan dengan menggunakan agens hayati seperti jamur endofit. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan jamur endofit asal tanaman kakao yang bekerja sebagai agens hayati terhadap P. palmivora patogen penyebab busuk buah kakao. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Proteksi Tanaman, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar (Balittri), Sukabumi, mulai bulan Januari sampai Juli 2015. Eksplorasi jamur endofit dilakukan di beberapa daerah penghasil kakao, yaitu Sulawesi Tenggara, Lampung, dan Jawa Barat. Bahan tanaman kakao yang digunakan sebagai sampel adalah daun, buah, dan ranting dari beberapa varietas dan klon kakao. Isolat-isolat jamur endofit diisolasi, dimurnikan, dan diseleksi kinerjanya terhadap P. palmivora secara in vitro pada media PDA dan secara in vivo pada buah kakao. Hasil isolasi diperoleh 269 isolat jamur endofit dari beberapa daerah, yaitu 195 isolat dari Sulawesi Tenggara, 41 isolat dari Jawa Barat, dan 33 isolat dari Lampung. Hasil seleksi isolat jamur endofit terhadap P. palmivora diperoleh 4 isolat jamur dari marga Trichoderma yang potensial sebagai agens hayati untuk pengendalian P. palmivora, yaitu SWI, STII, PB5, dan SWII dengan daya hambat 70,33%; 68,89%; 67,43%; dan 66,67%.

Pengaruh Formula Bionematisida Bakteri Endofit Bacillus sp. terhadap Infeksi Nematoda Meloidogyne sp. pada Tanaman Kopi Rita Harni; Samsudin Samsudin
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 2, No 3 (2015): Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jtidp.v2n3.2015.p143-150

Meloidogyne sp. is an important pathogen of coffee plant. Bacillus sp. is commonly used to control the nematode as it is environmentally friendly. The study aimed to determine the effect of endophytic bacteria Bacillus sp. PG76 formulated in the molasses, talc or compost on the infection of Meloidogyne sp. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute, Sukabumi from December 2013 to May 2014. The experimental design was a completely randomized, 6 treatments and 10 replications of six months-old coffee plants. Six treatments were tested (Bacillus sp. PG76 formulated in molasses, compost, or talc; carbofuran; plant inoculated with the nematode only, and plant neither treated with the formula nor the nematode). Population of Bacillus sp. PG76 in each formula was 109 cfu/ml. Number of formulas applied per plant was 100 ml of molasses, 100 g of talc, or 100 g of compost. One week after the treatments, the plants were inoculated with 500 larvae-2 Meloidogyne sp. Parameters observed were the number of gall, nematode population in the roots and soil, and the coffee plant growth. The results showed that all the treatments (molasses, compost, and talc) suppressed the population of Meloidogyne sp. The best formulas were molasses and compost that reduced the nematode infection up to 74.0% and 73.2%, respectively, similar to that of carbofuran (i.e. 73.3%). Furthermore, application of the formulas increased coffee plant growth. The study suggests that Bacillus sp. PG76 formulation is prospective to control the nematode.

Pengaruh Formula Fungisida Nabati Minyak Cengkeh dan Serai Wangi terhadap Penyakit Busuk Buah Kakao Rita Harni; Efi Taufiq; Widi Amaria
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 1, No 1 (2014): Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jtidp.v1n1.2014.p41-48

Penyakit utama busuk buah kakao disebabkan oleh Phytophthora palmivora dapat menurunkan hasil 20%-30%. Pengendalian penyakitdengan fungisida nabati saat ini banyak dikembangkan, dengan tujuan mengurangi dampak negatif dari fungisida sintetik. Fungisidanabati yang digunakan adalah minyak cengkeh dan serai wangi karena mudah didapat dan bersifat fungisidal. Penelitian bertujuanmenganalisis pengaruh formula fungisida nabati minyak cengkeh dan serai wangi terhadap perkembangan penyakit busuk buah kakao(BBK) yang disebabkan oleh Phytophthora palmivora. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kebun petani Kabupaten Mamuju, Sulawesi Barat,menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok 7 perlakuan, 4 ulangan. Setiap perlakuan diamati 20 buah kakao berukuran 8-10 cm.Perlakuan yang diuji adalah 1) minyak cengkeh+serai wangi, 2) minyak cengkeh+asam salisilat, 3) minyak cengkeh+silikon, 4) seraiwangi+asam salisilat, 5) serai wangi+silikon, 6) fungisida sintetik sebagai pembanding, dan 7) kontrol. Larutan formula (5ml/liter)disemprotkan pada buah setiap 2 minggu sekali sampai buah masak atau dipanen. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase serangan,intensitas serangan, kadar senyawa fenol, dan bobot biji kakao. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula fungisida nabaticengkeh dan serai wangi yang diperkaya dengan asam salisilat dan silikon dapat menekan intensitas serangan penyakit busuk buahkakao sebesar 20,48%-65,62%, tidak berbeda nyata dengan fungisida sintetik (73,15%). Besarnya tingkat penekanan penyakit sejalandengan kandungan senyawa fenol pada kuit buah kakao. Semakin tinggi kadar fenol pada kulit buah, maka semakin tinggi penekananpenyakit busuk buah kakao. Penggunaan formula fungisida nabati dapat menekan kehilangan produksi kakao 23,94%-43,02%.Formula terbaik dan dapat dianjurkan untuk pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao adalah minyak cengkeh+serai wangi,cengkeh+asam salisilat, dan serai wangi+silikon.Kata Kunci: Kakao, Phytophthora palmivora, busuk buah kakao, fungisida nabatiBlack pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora is a major disease on cacao crops, which can cause yield losses until 20%-30%. Diseasecontrol using botanical fungicide such as the use of clove and citronella oil, which have fungicidal effect, have been developed to reduce the negativeimpact of synthetic fungicide residues. The objectives of this study was to analyze the effect of clove and citronella oil as botanical fungicide formulaon the development of black pod disease and seed weight of cocoa in the field. The study was carried out at farmer’s fields in Mamuju District, WestSulawesi using a randomized block design with 4 replications and 7 treatment. In each treatment was observed 20 cacao pods with size 8-10 cm. Thetreatments were 1) clove + citronella oil, 2) clove oil + salicylic acid, 3) clove oil + silicone, 4) citronella + salicylic acid, 5) citronella + silicone,6) synthetic fungicides as a comparison treatment, and 7) control. The botanical formula was applied by spraying onto the entire surface of pod witha concentration of 5 ml/litre every 2 weeks. Observations were include the percentage of attacks, intensity of the attack, the levels of phenoliccompounds, and seed weight of cacao. The results showed that the formula of botanical fungicide containing clove and citronella oil enriched withsalicylic acid and silicon can suppress disease attack of black pod (20.48%-65.62%), which was not significantly different from synthetic fungicide(73.15%). The level of disease suppression in line with phenolic compounds of cocoa husk. In which, high phenolic contents can reduce black poddisease at a higher level . The use of botanical fungicides formula can suppress the yield loss until 23.94% to 43.02%. The best formulas that canbe recommended in suppressing intensity of black pod disease were clove oil + citronella, clove oil + salicylic acid, and citronella + silicon.

Pengaruh Penambahan Gliserol pada Media Perbanyakan terhadap Daya Simpan Biofungisida Trichoderma Widi Amaria; Yulius Ferry; Samsudin Samsudin; Rita Harni
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 3, No 3 (2016): Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jtidp.v3n3.2016.p159-166

Daya simpan biofungisida yang mengandung Trichoderma virens dan T. amazonicum untuk mengendalikan penyakit jamur akar putih (JAP) pada tanaman karet penting untuk diketahui agar tetap efektif ketika diaplikasikan. Komposisi media perbanyakan dalam biofungisida Trichoderma sp. dapat mempengaruhi lama hidup dan viabilitas konidia selama penyimpanan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh penambahan gliserol dalam media perbanyakan terhadap daya simpan biofungisida T. virens dan T. amazonicum. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Proteksi Tanaman, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar (Balittri), Sukabumi, mulai bulan Januari sampai Juli 2014. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 8 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Biofungisida yang dibuat terdiri dari: (1) penambahan gliserol (0%, 3%, 6%, dan 9%) pada media perbanyakan T. virens dan (2) penambahan gliserol (0%, 3%, 6%, dan 9%) pada media perbanyakan T. amazonicum. Masing-masing hasil perbanyakan dicampur dengan bahan pembawa talk, dikeringanginkan, selanjutnya dikemas dalam kantong plastik dan disimpan selama 4 bulan. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap bulan, meliputi: jumlah konidia dan populasi Trichoderma sp., serta kadar air biofungisida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penambahan gliserol pada media perbanyakan dapat membantu mempertahankan viabilitas T. virens dan T. amazonicum serta daya simpan biofungisida. Penambahan gliserol 6% sampai 9% pada media perbanyakan T. virens dan T. amazonicum merupakan konsentrasi terbaik, menghasilkan konidia 7,98 x 107 – 8,59 x 107 konidia/g dan kelimpahan populasi 11,67 x 103 – 14,67 x 103 cfu/g pada biofungsida yang disimpan selama 4 bulan.

Potensi Bakteri Kitinolitik untuk Pengendalian Penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang Lada ( Phytophthora capsici) Rita Harni; Widi Amaria
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 3, No 1 (2012): Buletin Riset Tanaman Rempah Dan Aneka Tanaman Industri
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jtidp.v3n1.2012.p7-12

Salah satu kendala dalam peningkatan produktivitas lada adalah adanya serangan penyakit busuk pangkal batang yang disebabkan oleh Phytophthora capsici, akibat infeksi patogen ini dapat menurunkan hasil lada 10-15% setiap tahunnya. Penelitian potensi bakteri kitinolitik untuk mengendalikan penyakit busuk pangkal batang lada telah dilakukan di Laboratorium dan Rumah Kaca Kelompok Peneliti Proteksi Tanaman Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Aneka Tanaman Industri dari bulan Juni-November 2011. Bakteri kitinolitik yang digunakan merupakan isolat terbaik hasil seleksi bakteri kitinolitik di laboratorium. Isolat diisolasi dari beberapa tanaman yaitu lada, bintaro dan kelapa sawit. Isolat yang digunakan adalah: LP4, BP2, LB12, LB19, LB20, LB31, LL5, LL18, dan E10. Sebagai pembanding digunakan isolat bakteri kitinolitik TT2 yang sudah teruji keefektifannya. Penelitian terdiri dari 3 kegiatan yaitu (1) Analisis ekspresi kitinase, (2) Uji Antagonis bakteri kitinolitik terhadap P. capsici in vitro, dan (3) Pengujian isolat bakteri kitinolitik terhadap P. capsici pada tanaman lada di rumah kaca. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 4 isolat dengan aktivitas kitinase tinggi yaitu BP2, LB19, LL5, dan LL18, sedangkan 6 isolat lainnya mempunyai aktivitas kitinase rendah sampai sedang. Kemampuan antagonis ke-10 isolat bakteri kitinolitik terhadap P. capsici memperlihatkan daya antagonis yang sama yaitu 64,4-85,6%, tetapi pengaruhnya terhadap P. capsici di rumah kaca diperoleh 3 isolat (E10, BP2, LP4) yang potensial menekan penyakit BPB lada dengan intensitas serangan 34,33-43,97%, sedangkan pada kontrol 73,37%. Beberapa isolat bakteri kitinase dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman lada di banding dengan kontrol. Potential of chytinolytic bacteria to control Phytophthora capsici (foot rot disease) on black pepperABSTRACTOne of many problems in increasing productivity of black pepper is foot rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici. This pathogen infection may reduce 10-15% of yields each year. A study on potential chitinolytic bacteria to control foot rot disease of black pepper was carried out at Laboratory and Greenhouse of Plant Protection, Indonesian Research Institute for Spice and Industrial Crops, from June to November 2011. Chitinolytic bacterial isolates used is the best ones of some selected chitinolytic bacteria. The isolates were isolated from different plants, namely black pepper, bintaro and palm oil. In these experiments isolates used were LP4, BP2, LB12, LB19, LB20, LB31, LL5, LL18, and E10, while its control was chitinolytic bacterial isolate TT2, an isolate having high effectiveness. The study consist of three activities: (1) Analysis of chitinase expression, (2) Test antagonists of chitinolytic bacteria against P. capsici in vitro (3) Testing of chitinolytic bacteria isolates against P. capsici on black pepper in greenhouse. Results have identified 4 isolates (BP2, LB19, LL5, and LL18) having high in chitinase expression, whereas six other isolates have low to medium in chitinase expression. Antagonistic ability against P. capsici from all isolates (10 isolates) showed the same inhibitory ranging from 64.4 to 85.6%, but its effect against P. capsici at greenhouse was obtained 3 isolates (E10, BP2, LP4) which have suppressive potential to foot rot disease of black pepper with attacks intensity of 34.33 to 43.97% level, while that of control was 73.37%. The ten isolates also increased better growth of black pepper compared with the control.

PERKEMBANGAN PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT VASCULAR STREAK DIEBACK PADA TANAMAN KAKAO / Current Research Progress and Strategy to Control Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) Disease of Cacao Rita Harni; Dono Wahyuno; Iwa Mara Trisawa
Perspektif Vol 18, No 2 (2019): Desember 2019
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/psp.v18n2.2019.120-134

Vascular streak dieback (VSD) merupakan penyakit penting pada tanaman kakao. Penyakit ini telah berkembang luas di sentra produksi kakao di Indonesia dan menyebabkan kerugian 30-45% dari produksi. Luas serangan VSD di Indonesia pada tahun 2007 adalah 70.000 ha dengan kehilangan hasil sebesar Rp 405 643 680 000/tahun, dan kerugian terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Tujuan dari revieu ini adalah menginformasikan tentang penyakit VSD dan perkembangan teknologi pengendaliannya. Penyakit VSD adalah penyakit pembuluh kayu yang menyerang tanaman kakao. Gejala serangan ditunjukkan oleh daun yang mengalami klorosis, gugur dan meranting, hingga akhirnya tanaman tidak berproduksi. Penyakit VSD disebabkan oleh cendawan Ceratobasidium theobromae, yang bersifat obligat parasit, tersebar melalui spora udara (basidiospora), melalui bahan tanam atau bibit kakao yang telah terinfeksi. Keberhasilan spora untuk berkecambah dan melakukan penetrasi jaringan daun sangat tergantung pada kondisi lingkungan. Karakteristik C theobromae yang sulit diperbanyak pada medium buatan menjadikan penelitian VSD sangat tergantung dengan kondisi inokulum di lapang. Komponen pengendalian yang telah dikembangkan berupa varietas atau klon kakao tahan VSD, aplikasi fungisida, agens hayati dan kultur teknis. Pengembangan kakao tahan VSD perlu disertai dengan pengembangan komponen teknologi pengendalian lainnya. Penanaman klon tahan VSD disertai dengan penerapan kultur teknis budidaya kakao yang tepat disertai aplikasi komponen pengendalian yang sesuai dianggap sebagai strategi untuk menekan penyebaran VSD yang efisien, efektif dan ramah lingkungan. . ABSTRACTVascular Streak Dieback (VSD) is a main disease in cacao. It has been widely spread in cacao producing centers in Indonesia which has caused 30-40% production loss. Infested plant showed symptoms such as clorosis on its leaves which then fall off and die back. eventually stop producing. VSD is caused by a obligate parasite fungus Ceratobasidium theobromae , , spread through basidiospora, plant materials, or infected seedlings. Since this fungus is difficult to be cultured in artificial media causes the research on VSD highly depends on the availability of inoculum at the field The ability of spora to germinate and penetrate leaves tissue is determined by environment conditions. Components of control which have been developed are varieties or cacao clones, fungicide application, biocontrol agents, and technical culture. Developing VSD resistant cacao also necessitates the development of control technology components. Planting VSD resistant clones combines with sugested cultural practices are considered efficient and effective for controlling VSD as well as an environmental friendly control strategy.

PROSFEK PENGEMBANGAN BAKTERI ENDOFIT SEBAGAI AGENS HAYATI PENGENDALIAN NEMATODA / The Prospect of Developing Endophytic Bacteria as Nematodes Biological Control Rita Harni
Perspektif Vol 15, No 1 (2016): Juni, 2016
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/psp.v15n1.2016.31-49

Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the most important plant pests that attack a variety of estate crops like pepper, patchouli, coffee, tobacco and ginger. Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Radopholus the most destructive parasitic nematodes in these commodities. Yield Losses due to nematodes on black pepper can reduce the production of 32%, 75% in patchouli, 58% ginger and 57% at the coffee. Controlling nematodes are widely used at this time are endophytic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria are live bacteria that colonize the host plant tissues without causing any negative effects, but giving many benefits to their host, because it can be as biological agents, and trigger the growth of plants. Mechanism of action endophytic bacteria in controlling nematodes are induce resistance, competition nische, and produce anti-nematode metabolites, that affect on the penetration, reproduction and nematode populations. The use of endophytic bacteria Achromobacter xylosoxidans (TT2), Bacillus cereus (MSK), Alcaligenes faecalis (NJ16), Bacillus subtilis (NJ57) and Pseudomonas putida (EH11) on patchouli can suppress nematode populations of P. brachyurus at 54.8 to 70.6 %. Endophytic bacteria Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. can reduce the incidence of yellow disease and nematode populations of R. similis and M. incognita, as well as increase the number of flowers/ node and the wet weight of the black pepper, and endophytic bacteria Bacillus pumilus and B. mycoides can suppress the population and the number of root knot nematode M. incognita 33 - 39% of the coffee plant. Development of endophytic bacteria to control parasitic nematodes in estate crop is very promising because of endophytic bacteria as a biological control agent is superior to another agent, can be isolated from all parts of the plant, propagation media inexpensive, easy application and not repetitive. Endophytic bacteria may be of biological agents and plant growth promoters, its use can reduce synthetic pesticides and synthetic fertilizers so very supportive to sustainable agriculture.

PROSFEK PENGEMBANGAN BAKTERI ENDOFIT SEBAGAI AGENS HAYATI PENGENDALIAN NEMATODA / The Prospect of Developing Endophytic Bacteria as Nematodes Biological Control Rita Harni
Perspektif Vol 15, No 1 (2016): Juni, 2016
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/psp.v15n1.2016.31-49

Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the most important plant pests that attack a variety of estate crops like pepper, patchouli, coffee, tobacco and ginger. Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Radopholus the most destructive parasitic nematodes in these commodities. Yield Losses due to nematodes on black pepper can reduce the production of 32%, 75% in patchouli, 58% ginger and 57% at the coffee. Controlling nematodes are widely used at this time are endophytic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria are live bacteria that colonize the host plant tissues without causing any negative effects, but giving many benefits to their host, because it can be as biological agents, and trigger the growth of plants. Mechanism of action endophytic bacteria in controlling nematodes are induce resistance, competition nische, and produce anti-nematode metabolites, that affect on the penetration, reproduction and nematode populations. The use of endophytic bacteria Achromobacter xylosoxidans (TT2), Bacillus cereus (MSK), Alcaligenes faecalis (NJ16), Bacillus subtilis (NJ57) and Pseudomonas putida (EH11) on patchouli can suppress nematode populations of P. brachyurus at 54.8 to 70.6 %. Endophytic bacteria Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. can reduce the incidence of yellow disease and nematode populations of R. similis and M. incognita, as well as increase the number of flowers/ node and the wet weight of the black pepper, and endophytic bacteria Bacillus pumilus and B. mycoides can suppress the population and the number of root knot nematode M. incognita 33 - 39% of the coffee plant. Development of endophytic bacteria to control parasitic nematodes in estate crop is very promising because of endophytic bacteria as a biological control agent is superior to another agent, can be isolated from all parts of the plant, propagation media inexpensive, easy application and not repetitive. Endophytic bacteria may be of biological agents and plant growth promoters, its use can reduce synthetic pesticides and synthetic fertilizers so very supportive to sustainable agriculture.

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