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Optimasi Kadar Fenilbutazon dalam Pembawa Vesikular Etosom (Optimization of Concentration of Phenylbutazone in Ethosomes Vesicular Carrier) Nur Illiyyin Akib; Muhammad Handoyo Sahumena; Yunita Dawu; Vica Aspadiah; Indria Hafizah; Halimahtussaddiyah Ritonga
MEDULA JURNAL ILMIAH FAKULLTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS HALU OLEO Vol 7, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Halu Oleo University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46496/medula.v7i2.11968

Abstract

Background: Phenylbutazone is a class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Phenylbutazone is used by the transdermal route to reduce the irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Purpose: This study aims to obtain phenylbutazone suspensions with optimal levels in the ethosome vesicular carrier. Methods: Preparation was carried out by the hot method (40oC) and cold method (30oC) as well as variations in the concentration of phosphatidylcholine (2% and 3%) and ethanol (30%, 35%, and 40%). Characterization of vesicles, namely the shape and size of vesicles using optical microscopy and entrapment efficiency using the spectrophotometer method with λ maks 266.6 nm. Optimization of phenylbutazone levels was carried out at a concentration of 0.1%; 0.15%; 0.2%; and 0.25%. The optimum formula was obtained at a concentration of phosphatidylcholine 3% and ethanol 35% prepared by the hot method. Results:. The form of a Small Unilamellar Vesicle (SUV), a size of 23.7 nm, and entrapment efficiency is 88.358%. Optimization of phenylbutazone levels was obtained at a concentration of 0.1% with entrapment efficiency of 88.358%. Conclusion: The optimum level of phenylbutazone in the vesicular carrier ethosome was 0.1%.Keywords: ethosome, optimation, phenylbutazone, transdermal ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Fenilbutazon merupakan golongan obat antiinflamasi non stroid (AINS) yang digunakan pada pengobatan penyakit rheumatoid arthritis. Fenilbutazon digunakan melalui rute transdermal untuk mengurangi efek iritasi pada saluran cerna. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh suspensi fenilbutazon dengan kadar yang optimal dalam pembawa vesikular etosom. Metode: Preparasi dilakukan dengan metode panas (40oC) dan metode dingin (30oC) serta variasi konsentrasi fosfatidilkolin (2% dan 3%) dan etanol (30%, 35%, dan 40%). Karakterisasi vesikel yaitu bentuk dan ukuran vesikel menggunakan mikroskop optik serta efisiensi penjerapan menggunakan metode spektrofotometer pada λmaks 266,6 nm. Optimasi kadar fenilbutazon dilakukan pada konsentrasi 0,1%; 0,15%; 0,2%; dan 0,25%. Diperoleh formula optimum pada konsentrasi fosfatidilkolin 3% dan etanol 35% yang dipreparasi dengan metode panas Hasil: Vesikel yang diperoleh berbentuk Small Unilamellar Vesicle (SUV), ukuran 23,7 nm, dan efisiensi penjerapan 88,358%. Optimasi kadar fenilbutazon diperoleh pada konsentrasi 0,1% dengan efisiensi penjerapan 88,358%. Kesimpulan: Disimpulkan bahwa kadar optimum fenilbutazon dalam pembawa vesikular etosom adalah 0,1%.Kata kunci: etosom, optimasi, fenilbutazon, transdermal
Sintesis Kitosan dari Kulit Udang sebagai Bahan Membran Elektrode Au/Kitosan/GTA/AChE untuk Deteksi Pestisida Mashuni Mashuni; Halimahtussaddiyah Ritonga; Muhammad Jahiding; Fitri Handayani Hamid
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 18, No 1 (2022): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.18.1.56551.112-121

Abstract

Sintesis kitosan telah dikembangkan dengan metode pemanasan microwave (MW) menggunakan pelarut alkali untuk kebutuhan berbagai aplikasi yang salah satunya sebagai membran immobilisasi enzim. Penelitian membran kitosan dengan immobilisasi enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE) sebagai elektrode biosensor terus berkembang untuk menghasilkan perangkat mutakhir yang dapat mendeteksi pestisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan biosensor berbasis elektrode membran Au/Kitosan/GTA/AChE untuk deteksi pestisida karbaril yang memiliki batas deteksi yang rendah, sensitivitas yang tinggi, waktu respon cepat dan presisi yang baik. Kitosan dihasilkan dari isolasi kitin dari kulit udang menggunakan alat MW dan pelarut NaOH dengan daya 450 Watt selama 15 menit menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 31,50%. Karakterisasi FTIR kitosan diidentifikasi adanya gugus O–H, C–N, N–H amina, dan C=O dengan intensitas yang rendah serta derajat deasetilasi rata-rata 95,6 ± 0,1%. Komposisi elektrode membran Au/Kitosan/GTA/AChE menggunakan kitosan dengan variasi konsentrasi 2, 5, dan 8% (b/v) dan glutaraldehid (GTA) 25%, kawat Au dan diimobilisasikan enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE). Elektrode membran Au/Kitosan 2%/GTA/AChE memiliki karakteristik yang baik dimana nilai sensitivitas sebesar 23,318 mV.dekade-1 pada rentang konsentrasi pestisida 10-7 – 10-1 µg mL-1 dengan batas deteksi (LoD) 1 × 10-7 µg mL-1. Waktu respon yang diperoleh yaitu pada rentang waktu 5– 7 menit dengan relative standard deviation (RSD) sebesar 0,588%. Biosensor yang dikembangkan menunjukkan sensitivitas, stabilitas dan reproduktifitas yang baik, sehingga elektrode membran Au/Kitosan/GTA/AChE menjanjikan untuk alat deteksi pestisida. Synthesis of Chitosan from Shrimp Shell as Electrode Membrane Material Au/Chitosan/GTA/AChE for Pesticide Detection. Chitosan synthesis has been developed using the heating by microwave (MW) method using alkaline solvents for various applications, one of which is an enzyme immobilization membrane. Chitosan membrane research with immobilization of the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as a biosensor electrode developed to produce advanced devices that can detect pesticides. This study aims to produce a biosensor based on Au/Chitosan/GTA/AChE membrane electrodes to detect carbaryl pesticides with a low detection limit, high sensitivity, fast response time, and good precision. Chitosan was produced from the isolation of chitin from shrimp shells using an MW device and NaOH solvent with a power of 450 Watts for 15 minutes to produce a yield of 31.50%. The FTIR characterization of chitosan identified the presence of O–H, C–H, C–N, N–H amine groups and C=O with low intensity and the average degree of deacetylation of 95.6 ± 0.1%. The composition of Au/Chitosan/GTA/AChE membrane electrodes used chitosan with various concentrations of 2, 5, and 8% (w/v) and glutaraldehyde (GTA) 25% on Au wire and immobilized with AChE enzyme. The Au/Chitosan 2%/GTA/AChE membrane electrode has good characteristics where the sensitivity value is 23.318 mV.decade-1 in the pesticide concentration range of  10-7 – 10-1 µg mL-1 with a detection limit (LoD) of 1 × 10-7 µg mL-1. The response time obtained is in the range of 5 ‒ 7 minutes with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.588%. The developed biosensor shows good sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility, thus Au/Chitosan/GTA/AChE membrane electrodes are promising for pesticide detection.
Thermodynamics and kinetic studies of methyl orange dye adsorption in magnetic material-silica-zeolite (MM-Sio2-NZ) composite Alrum Armid; Fahmiati Fahmiati; Halimahtussaddiyah Ritonga; Darwin Ismail; La Ode Ahmad Nur Ramadhan
Acta Chimica Asiana Vol. 6 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : The University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/aca.v6i2.159

Abstract

Using methyl orange (MO) in dye industries can cause the accumulation of MO waste in aquatic systems, including seawater. A magnetic material-silica-zeolite (MM-SiO2-NZ) composite was investigated in vitro to adsorb methyl orange (MO) dye. MM-SiO2-NZ composite was characterized using FTIR, XRF, and VSM. Adsorption studies with pH, concentration, contact time, and temperature variations were carried out to determine the adsorption capacity. The MM-SiO2-NZ characterization results by FTIR showed the presence of OH groups from Fe-OH, Si-OH, and Al-OH, and there were Fe-O, Si-O, Al-O, Si-O-Si, and Si-O-Fe groups. The results of XRF characterization showed that the metal oxide content of Fe2O3 in magnetic material (MM) was 75.39% and decreased to 52.63% after the MM-SiO2-NZ composite was formed. The characterization using VSM indicated the magnetic properties of MM to be 44.083 emu/g, then decreased to 11.407 emu/g after being composited. The adsorption of MM-SiO2-NZ tends to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a Langmuir constant (KL) value of 1.332 L/mg. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics with a constant value (k2) of 3×10-2 g.mg/min. MO dye adsorption by MM-SiO2-NZ took place spontaneously with Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) values of -1.109 kJ/mol, -38.687 kJ/mol, and -12.402 kJ/mol, respectively.