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HUBUNGAN ANTARA HOURLY FLOW DENGAN KECELAKAAN: KASUS JALAN TOL JAKARTA-CIKAMPEK Haryadi, Bambang; Narendra, Alfa; Riyanto, Bambang
Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Vol 11, No 2 (2009): Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jtsp.v11i2.1721

Abstract

Accident prediction models is related to the quantification of the relationship betweenaccidents that occured at certain location with factors that influence it at a particular time. Themodels could provide ideas how each variable contributes to the accident that occured at aparticular location. The purpose of the strudy was to develop toll road accident prediction models byconsidering hourly traffic flow. Microscopic analysis result shows that the relationship betweenaccident frequency and hourly traffic can be represented by exponensial step-functions. Up to 700vehicle/hour accident frequency increases exponentially, then it decreases exponentially as trafficflow increases furthermore. This trend was common for total, single-vehicle, and multi-vehicleaccidents. Model prediksi kecelakaan merupakan kuantifikasi hubungan antara kecelakaan yangterjadi pada suatu lokasi dengan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh pada waktu itu. Model prediksidapat memberi gagasan bagaimana masing-masing variabel tersebut berkontribusi menyebabkankecelakaan yang terjadi di lokasi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan modelprediksi kecelakaan yang terjadi pada ruas jalan tol dengan berdasarkan volume lalu lintas per jam(hourly traffic flow). Analisis secara mikroskopik dengan menggunakan volume lalulintas per jamsebagai variabel bebas menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara besarnya frekuensi kecelakaandengan volume lalulintas per jam berbentuk eksponensial bertingkat. Sampai dengan nilai volumelalulintas 700 kendaraan/jam hubungan frekuensi kecelakaan dengan volume lalulintas per jamdapat dinyatakan dengan fungsi eksponensial positif, sedangkan di atas nilai volume lalulintas 700kendaraan/jam hubungannya dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk fungsi eksponensial negatif. Hal iniberlaku baik untuk kecelakaan total, tunggal, maupun jamak
LATAR BELAKANG PERILAKU BERSEPEDA DI UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG Narendra, Alfa
Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Vol 14, No 2 (2012): Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jtsp.v14i2.7095

Abstract

In late 2009, Conservation Development Team held a working meeting that one of them is related to the concept of campus bike. The result is a program of prioritizing bicycles and pedestrians, as part of Green Transport System Internal Framework. On March 20, 2010 Date of declared conservation campus. In the same year, in 1000 the bike Unnes get grants from the Corporate Social Responsibility 3rd party. From the cordon line survey closed, recorded at least 3,000 motorcycles were on campus at the time sama.Berdasarkan Sekaran other surveys, boundary surveys tiered, has been growing interest in citizen UNNES for cycling and berjalankaki on campus have now UNNES, and on the other , UNNES managers are trying hard to meet the demand ini.Tulisan is trying to focus on the facts obtained from the results of the 2010-2012 survey, and make recommendations based on those facts. Di akhir tahun 2009, Tim Pengembang Konservasi mengadakan rapat kerja yang salah satunya berkenaan dengan konsep sepeda kampus. Hasilnya adalah program pengutamaan sepeda dan pejalan kaki, sebagai bagian dari Kerangkakerja Sistem Transportasi Hijau Internal. Pada Tanggal 20 Maret 2010 di deklarasikan kampus konservasi. Pada tahun yang sama, Unnes mendapatkan hibah 1000 sepeda dari program Corporate Social Responsibility pihak ke 3. Dari survei cordon line tertutup, dicatat setidaknya ada 3000 sepeda motor berada di dalam kampus Sekaran pada saat yang sama.Berdasarkan survei yang lain, survei berjenjang berbatas, sudah tumbuh minat warga unnes untuk bersepeda dan berjalankaki di lingkungan kampus sekaran unnes, dan di sisi lain, pengelola unnes sedang berusaha keras untuk memenuhi permintaan ini.Tulisan ini berusaha fokus pada fakta-fakta yang didapat dari hasil survei dari 2010-2012, dan memberi rekomendasi berdasar fakta-fakta tersebut
Analysis Effect of Variation Form and Dimension on Structure Reinforced Concrete Column in Kali Kendeng Bridge Dewantara, Kandida Rahardian; Apriyatno, Henry; Narendra, Alfa; Taveriyanto, Arie
Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Vol 22, No 1 (2020): Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jtsp.v22i1.21013

Abstract

Abstract. Square columns is a rectangular column which has a single stirrup shape and wide distances in - between. In addition, the round column is a column with a spiral section and has a relatively short distance or a relatively smaller distance in - between. Parameters in column planning include reinforcement requirements, column slenderness, buckling factors, interaction diagrams, and ductility. The study used existing rectangular column data with dimensions of 3.5x3.5 m from Kali Kendeng Bridge in the Semarang-Surakarta Toll Road Construction Project. From the field data, variations in the shape of the columns became rounded columns by calculating the moment of inertia of the two cross sections. Variations in dimensions was performed by calculating reinforcement ratio requirements, aiming to produce an effective column design. The first step is to analyze the bridge loading with earthquake loading SNI for the 2833: 2016 bridge and SNI loading for the bridge 1725: 2016. After that, do the calculation of reinforced concrete column requirements and be checked through the SAP2000 application. Then analyze SAP2000 output, so that the moment and shear forces are obtained in square and round columns. Then with the same material that is 30 MPa quality concrete and 390 MPa quality steel, the results obtained slenderness, bending factor and the radius of inertia between square and round columns are the same. The maximum moment value in a square column is 60704.8718 kN-m and the maximum shear is 2358.14 kN. In addition, the round column obtained a maximum moment of 60685.1944 kN-m and a maximum shear of 2358.65 kN. An overview of the relative ductility aspect of 2.7 kN between square and round columns and the ductility value shows the reduced cross-sectional area the smaller the ductility value. Therefore, it is concluded that a round column is better in terms of holding moment and sliding, than a square shaped column.
Alternatif Perangkat Lunak Pendukung Belajar Di Rumah dan Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh Di Indonesia Narendra, Alfa; Subkhan, Edi; Mukhibad, Hasan; Salam, Syukron; Purwinarko, Aji
widiyanto Vol 7, No 1 (2021): JPK, Jurnal Profesi Keguruan
Publisher : LP3 Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jpk.v7i1.27453

Abstract

Sejak Maret 2020 sebagian besar siswa mengalami perubahan pola belajar akibat wabah covid19. Pengaturan sistem kerja selama wabah tetap memperhatikan dan tidak mengganggu kelancaran penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat, dengan pertimbangan kesehatan siswa, guru, kepala sekolah dan seluruh warga sekolah (Kumolo, 2020, Anwar Makarim, 2020). Dalam pelaksanaan Belajar Dari Rumah (BDR)-Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ), satuan pendidikan dapat memilih pendekatan daring dan atau luring sesuai dengan ketersediaan dan kesiapan sarana dan prasarana (Na’im, 2020). Penelitian ini mengkaji pustaka terkait, secara deskriptif  kualitatif. Peneliti mencermati perangkat lunak yang digunakan dalam BDR-PJJ serta tantangannya. Dalam berbagai pola pelaksanaan BDR-PJJ, di berbagai kota / kabupaten di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga mencakup berbagai tingkat pendidikan. Didapati bahwa 93.10% hambatan terkait jaringan internet, 95.24% terkait kuota internet, namun hanya 69.44% yang menyatakan hambatan dalam memahami materi. WhatsApp menjadi perangkat lunak utama dalam  BDR-PJJ, mendampingi Google Classroom, Zoom, Google Forms, adalah 3 yang paling banyak disebut.Since March 2020, most students are experiencing changes in learning patterns due to the Covid19 outbreak. The management of the work system during the outbreak must pays attention to and does not interfere with the running of government and services to the community, with consideration of the health of all school members (Kumolo, 2020, Anwar Makarim, 2020). In the implementation of Learning From Home (BDR) - Distance Learning (PJJ), educational units can choose an online and / or offline approach according to the availability and readiness of facilities and infrastructure (Na'im, 2020). This research examines the related literature, descriptively qualitatively. Researcher were looking at the software used in the BDR-PJJ and its challenges. In various patterns of BDR-PJJ implementation, in various cities / districts in Indonesia. This research also covers various levels of education. It was found that 93.10% of barriers were related to internet networks, 95.24% were related to internet quotas, but only 69.44% stated obstacles in understanding the material. WhatsApp is the main software in BDR-PJJ, alongside Google Classroom, Zoom, Google Forms, are the 3 most mentioned.
Alternatif Perangkat Lunak Pendukung Belajar Di Rumah dan Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh Di Indonesia Narendra, Alfa; Subkhan, Edi; Mukhibad, Hasan; Salam, Syukron; Purwinarko, Aji
widiyanto Vol 7, No 1 (2021): JPK, Jurnal Profesi Keguruan
Publisher : LP3 Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jpk.v7i1.27453

Abstract

Sejak Maret 2020 sebagian besar siswa mengalami perubahan pola belajar akibat wabah covid19. Pengaturan sistem kerja selama wabah tetap memperhatikan dan tidak mengganggu kelancaran penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat, dengan pertimbangan kesehatan siswa, guru, kepala sekolah dan seluruh warga sekolah (Kumolo, 2020, Anwar Makarim, 2020). Dalam pelaksanaan Belajar Dari Rumah (BDR)-Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ), satuan pendidikan dapat memilih pendekatan daring dan atau luring sesuai dengan ketersediaan dan kesiapan sarana dan prasarana (Na’im, 2020). Penelitian ini mengkaji pustaka terkait, secara deskriptif  kualitatif. Peneliti mencermati perangkat lunak yang digunakan dalam BDR-PJJ serta tantangannya. Dalam berbagai pola pelaksanaan BDR-PJJ, di berbagai kota / kabupaten di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga mencakup berbagai tingkat pendidikan. Didapati bahwa 93.10% hambatan terkait jaringan internet, 95.24% terkait kuota internet, namun hanya 69.44% yang menyatakan hambatan dalam memahami materi. WhatsApp menjadi perangkat lunak utama dalam  BDR-PJJ, mendampingi Google Classroom, Zoom, Google Forms, adalah 3 yang paling banyak disebut.Since March 2020, most students are experiencing changes in learning patterns due to the Covid19 outbreak. The management of the work system during the outbreak must pays attention to and does not interfere with the running of government and services to the community, with consideration of the health of all school members (Kumolo, 2020, Anwar Makarim, 2020). In the implementation of Learning From Home (BDR) - Distance Learning (PJJ), educational units can choose an online and / or offline approach according to the availability and readiness of facilities and infrastructure (Na'im, 2020). This research examines the related literature, descriptively qualitatively. Researcher were looking at the software used in the BDR-PJJ and its challenges. In various patterns of BDR-PJJ implementation, in various cities / districts in Indonesia. This research also covers various levels of education. It was found that 93.10% of barriers were related to internet networks, 95.24% were related to internet quotas, but only 69.44% stated obstacles in understanding the material. WhatsApp is the main software in BDR-PJJ, alongside Google Classroom, Zoom, Google Forms, are the 3 most mentioned.
PERILAKU PENYEBERANG PEJALAN KAKI DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KINERJA LALU LINTAS Wicaksono, Ridho; Nugroho, Untoro; Narendra, Alfa
Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Vol 16, No 2 (2014): Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jtsp.v16i2.7228

Abstract

There are not many pedestrians crosser using pedestrian overhead bridges nowadays. They are more likely at-Grade Pedestrian Crosserseven though there were pedestrian overhead bridges.Like what we observed at BrigjendKatamso street. This paper described pedestrians crossing behavior around SMPN 2 Semarang’s pedestrian overhead bridges. Furthermore,their side friction impact on traffic flows are measured and noted. Preliminary survey was conductedon 40 hours traffic counting based on video-recordedtraffic data. This survey shows there are two peak hours, morning period at 05:45-08:45 and noon period at 14:30-17:30. On each peak hours, we observe at-grade pedestrian crosser for their impact on car travel-timeand spot-speed. In morning peak-time most of pedestrian crosser use overhead pedestrian bridge, otherwise in noon peak-time at-grade crossing preferred. During day-peak-time, single pedestrian crosser could delayedtwo passenger cars for 1.37 sec, meanwhile in the noon-peak-time they delayed one passenger car for 1 sec. In the morning peak hour, Spot-speed before disturbance is 22.43 km/hour, during crossing occur is 18.35 km/hour, and after the crossing is 19.1 km/hour. Meanwhile, during 3 hours of noon peak hour, spot speed before crossing is 17.45 km/hour, during disturbance is 13.48 km/hour, after crossing is 24.07 km/hour. Thie research proofed that there are side frictions regarding at-grade pedestrian crossing around overhead pedestrian bridge in front of SMPN 2 Semarang.Banyak penyeberang pejalan kaki yang tidak menggunakan jembatan penyeberangan dan lebih memilih untuk menyeberang ke ruas jalan pada jalan Brigjend Katamso, meskipun pada jalan tersebut telah ada fasilitas jembatan penyeberangan. Tulisan ini menyajikan perbandingan perilaku penyeberang melalui jembatan dengan melalui jalan. Khusus penyeberang jalan apakah mempunyai pengaruh terhadap arus lalu lintas atau tidak. Bila terjadi pengaruh, seberapa besar pengaruh tersebut. Observasi/Survei awal dengan melakukan penghitungan arus lalu lintas harian selama 40 jam menggunakan metode pencacahan manual, serta metode visual dengan kamera video. Selanjutnya dari survei lalu lintas harian diketahui waktu puncak yaitu puncak pagi (05.45 – 08.45) dan puncak sore (14.30–17.30). Pada masing-masing waktu puncak kemudian dikaji perbandingan perilaku penyeberang melalui jembatan dengan melalui jalan. Khusus untuk perilaku penyeberang melalui jalan akan diteliti pengaruhnya terhadap jumlah lama kendaraan tertahan serta kecepatan mobil penumpang ketika terjadi aktifitas penyeberangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada waktu pagi hari perilaku penyeberang melalui jembatan lebih banyak dari pada melalui jalan. Sedangkan pada waktu sore hari perilaku penyeberang melalui jembatan lebih sedikit dari pada melalui jalan. Pada puncak pagi rata-rata penyeberang jalan menghambat 2 kendaraan selama 1.37 detik sedangkan puncak sore menghambat 1 kendaraan selama 1 detik. Pengaruh terhadap kecepatan mobil penumpang selama 3 jam puncak pagi menghasilkan temuan kecepatan sebelum kejadian 22.43 km/jam, sesaatkejadian 18.35 km/jam, setelahkejadian 19.1 Km/jam. Sedangkan 3 jam selamapuncak sore menghasilkan temuan kecepatan sebelum kejadian 17.45 km/jam, sesaatkejadian 13.48 km/jam, setelahkejadian 24.07 km/jam. Hal ini menunjukkan penyeberang melalui jalan menjadi penghambat lalulintas di sekitar Jembatan Penyeberangan Orang, di depan SMPN 2 Semarang, di Jalan Brigjend Katamso. 
STUDI PENANGANAN TUNDAAN PERGERAKAN DI PERSIMPANGAN EMPAT BANARAN-SEKARAN Narendra, Alfa; Budiwirawan, Agung
Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Vol 16, No 1 (2014): Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jtsp.v16i1.7224

Abstract

At Banaran, Sekaran intersection. Morning peak hour occurs before 7am, since the first classes begins at 7am. Generally, traffic flows decline after 12am. On site Origin-Destination pattern shows that south to north streams are dominant. There was single peak hour, 12:15-13:15. There are three alternatives based on Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual). Firstly do nothing, secondly geometric enhancement and the latest is building a roundabout. First alternative will drive into saturated intersection. Whereas its degree of saturation will became 0,74 which closed to 0,75 saturated value. Second alternative is relative small impact in DS, reducing only 0,06 into 0,68. Meanwhile, selected roundabout alternative is reduce DS into mentioned directionN-E 0,25, E-S 0,25, S-W 0,24, W-N 0,27.Di Simpang Empat Lengan Banaran – Sekaran, peningkatan volume dominan terjadi sebelum jam 07.00 WIB, karena kegiatan perkuliahan jam pertama adalah jam 07.00 WIB, dan penurunan volume dominan terjadi setelah jam 12.00 WIB. Pola asal-tujuan menunjukkan pergerakan didominasi pergerakan Utara-Selatan, dengan asal pergerakan dominan dari Selatan. Hanya ada satu jam puncak, 12.15 – 13.15.Dari hasil perhitungan berdasarkan Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia, alternatif pertama, yaitu alternatif dengan kondisi saat ini (do nothing), menghasilkan derajat kejenuhan (Degree of  Saturation=DS) sebesar 0,74, mendekati DS jenuh yang sebesar 0,75.  Perhitungan alternatif kedua, berupa perbaikan geometrik, pemberian rambu dan marka jalan hanya mampu menurunkan DS sebesar 0,06 menjadi 0,68. Alternatif ketiga sebagai alternatif terpilih, berupa jalinan bundaran, menghasilkan Derajat kejenuhan bagian jalinan arah U-T sebesar 0,25, T-S 0,25, S-B 0,24, B-U 0,27.
Analysis Effect of Variation Form and Dimension on Structure Reinforced Concrete Column in Kali Kendeng Bridge Dewantara, Kandida Rahardian; Apriyatno, Henry; Narendra, Alfa; Taveriyanto, Arie
Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Vol 22, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jtsp.v22i1.21013

Abstract

Abstract. Square columns is a rectangular column which has a single stirrup shape and wide distances in - between. In addition, the round column is a column with a spiral section and has a relatively short distance or a relatively smaller distance in - between. Parameters in column planning include reinforcement requirements, column slenderness, buckling factors, interaction diagrams, and ductility. The study used existing rectangular column data with dimensions of 3.5x3.5 m from Kali Kendeng Bridge in the Semarang-Surakarta Toll Road Construction Project. From the field data, variations in the shape of the columns became rounded columns by calculating the moment of inertia of the two cross sections. Variations in dimensions was performed by calculating reinforcement ratio requirements, aiming to produce an effective column design. The first step is to analyze the bridge loading with earthquake loading SNI for the 2833: 2016 bridge and SNI loading for the bridge 1725: 2016. After that, do the calculation of reinforced concrete column requirements and be checked through the SAP2000 application. Then analyze SAP2000 output, so that the moment and shear forces are obtained in square and round columns. Then with the same material that is 30 MPa quality concrete and 390 MPa quality steel, the results obtained slenderness, bending factor and the radius of inertia between square and round columns are the same. The maximum moment value in a square column is 60704.8718 kN-m and the maximum shear is 2358.14 kN. In addition, the round column obtained a maximum moment of 60685.1944 kN-m and a maximum shear of 2358.65 kN. An overview of the relative ductility aspect of 2.7 kN between square and round columns and the ductility value shows the reduced cross-sectional area the smaller the ductility value. Therefore, it is concluded that a round column is better in terms of holding moment and sliding, than a square shaped column.
LATAR BELAKANG PERILAKU BERSEPEDA DI UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG Narendra, Alfa
Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Vol 14, No 2 (2012): Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jtsp.v14i2.7095

Abstract

In late 2009, Conservation Development Team held a working meeting that one of them is related to the concept of campus bike. The result is a program of prioritizing bicycles and pedestrians, as part of Green Transport System Internal Framework. On March 20, 2010 Date of declared conservation campus. In the same year, in 1000 the bike Unnes get grants from the Corporate Social Responsibility 3rd party. From the cordon line survey closed, recorded at least 3,000 motorcycles were on campus at the time sama.Berdasarkan Sekaran other surveys, boundary surveys tiered, has been growing interest in citizen UNNES for cycling and berjalankaki on campus have now UNNES, and on the other , UNNES managers are trying hard to meet the demand ini.Tulisan is trying to focus on the facts obtained from the results of the 2010-2012 survey, and make recommendations based on those facts. Di akhir tahun 2009, Tim Pengembang Konservasi mengadakan rapat kerja yang salah satunya berkenaan dengan konsep sepeda kampus. Hasilnya adalah program pengutamaan sepeda dan pejalan kaki, sebagai bagian dari Kerangkakerja Sistem Transportasi Hijau Internal. Pada Tanggal 20 Maret 2010 di deklarasikan kampus konservasi. Pada tahun yang sama, Unnes mendapatkan hibah 1000 sepeda dari program Corporate Social Responsibility pihak ke 3. Dari survei cordon line tertutup, dicatat setidaknya ada 3000 sepeda motor berada di dalam kampus Sekaran pada saat yang sama.Berdasarkan survei yang lain, survei berjenjang berbatas, sudah tumbuh minat warga unnes untuk bersepeda dan berjalankaki di lingkungan kampus sekaran unnes, dan di sisi lain, pengelola unnes sedang berusaha keras untuk memenuhi permintaan ini.Tulisan ini berusaha fokus pada fakta-fakta yang didapat dari hasil survei dari 2010-2012, dan memberi rekomendasi berdasar fakta-fakta tersebut
HUBUNGAN ANTARA HOURLY FLOW DENGAN KECELAKAAN: KASUS JALAN TOL JAKARTA-CIKAMPEK Haryadi, Bambang; Narendra, Alfa; Riyanto, Bambang
Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Vol 11, No 2 (2009): Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jtsp.v11i2.1721

Abstract

Accident prediction models is related to the quantification of the relationship betweenaccidents that occured at certain location with factors that influence it at a particular time. Themodels could provide ideas how each variable contributes to the accident that occured at aparticular location. The purpose of the strudy was to develop toll road accident prediction models byconsidering hourly traffic flow. Microscopic analysis result shows that the relationship betweenaccident frequency and hourly traffic can be represented by exponensial step-functions. Up to 700vehicle/hour accident frequency increases exponentially, then it decreases exponentially as trafficflow increases furthermore. This trend was common for total, single-vehicle, and multi-vehicleaccidents. Model prediksi kecelakaan merupakan kuantifikasi hubungan antara kecelakaan yangterjadi pada suatu lokasi dengan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh pada waktu itu. Model prediksidapat memberi gagasan bagaimana masing-masing variabel tersebut berkontribusi menyebabkankecelakaan yang terjadi di lokasi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan modelprediksi kecelakaan yang terjadi pada ruas jalan tol dengan berdasarkan volume lalu lintas per jam(hourly traffic flow). Analisis secara mikroskopik dengan menggunakan volume lalulintas per jamsebagai variabel bebas menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara besarnya frekuensi kecelakaandengan volume lalulintas per jam berbentuk eksponensial bertingkat. Sampai dengan nilai volumelalulintas 700 kendaraan/jam hubungan frekuensi kecelakaan dengan volume lalulintas per jamdapat dinyatakan dengan fungsi eksponensial positif, sedangkan di atas nilai volume lalulintas 700kendaraan/jam hubungannya dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk fungsi eksponensial negatif. Hal iniberlaku baik untuk kecelakaan total, tunggal, maupun jamak