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All Journal TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) Sistemasi: Jurnal Sistem Informasi JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization Sinkron : Jurnal dan Penelitian Teknik Informatika JOURNAL OF APPLIED INFORMATICS AND COMPUTING Jurnal Sisfokom (Sistem Informasi dan Komputer) Jurnal Infomedia MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika, dan Rekayasa Komputer Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Bisnis Abdimas Galuh: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Jurnal Teknik Informatika (JUTIF) Jurnal Pengabdian Mitra Masyarakat (JPMM) Jurnal Komputer Teknologi Informasi Sistem Komputer (JUKTISI) SmartComp The Indonesian Journal of Computer Science Journal of Information System Exploration and Research
Majid Rahardi
Universitas Amikom Yogyakarta
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Social Sciences Other

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Comparison of Shallow and Deep Learning for Indonesian Clickbait Headline Classification Muhammad Noer Attalah Dzahkwan; Majid Rahardi
Journal of Information System Exploration and Research Vol. 4 No. 3: July 2026
Publisher : shmpublisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52465/joiser.v4i3.85

Abstract

Clickbait is an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in Indonesian online news media, where headlines are crafted to attract clicks without accurately reflecting article content. This study proposes and compares eight classification models: three shallow learning algorithms — Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression — and five transformer-based deep learning models: IndoBERT-p1, IndoBERT-p2, XLM-RoBERTa, mBERT, and DistilBERT. The dataset used is CLICK-ID, consisting of 15,000 labeled headlines from 12 Indonesian news portals, expanded to 25,138 samples via semi-supervised pseudo labeling with a confidence threshold of 0.85. All deep learning models were trained with Focal Loss (α=0.25, γ=2.0) to address class imbalance and Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for GPU efficiency. Results show that IndoBERT-p1, IndoBERT-p2, XLM-RoBERTa, mBERT, and DistilBERT achieve comparable performance, with macro F1-scores ranging from 86.57% to 88.54%. Among shallow learning models, SVM performs best with 83.51% F1-score. An average ensemble of all five transformer models achieves the best overall performance at 90.14% accuracy and 89.00% F1-score, outperforming every individual model. This study contributes to Indonesian clickbait detection research by demonstrating that ensemble aggregation of diverse transformer architectures yields more reliable performance than reliance on any single model.
Co-Authors Abdulloh, Ferian Fauzi Abiyyu, Ahmad Naufal Abu Bakar, Rahmat Fauzi Afrig Aminuddin Alfian Difa’ul Amien Ali Mustopa Amelia, Hemas Anggita Andrika, Muhammad Yusuf Arindika, Alti Aristawidya, Winda Ardelia Artamma, Chanan Asadulloh, Bima Pramudya Bernadhed, Bernadhed Devi Wulandari Dionisius Nusaca Redegnosis Nolejanduma Dn, Ubaid Khoir Julio Ekayanda, Gilang Elik Hari Muktafin Fadzli, Alief Khairul Febianty, Dennita Noor Frobenius, Arvin Claudy Harianto, Fetrus Jari Ikmah Indriyatmoko, Toto Joang Ipmawati Khairul Hafezad Abdullah Kusnawi Kusnawi Kusrini Laiskodat, Fransisko Andrade Latuconsina, Muhammad Sidik Latupono, Ali Samsul Lefi, Nadia Martha Levina, Naouthla Asia M. Ikhsan Malik Bagaskara Mawar, Heni Sapta Muhammad Noer Attalah Dzahkwan Muktafin, Elik Hari Mulia Sulistiyono Musthofa, Alif Nafiatun Sholihah Nandini, Kety Nolejanduma, Dionisius Nusaca Redegnosis Nur'aini, Linnda Prawidya Nurhayati, Lutfiana Deka Omar A. Hammood Pandiangan, Van Daarten Puspitaningrum, Niken Rayadhani, Windy Aldora Rida, Rachmasari Annisa Rizqi Sukma Kharisma Rohmad Fajarudin Salim, Edwin Ibrahim Saputro, Uyock Anggoro Sharazita Dyah Anggita Suryaputri, Cantika Okzen Syaputra, Muh. Rezky Sylvester, Gunawan Toto Indriyatmoko Utama, Hastari Utama, Yunandra Wahyu Uyock Anggoro Saputro Vabilla, Sheila Anggun Waleed A. Hammood Yudha, Muhammad Agung Reza