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Purification of Air Conditioner Waste into High Purity Water using Vacuum Distillation Rachmad Ramadhan Yogaswara; Ketut Sumada; Erwan Adi Saputro
International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering Vol. 2 No. 01 (2021): IJEISE
Publisher : Engineering Faculty, University of Pembangunan Nasional Jawa Timur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33005/ijeise.v2i01.53

Abstract

The condensed water as a waste from air conditioner was purified in this study via vacuum distillation. Vacuum distillation can reduce the boiling point of water until 60oC decreasing the production cost of aquadest. This vacuum distillation aims to lower its mineral contents to meet quality standards of aquadest that is Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) 10 – 20 mg/L. The result of this study is TDS content of the aquadest reaching under 2 mg/L. The other parameter like conductivity and pH showed very low value, average at 4 μS/Cm and pH 7 fulfilling the requirement of high purity water. The vacuum distillation was proven to produce aquadest from air conditioner waste with high purity for many usefulness.
Synthesis of Matrix Si-K-HAs Gel from Geothermal Sludge and Peat Srie Muljani; Bambang Wahyudi Wahyudi; S Suprihatin; Ketut Sumada
Reaktor Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (4869.103 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.18.2.76-83

Abstract

The synthesis of matrix silica-potassium-humic acid gel (Si-K-HAs) has been performed successfully by gradual extraction and acidification method. The extraction was carried out in two stages: 1) extraction of humic substances from peat prepared by potassium hydroxide to produce potassium humate (K-HAS) solution, 2) extraction silica from geothermal sludge using K-HAs solution to produce Si-K-HAs solution. Acidification of Si-K-HAs solution prepared by citric acid (1-3N) to produce matrix gel of Si-K-HAs. The Si-K-HAs matrix gel products are characterized by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), X-ray fluroscence (XRF), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The acidification process was carried out in neutral to acid (pH 3-7) conditions and the results showed that at neutral pH no Si-K-HAs gel formed. IR spectra confirmed the presence of humic acid in the gel product, whereas XRF analysis confirmed the presence of potassium (K) and silica (SiO2) in the gel product. The molar ratio of SiO2:K2O in the product is 0.9 - 0.3 in the pH range of 3-5. Si-K-HAs powder can be used as soil fertilizer especially for soils that lack silica, humic, and potassium nutrients or for future application development. Keywords: gradual extraction; geothermal sludge; matrix gel; humic substance
Transformation of Calcium Carbonate Polymorph From Various Type of Shells by Carbonation Methods Srie Muljani; Erwan Adi Saputra; Ketut Sumada
Reaktor Volume 21 No. 1 March 2021
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1446.366 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.21.1.27-34

Abstract

The utilization of shells can reduce the accumulation of shell wastes and increase the value of shells to achieve ecological and economic incentives. This study examines the transformation of calcium carbonate polymorph from several types of shells to understand the causes of their characteristics in order to suitable for their use. The types of shells used in this experiment are selected based on consumable and their habitats such as snail shells, crab shells, eggshells, batik mussels shells, and golden conch shells. The prepared shells calcinate at 900 °C, the reaction with hydrochloric acid, and carbonation by flowing CO2 into a stirred reactor to produce precipitated CaCO3. The characteristics of polymorph CaCO3  in the sintering temperature of 30, 50, and 70 ℃ were identified by XRD, FTIR, and SEM morphological. The result is that the polymorphs formed from each shell are different in shape, size, and crystallinity. At the temperature of 70 ℃, the rhombohedral calcite was obtained from snail shells, the cubic calcite was obtained from batik mussel shell, while rhombohedral calcite multilayers obtained (100%) from golden conch shells. The aragonite was obtained from batik mussel shells at 30 and 70 ℃. The pure vaterite (100%) was obtained from snail shells and crab shells at 50 ℃. The characteristic of polymorph formed might be useful as information for more suitable applications, especially as nano-bio materials, optical, or filler
Shrimp cracker industrial wastewater treatment with aerobic biological properties utilizing modified Contact-Stabilization method Sintha Soraya Santi; Kindriari Nurma Wahyusi; Ketut Sumada; Srie Muljani
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Vol 7, No 2 (2021): December
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/jnsmr.2021.7.2.11284

Abstract

The prawn cracker industry is one of the most common types of food industry in Indonesia. The existence of this industry has a positive impact in maintaining and improving the Indonesian economy, but it can also have a negative impact on the environment in particular, because this industry produces wastewater which can have a negative impact on the aquatic environment if the wastewater is directly discharged into the river. Based on the results of the analysis of the quality of wastewater from one of the shrimp cracker industries, it is known that wastewater contains Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which is 3446 mg/L, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 1118.9 mg/L and acidity (pH) 5.88 – 6.13. Referring to the wastewater quality standards for the shrimp cracker industry, namely COD: 120 mg/L, BOD: 50 mg/L, and acidity pH: 6-9, the shrimp cracker industrial wastewater must be treated first before being channeled into the body. river receiving water. In this study, the treatment process used is an aerobic biological process with a modified contact-stabilization method. This method is the development of the contact-stabilization method, where in this modified method the wastewater from the treatment is recycled to the stabilization tank and together with the bacteria is transferred to the contact tank. Variations carried out in this study are the incoming wastewater flow rate (liters/hour): 4,5 ; 5.5; 6.5 ; 7.5 and 8.5 and flow rate of recycled water from treatment to stabilization tank (%) : 10 ; 20 ; 30 of the incoming wastewater flow rate. The best results were obtained at the wastewater flow rate of 5.5 liters/hour and the recycled water flow rate from the treatment to the stabilization tank 20% with a decrease in the COD value of 97.3% and BOD of 98.4% and the pH of the treated water 6.9.©2021 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.
Study of Effectiveness of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Carnonate (Na2CO3) on the Impurities Removal of Saturated Salt Solution Caecilia Pujiastuti; Yustina Ngatilah; Ketut Sumada; Sri Muljani
Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings International Seminar of Research Month Science and Technology in Publication, Implementation and Co
Publisher : Future Science

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Abstract

Increasing the quality of salt can be done through various methods such as washing of salt by saturated salt solution, re-crystallization or twice crystallization, ion exchange methods and others. In the process of salt quality improvement by re-crystallization method where salt product diluted with water to form saturated solution and re-crystallized through heating process. The re-crystallization method can be done by chemicals or without chemical added. In this research is proposed a concept that before the saturated salt solution is re-crystallized needed chemicals added for removal of the impurities such as magnesium ion (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and sulfate (SO4) is contained in a saturated salt solution. The chemical reagents that used are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 2 N and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) 2 N. This research aims to study effectiveness of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate on the impurities removal of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and sulfate (SO4). Based on research results found that the addition of sodium hydroxide solution can be decreased the impurity ions of magnesium (Mg) 95.2%, calcium ion (Ca) 45%, while the addition of sodium carbonate solution can decreased magnesium ion (Mg) 66.67% and calcium ion (Ca) 77.5%, but both types of materials are not degradable sulfate ions (SO4). The sodium hydroxide solution more effective to decrease magnesium ion than sodium carbonate solution, and the sodium carbonate solution more effective to decrease calcium ion than sodium hydroxide solution.
Improvement of Seawater Salt Quality by Hydroextraction Method Ketut Sumada; Retno Dewati; Suprihatin
Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings International Seminar of Research Month Science and Technology in Publication, Implementation and Co
Publisher : Future Science

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Abstract

Indonesia is one of the salt producing countries that use sea water as a source of raw materials, the quality of salt produced is influenced by the quality of sea water. The resulting average salt quality contains 85-90% NaCl. Those salt quality are still below of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for human salt’s consumption sodium chloride content is 94.7 % (dry base) and for industrial salt 98,5 %. The improvement of seawater salt quality can be done by several methods: leaching (hydro-extraction), re-crystallization without chemicals or with chemicals, and ion exchangers. In this study we studied the improvement the quality of seawater salt by hydro-extraction method. The objective of this research to improve the quality of seawater salt by hydro-extraction method. The hydro-extraction is a method to improve the quality of salt by washing with saturated salt solution, this method influence by size of salt (diameter), time of hydro-extraction, saturated salt solution concentration and recycle time of saturated salt solution. Based on the results of the research, the hydro-extraction method can produce salt with purity 99,34 % NaCl. The condition is achieved at 30/40 mesh salt size and the time of use of saturated salt solution 5 times.
Precipitated Silica from Pumice and Carnondioxide Gas (Co2) in Bubble Column Reactor Retno Dewati; Suprihatin; Ketut Sumada; Sri Muljani; Meutia Familya; Silviana Ariana
Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings International Seminar of Research Month Science and Technology in Publication, Implementation and Co
Publisher : Future Science

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Abstract

Precipitated silica is a silica product, containing silica, a white powder, a large enough porous and nano particle sized. The precipitated silica products are needed to support the operation of various types of industries such as automotive tire industry, rubber industry, cosmetics industry, electronics industry, agriculture and others. This precipitate silica can be produced by a chemical reaction process between the sodium silicate solution and various types of acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetate and other acids. In this study, the source of silica was obtained from a pumice while precipitation formation was carried out with the use of carbon dioxide gas (CO2). The sodium silicate solution was obtained by extracting the silica contained in a pumice with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and heated to 100C for 1 hours. The carbon dioxide gas is injected into the aqueous solution of sodium silicate in a bubble column reactor and there is a reaction to form a precipitated silica. Based on research results found that the quality of precipitated silica has a quality: white colors, 85-90% silica content, 12-20% aluminum oxide content and surface area 108-227 m2/g. The
Synthesis and Characteristics of Calcium Phosphate from White Mussel Shell Srie Muljani; Ketut Sumada; Nove Kartika
Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings 4th International Seminar of Research Month
Publisher : Future Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/nstp.2019.0473

Abstract

Biomaterials are materials that have been developed for repair, recovery of function, and replacement of diseased or damaged parts of the body especially in cases of fractures. The material for biomaterial that is commonly used is calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2). The purpose of this research is to synthesize calcium phosphate and study its characteristics. The source of calcium carbonate in this study was from white mussel shells. The experiment was carried out by reacting calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to form the liquid phase of calcium phosphate. The calcium phosphate solution was filtered and the filtrate obtained was added with a solution of NaOH as a pH controller, stirred using a magnetic stirrer in the time range from 10 to 50 minutes to form a calcium phosphate crystal. Filtration is carried out to separate the calcium phosphate crystals from the solution. The results showed calcium phosphate products containing 62% of ?-dicalcium phosphate (?-Ca2P2O7) and 38% of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) so that it could be stated that the product was biphasic calcium phosphate. The raw material of white mussel shell powder was analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), while the calcium phosphate solution was analyzed by Spectrophotometry, Gravimetry, and AAS (calcium test). Hydroxyapatite products were analyzed by XRF, XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed), and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy).
Wastewater Treatment of Shrimp Crackers Industry Using Aerobic Biological by Contact-Stabilization Technology Ketut Sumada; Cindy Saskia Damayanti; Tiur Lina
Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings 3rd International Conference Eco-Innovation in Science, Engineering, and Technology
Publisher : Future Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/nstp.2022.2724

Abstract

Wastewater from the shrimp cracker industry is produced from the cracker production process from the steam room, washing of raw materials, equipment, production process facilities, and from the steam supply unit that uses coal as an energy source so that it is appropriate for the industry to manage its waste products according to to waste treatment rules in an integrated, efficient, and effective manner. Wastewater of the shrimp cracker industry contains various types of pollutants with levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ranging from 916,1 mg/L and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ranging from 431,9 mg/L with a degree of acidity (pH) = 6,0 ±0,4. Increasing the quality of wastewater and decreasing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) or Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) can be done by controlling the F/M ratio which is not yet optimal so that it can be seen the effect of flow rate and the number of microbes on the quality of wastewater from the shrimp cracker industry. Based on the research that has been done, the best results are obtained at a flow rate of 20000 L/day with a significant decrease in BOD and COD, respectively 95,675% and 95,5325%. The quality of the wastewater produced after treatment has a BOD in the amount of 7,928 mg/L and COD in the amount of 16,8 mg/L and this is smaller than the wastewater quality standard BOD in the amount of 50 mg/L and COD in the amount of 120 mg/L.
Bleaching Earth Recovery from Waste to Purify Cooking Oil by Extraction–Activation Method: - Caecilia Pujiastuti; Ketut Sumada; Meriana Armidianti; Adinda Rimarsya Bahita Ahmad
Journal of Research and Technology Vol. 8 No. 2 (2022): JRT Volume 8 No 2 Des 2022
Publisher : 2477 - 6165

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Abstract

Bleaching Earth is another term used for a type of clay or clay that has a montmorillonite structure. Activation by means of physics, namely heating, can remove dirt and moisture content in the bleaching soil particles. This study aims to reactivate Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) so that it does not become waste in the surrounding environment. As well as knowing the results of the characteristics of Reactivated Bleaching Earth (RBE) obtained. The reactivation process consists of 2 stages, namely extraction on SBE with n-hexane and activation using a furnace. The method used was maceration extraction with extraction times of 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes. And the activation temperature is 500, 550, 600, 650, 700 and 750 ˚C. This research gives the result that thermal activation using the furnace can reactivate SBE so that it can match the existing Bleaching Earth characteristics. The best conditions for RBE based on the National Standardization Agency (BSN) in this study were the extraction time of 120 minutes and an activation temperature of 550 oC with a water content value of 0.1625%, real density 2.2970 gr/mL, pH 7.1, and yield. SEM is smoother than others.