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Journal : Makara Journal of Science

QSAR Studies of Nitrobenzothiazole Derivatives as Antimalarial Agents Hadanu, Ruslin; Adelin, La; Sutapa, I Wayan
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 22, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Quantitative Structure and Activity Relationship (QSAR) analyses were carried out for a series of 13 nitrobenzothiazole derivatives as antimalarial compounds to find out the structural relationship of their antimalarial activities against the W2 Plasmodium falciparum strain. The electronic descriptors have been determined usingthe atomic net charges (q), dipole moment (μ), ELUMO, EHOMO, polarizability (α) and Log P. Inaddition, the descriptors were calculated through Hyper Chem for Windows 8.0 using the PM3 semi-empirical method. The antimalarial activities (IC50) were taken fromliterature [1]. Furthermore, the QSAR model was determined by multiple linear regression (MLR) approach, giving equation model of QSAR: Log IC50 = 41.483 + 54.812 (qC2) – 50.058 (qS3) + 416.766 (qC4) + 440.734 (qC5) – 754.213 (qC7) – 73.721 (qC8) + 246.715 (qC9) + 0.551 (μ) – 13.269 (EHOMO) – 3.404 (ELUMO) + 0.042 (α) + 0.107 (LogP). The most statistically significant QSAR model with correlation coefficients n = 13, (r) = 1.00, (r2) = 1.00, SE = 0, and PRESS = 3.40 were developed by MLR. Based on the model of the above QSAR equation 43 new nitrobenzothiazole derivatives were modeled and 24 of these compounds showed high antimalarial activity. It isrecommended that these are synthesized for further investigation 4 new compounds (45, 49, 52 and 55) show equivalent activity to that achieved with chloroquine antimalarial drugs.
Volatile Compounds Detected in Coconut Shell Liquid Smoke through Pyrolysis at a Fractioning Temperature of 350-420 C Hadanu, Ruslin; Apituley, Daniel Ambrosius Nicholas
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 20, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This study evaluated the volatile components of liquid smoke from coconut shells obtained through the pyrolysis process at fraction 350-420 °C. The volatile compounds of liquid smoke from a coconut shell were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nineteen peaks were detected by GC-MS in the coconut shell liquid smoke, and 19 compounds also were identified. The volatile compounds were identified as follows based on their function group’s composition percentage: phenol (90.75%), carbonyl (3.71%), alcohol (1.81%), and benzene (3.73%), respectively. The liquid smoke contains a high ratio of phenol derivatives (90.75%) in volatile profile. The phenol derivatives were the major volatile compounds found in the coconut shell liquid smoke.
Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-Phenyl-1,10- Phenanthroline Derivative Compounds Hadanu, Ruslin; Mustofa, Mustofa; Nazudin, Nazudin
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 16, No. 2
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Abstract

A unique of synthetic methods was employed to prepare 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5) derivatives from 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (1), acetophenone (2), and 8-aminoquinoline (4) with aldol condensation and cyclization reactions. The derivatives were tested through antiplasmodial test. The synthesis of derivatives compound 5 was conducted in three steps. The 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylpropenone 3 was synthesized through aldol condensation of 1 and 2 which has a yield of 96.42%. The compound 5 was synthesized through cyclization of compound 4 and 3 with 84.55% yield. The derivative of compound 5 was synthesized from compound 5 using DMS and DES reagents which refluxed for 21 and 22 h, to produce (1)-N-methyl-9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-1,10- phenanthrolinium sulfate (6) and (1)-N-ethyl-9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium sulfate (7) with 91.42 and 86.36% yields, respectively. Results of in vitro testing of antiplasmodial activity of compound 5 derivatives (i.e., compound 6 and 7) against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum FCR3 strain showed that compound 7 had higher antimalarial activity than compounds 5 and 6. Whereas, results of in vitro testing against chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum D10 strain showed that compound 6 has higher antimalarial activity than compounds 5 and 7.
Modeling of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Antimalarial Agents using QSAR Analysis Hadanu, Ruslin; Sitorus, Marham
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 28, No. 3
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Abstract

In this study, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was conducted on 20 homologous compounds of benzimidazole derivatives. The structures of the benzimidazole derivatives were optimized using the semiempirical Parameterized Model 3 method of HyperChem for Windows 8.0 to obtain 14 descriptors. Then, multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was performed using the backward method. The results of the MLR analysis obtained four new QSAR equation models. Based on statistical criteria, model 1 was determined as the best QSAR equation model in predicting the theoretical IC50 values of the new benzimidazole derivatives. As many as 20 new compounds of benzimidazole derivatives were modeled, of which 13 new compounds (23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39, and 40 compounds) were recommended for synthesis in the laboratory because these compounds of benzimidazole derivatives havethey theoretically had higher antimalarial activity than chloroquine