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Keanekaragaman serangga hama pala (Myristica fragrans) dan tingkat kerusakannya di penyimpanan Dharmaputra, Okky Setyawati; Sunjaya, Sunjaya; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia Vol 15 No 2 (2018): July
Publisher : Perhimpunan Entomologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5994/jei.15.2.51

Pest attack in nutmeg is a cause of major damage both in the field and in storage. Information on the diversity of pest insects in storage, harvesting methods, and good drying needs to be known to reduce the level of damage to nutmeg. This study aims to determine the diversity of insect pests and the percentage of nutmeg damage due to various postharvest treatments. Nutmeg was packed in jute bag and stored for four months under warehouse conditions. Each jute bag containing nutmeg is treated based on the origin of nutmeg (picked from a tree or picked up on the ground), drying method (sunshine or fogging), and shell or without shells with each treatment replicated three times. Sampling of numtag was conducted after four month to calculate the number of each insect species found, determine the insect population, and determine the percentage of damaged seeds. Four insect species were found in nutmeg kernels in almost various treatments. They were Araecerus fasciculatus ((Degeer) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The dominant species was A. fasciculatus. The percentage of damaged kernels derived from nutmeg kernels fallen on the ground, dried either using sun-drying or smoke-drying, either in-shell or without shell, were higher than the kernels derived from ripe fruitswith various treatments. The recommendation of this research result is good postharvest handling of nutmeg to prevent insect infestation should be conducted by collecting nutmeg derived from ripe fruits picked from the trees, nutmeg in-shell either sun-dried or smoke-dried, and storing nutmeg in-shell.

How Can We Get the Healthy Chocolate Products? Nurfadila, Nijma; Sutrisno; Ahmad, Usman; Samsudin
BIODIVERS - BIOTROP Science Magazine Vol. 1 No. 2 (2022): BIODIVERS (BIOTROP Science Magazine) - Save Biodiversity for Sustainable Well-b
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56060/bdv.2022.1.2.1982

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Keanekaragaman serangga hama pala (Myristica fragrans) dan tingkat kerusakannya di penyimpanan Dharmaputra, Okky Setyawati; Sunjaya, Sunjaya; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia Vol 15 No 2 (2018): July
Publisher : Perhimpunan Entomologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5994/jei.15.2.51

Pest attack in nutmeg is a cause of major damage both in the field and in storage. Information on the diversity of pest insects in storage, harvesting methods, and good drying needs to be known to reduce the level of damage to nutmeg. This study aims to determine the diversity of insect pests and the percentage of nutmeg damage due to various postharvest treatments. Nutmeg was packed in jute bag and stored for four months under warehouse conditions. Each jute bag containing nutmeg is treated based on the origin of nutmeg (picked from a tree or picked up on the ground), drying method (sunshine or fogging), and shell or without shells with each treatment replicated three times. Sampling of numtag was conducted after four month to calculate the number of each insect species found, determine the insect population, and determine the percentage of damaged seeds. Four insect species were found in nutmeg kernels in almost various treatments. They were Araecerus fasciculatus ((Degeer) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The dominant species was A. fasciculatus. The percentage of damaged kernels derived from nutmeg kernels fallen on the ground, dried either using sun-drying or smoke-drying, either in-shell or without shell, were higher than the kernels derived from ripe fruitswith various treatments. The recommendation of this research result is good postharvest handling of nutmeg to prevent insect infestation should be conducted by collecting nutmeg derived from ripe fruits picked from the trees, nutmeg in-shell either sun-dried or smoke-dried, and storing nutmeg in-shell.

Assessment of the Quality of Arabica Coffee Beans from Three Processing Methods and Two Types of Packaging Materials Dharmaputra, Okky S.; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 December 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1325

In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is the second highest-producing country of coffee beans after Vietnam. Consequently, Indonesia competes with other countries in producing good quality coffee beans. However, not many people have sufficient skills in tackling problems related to the postharvest handling of these coffee beans. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) beans in terms of moisture content, fungal infection (especially ochratoxin A or OTA producing fungi), OTA contamination, and the taste of the coffee during storage. The three processing methods used were dry, wet, and semi-wet methods. The beans were packed using two types of packaging materials, i.e. Kantong Semar high gas barrier and polypropylene bags (4 kg/bag). They were then stored under warehouse conditions during 4 months of storage. The moisture content of coffee beans processed using the three methods and packed using polypropylene bags was higher than that of coffee beans packed using Kantong Semar high gas barrier; however, it was still lower than the safe moisture content for coffee determined by the Indonesian National Standard (12.5%). Aspergillus niger was found in coffee processed using the three methods and packed using a Kantong Semar high gas barrier. Its population was relatively low (< 0.1 x 10 cfu/g wet basis). Aspergillus ochraceus was found in coffee processed using dry and wet methods at the beginning of storage. Its population was also relatively low (< 0.3 x 10 cfu/g w.b. OTA content was not detected in all coffee samples, because it was lower than the detection limit of the instrument used (< 1.85 ppb). At the beginning of the storage, all coffee samples were dominated by yeast with the population of 1.9 x 102 – 1.2 x 103 cfu/g w.b. The taste of coffee in various treatments during 4 months of storage was still above the total standard score for specialty grade ≥ 80. The highest total score (84) was found in coffee beans processed using a dry method and packed in Kantong Semar high gas barrier. The three processing methods and the two types of packaging materials can be used to maintain the quality of coffee beans during 4 months of storage. Keywords: Arabica coffee beans, processing methods, quality, types of packaging materials

POSTHARVEST QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans) Dharmaputra, Okky S.; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 29 No. 3 (2022): BIOTROPIA Vol. 29 No. 3 Desember 2022
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1393

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) or fragrant nutmeg is an important commodity that has been used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, hence its quality should be monitored. The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify Critical Control Points (CCP) in nutmeg’s postharvest handling process and prepare nutmeg HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) System and 2) provide a recommendation on GHP (Good Handling Practices) of nutmeg in order to maintain its quality in relation to food safety issue which is very important for international trade. Ripe fruits of nutmeg were collected after the fruits had reached maturity and fallen from their trees. A paranet was placed under each nutmeg tree to prevent the ripe nutmeg fruits from falling on the ground. The subsequent processes were taking out the nutmeg seeds from the fruits and separating the nutmeg seeds from the pulps and maces. After that, the nutmeg seeds underwent the drying process by using the smoke- and oven-dried methods until the moisture content of the nutmeg seeds was reduced by 10%. Subsequently, the nutmeg seeds were divided into two parts, prior to the storing process. The first part was fumigated by using phosphine (2 g/m3) for eight days and the second part was not fumigated. The sampling of nutmeg seeds was conducted at the beginning of storage and after four months of storage. The parameters observed were moisture content, percentage of damaged kernels, the population of each fungal species, and aflatoxin content. The results showed that moisture content, fungal population, aflatoxin B1, and total aflatoxin contents of nutmeg kernels having been dried by using the smoke- and oven-dried methods with and without fumigation still complied with the requirements related to food safety, although the nutmegs were stored for four months. The results of this research could also determine the Critical Control Point (CCP) in the postharvest handling process of nutmegs, i.e., 1) choosing only ripe nutmeg fruits to be harvested; 2) harvesting method by preventing the ripe nutmeg fruits from falling on the ground; 3) drying process of nutmeg seeds should be conducted immediately after separating the nutmegs from the maces by using the smoke- or oven-dried methods; and 4) nutmeg seeds were stored with the shells.

Fungal Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination in Stored Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels at Various Stages of Delivery Chain in North Sulawesi Province Dharmaputra, Okky S.; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Fragrant nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is an important commodity widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries; therefore, its quality should be strictly monitored. The objectives of this research were to: (a) investigate the occurrence of fungi, including the presence of A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination in stored nutmeg kernels; (b) measure moisture content and percentage of damaged kernels; and (c) evaluate nutmeg kernels along the delivery chain. This study consisted of surveys, interviews, and sample collection along the delivery chain. The research was conducted in April–May 2013 in three regencies (North Minahasa, Siau Tagulandang Biaro (Sitaro), and Sangihe Talaud) and two cities (Bitung and Manado). A total of 76 nutmeg kernel samples were collected: 25 from farmers, 22 from collectors, and 29 from exporters. Results showed that the moisture content of nutmeg kernels collected from the North Sulawesi Province did not exceed the maximum moisture content limit set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), which is 10%. However, nutmeg kernels collected from farmers and collectors had a high percentage of physical damage. Aspergillus niger and Endomyces fibuliger were the dominant fungi found in samples from farmers and collectors, whereas Eurotium repens was predominantly associated with samples stored by exporters. Levels of aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxin in several samples collected from farmers and exporters were relatively high. A non-parametric statistical analysis showed that the delivery chain did not have a significant effect on moisture content, percentage of damaged kernels, total fungal population, or total aflatoxin content. This study suggests that improvements in postharvest handling practices performed by farmers, collectors, and exporters in North Sulawesi Province (North Minahasa, Sitaro, and Sangihe Talaud), Bitung, and Manado are necessary to minimize contamination of aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxin.

Fungal Infection of Stored Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica) Beans in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia Dharmaputra, Okky Setyawati; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 2 (2019): BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 2 August 2019
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2019.26.2.900

Indonesia is the world's fourth-largest coffee producer after Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia, in which one of its well-known coffee originates from the Toraja region, South Sulawesi. As such, Indonesia has to compete with these countries in producing good quality coffee beans. Consequently, this research aimed (a) to obtain information on the postharvest handling methods of Arabica coffee (C. arabica) beans in Tana Toraja Regency, North Toraja Regency, and Makassar Municipality, Indonesia, and (b) to investigate the occurrence of fungi (including ochratoxin A producing fungi) in stored Arabica coffee beans collected from various stages of the delivery chain. The data collection process included surveys, interviews, and sample collections conducted in May and July 2016 at each level of the delivery chain. The moisture content (MC) and the physical quality of the beans were also measured to determine its quality. Sixty-four (64) coffee bean samples were collected, consisting of 27 samples from the farmers, 15 samples from the collectors, 13 samples from the traders, and 9 samples from the exporters. The results showed that the moisture contents of coffee beans collected from the farmers and bean collectors (42.5%) were significantly higher than the maximum tolerable limit determined by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) (13%), while the MC of the beans from the traders and exporters (9.7–10.9%) was significantly lower. Based on the total defective values, coffee beans from the farmers had more diverse grades (1–6) than those at other levels. Penicillium citrinum was the dominant fungus found in those beans collected from the farmers, collectors, and traders, while Aspergillus niger was the dominant fungus found in those beans from the exporters. At trader level, 46% of the samples were infected by Aspergillus ochraceus and A. niger, which are known as ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi. At exporter level, 44% of the samples were infected by A. ochraceus, while 78% of the samples were infected by A. niger. Thus, the postharvest handling methods conducted especially by farmers and collectors of Arabica coffee beans should be improved to reduce the moisture content and to increase the grade quality of the coffee beans.

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