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All Journal LaGeografiA UNM Geographic Journal Jurnal Environmental Science Journal Of Sustainability Perspectives Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Journal of Sustainability Perspectives
Ibrahim Abbas, Ibrahim
Universitas Negeri Makassar
Religion Humanities Astronomy Computer Science & IT Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Engineering Environmental Science Physics Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Qualitative Assessment of Domestic Water Supply in the Major Districts of Karachi City for a Sustainable Urban Water Quality Management Qureshi, Haris Uddin; Abbas, Ibrahim; Shah, Syed Muzzamil Hussain; Kandhro, Muhammad Asim; Teo, Fang Yenn
Journal of Sustainability Perspectives Vol 5, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jsp.2025.23837

Abstract

The rising population, changing climate patterns and land use changes have emerged to be a serious consequence for the freshwater resources across the globe. Apart from water quantity, the water quality also holds a significant importance for the human health and the overall ecosystem. Due to the high population growth, massive migrations, and greater anthropogenic activities, the urban centers of the developing and underdeveloped countries are highly susceptible to water quality deterioration and waterborne diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the water quality of domestic water supply in the three (03) major and highly populated districts of Karachi city of Pakistan including District Central, South, and East, receiving water from Keenjhar Lake via COD treatment plant. The physical test results showed higher turbidity levels (6.33 NTU) in Dhoraji (District East), 5.9 NTU in Boat Basin (District South), and 7.58 NTU in COD influent. Chemically, all samples showed satisfactory results as per the WHO guidelines. However, the biological water quality analysis showed significant presence of bacterial content (E-Coli and Total Coliform) in all collected samples. Conclusively, the treatment efficiency of COD treatment plant was found to be satisfactory and the contamination was mainly found due to the sewage and fecal mixing, presence of mud and silt in conduits, and leakage of sewage from the waste water pipes into the domestic water supply. The presence of harmful biological contaminants found in water is alarming, as it may consequentially lead to Diarrhea, vomiting, Typhoid, Cholera, and Jaundice. Thus, the research outcomes clearly unearthed the existing water quality of the mega city and would significantly serve to formulate well-integrated and holistic source water protection practices and to take effective measures for sustainable water quality management.
Towards a Sharīʿah-Compliant Framework for AI-Supported Fatwa in Malaysian Hajj Management: A Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah and Governance Perspective Ab Razak, Mohamed Rashid Bin; Drs Nasrul, Muhammad Amrullah Bin; Abbas, Ibrahim
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 25, No. 1, February 2026
Publisher : Program Studi Ilmu Agama Islam Program Magister, Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/millah.vol25.iss1.art2

Abstract

Malaysia is globally recognised for its comprehensive Hajj management system, spearheaded by Lembaga Tabung Haji (TH), which integrates financial, logistical, and spiritual preparation for pilgrims. With the growing interest in deploying artificial intelligence (AI) to provide real-time religious guidance, questions arise regarding the permissibility, reliability, and institutional implications of AI-supported fatwa delivery. In the Malaysian context, fatwa issuance remains a state prerogative vested in the Mufti and State Fatwa Committees, with binding effect only upon royal consent and gazettement, while national-level resolutions and Hajj-specific Muzakarah serve an advisory and operational role. This article aims to conceptualise a Sharīʿah-compliant and state-aligned framework for the use of AI as a supportive mechanism in fatwa delivery within Malaysian Hajj management, grounded in maqāṣid al-sharīʿah and existing fatwa governance structures. Employing a qualitative doctrinal approach, the study integrates analysis of uṣūl al-fiqh principles governing valid fatwa issuance, Malaysian legal–institutional arrangements, and recurrent Hajj-related issues documented in state fatāwā and Resolusi Muzakarah Haji Kebangsaan. It further evaluates the opportunities and epistemic risks associated with generative AI, including hallucinated rulings, jurisdictional confusion, and erosion of scholarly accountability. The analysis proposes a hybrid conceptual model in which AI functions strictly as a supportive tool rather than a substitute for human scholarship. The model emphasises retrieval-augmented generation grounded in curated and authenticated Malaysian fatwa corpora, clear differentiation between binding and advisory rulings, embedded evidentiary reasoning (istidlāl), escalation protocols to accredited muftīs, and institutional audit mechanisms. Framed through the higher objectives of Islamic law—particularly the protection of religion, life, intellect, dignity, and wealth—the proposed framework demonstrates that AI-supported fatwa delivery is normatively defensible only when tethered to state authority and governed by robust Sharīʿah and ethical safeguards. By aligning technological innovation with Malaysia’s established fatwa governance and maqāṣid-based ethics, this article contributes a context-sensitive blueprint for responsible AI integration in Hajj management, with potential relevance for other Muslim jurisdictions facing similar challenges.
Co-Authors Ab Razak, Mohamed Rashid Bin Amal Arfan, Amal Drs Nasrul, Muhammad Amrullah Bin Ekaprativi, Alifaturrizqi Swari Erman Syarif Hohoba, Bertus Ichsan Invanni Baharuddin Kandhro, Muhammad Asim Khalijah, Siti Lisman, Lisman Muhamad Ihsan Azhim, Muhamad Ihsan Muhammad Nur Zakariah Leo, Muhammad Nur Zakariah Mulqy, Muhammad Maliqul Nasiah Badwi Nurul fadillah, Nurul Qureshi, Haris Uddin Rosmini Maru Saputra, Indrikal Shah, Syed Muzzamil Hussain Sulaiman Zhiddiq, Sulaiman Suprapta Suprapta, Suprapta Teo, Fang Yenn