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All Journal CHEMICA Jurnal Teknik Kimia Communications in Science and Technology Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis (IJCA) SEMAR Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
Mujtahid Kaavessina, Mujtahid
Program Studi Teknik Kimia, FT, UNS Jl. Ir. Sutami no. 36 A, Surakarta 27126 Telp/fax:0271-632112
Humanities Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Education Energy Engineering Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Materials Science & Nanotechnology Social Sciences

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Formation of fine particles using supercritical fluid (SCF) process: Short review Chafidz, Achmad; Jauhary, Thonthowy; Kaavessina, Mujtahid; Sumarno, Sumarno; Latief, Fahamsyah H.
Communications in Science and Technology Vol 3 No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Komunitas Ilmuwan dan Profesional Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (760.44 KB) | DOI: 10.21924/cst.3.2.2018.101

Abstract

This paper will discuss about the utilization of supercritical fluid (SCF) process to produce fine particles. Supercritical fluids (SCFs) process can be considered as an emerging “clean” technology for the production of small-size or fine particles (e.g. micron-size). Microsphere is a material in micron scale which has been widely used as adsorbent, catalyst support, and drug delivery system. For advanced application, those materials are formulated in the form of porous microspheres. There are several methods that can be used using SCFs. Those method are, Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS), Gas Anti-Solvent/Supercritical Anti-Solvent (GAS/ SAS), Aerosol Solvent Extraction System (ASES), dan Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids (SEDS) and Particle from Gas-Saturated Solutions/Suspensions (PGSS). Considering the morphology of material which will be used to prepare microsphere, each of methods above has specific advantages and disadvantages toward the material. Based on the literatures, the ASES method is more likely to produce porous microparticles (microspheres). In the ASES method, porous microsphere formation is the result of interactions between: degrees of supersaturation, nucleation velocity and crystal growth.
Evaluation of the Chemical Structure and Thermal Properties of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Doped Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Composites Rifa'i, Awaludin Fitroh; Kaavessina, Mujtahid; Distantina, Sperisa
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis (IJCA) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/ijca.vol7.iss2.art5

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the chemical structure, thermal properties, and stability of polylactic acid (PLA) composites blended with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The composites were fabricated using a masterbatch blending method with two different molecular weights (Mw) of PEG. The masterbatch was initially prepared using solvent casting with chloroform as the solvent, followed by melt blending using an extruder. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy identified strong hydrogen bonds between the C=O groups of PLA and the –OH groups of PEG, as evidenced by the peak at 1748 cm¹. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) revealed that incorporating 14 wt% of PEG 10,000 into PLA/MWCNT composite significantly enhances the melting enthalpy (∆Hm) from 18.3 J/g to 24.6 J/g and the degree of crystallinity from 2% to 17.3%. The glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased with the addition of PEG, indicating increased chain mobility, while the melting temperature (Tm) remained relatively constant around 158 oC regardless of the PEG Mw. Despite the plasticizing effect of PEG, the thermal stability of the composites was maintained across different PEG Mw. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images showed that MWCNTs were well dispersed within the blend, facilitated by ultrasonic stirring during preparation.
Effect of Acrylamide and Potassium Persulfate on The Characteristics of Water Hyacinth-Carrageenan Bead Gel Using Microwave Grafting Method Distantina, Sperisa; Putra, Novan Aldian Rahmadan; Naryani, Rahma Fitri; Kaavessina, Mujtahid
CHEMICA: Jurnal Teknik Kimia Vol. 10 No. 3 (2023): December 2023 [Available online since December 26, 2023]
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/chemica.v10i3.27389

Abstract

The cellulose of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was utilized as raw material in bead gel production. In this research, hydrogel was prepared by grafting of acrylamide (AA) monomers onto the water hyacinth cellulose as the backbone using the microwave to produce hydrogel. This research aimed to determine the influence of adding AA and potassium persulfate (PPS) as an initiator on characteristic of swelling capacity in water. The cellulose powder obtained from the stem of water hyacinth was immersed in NaOH solution (1.5 N) for the delignification process for 10 min. The resulted cellulose was mixed with water and varying additions of 4, 7, dan 10 g acrylamide (AA) and 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 g PPS to undergo grafting reaction.  The obtained gel was washed and soaked in the acetone to remove the unreacted AA and PPS. The resulting precipitated solid was dried and called Water Hyacinth  Cellulose Grafted Polyacrylamide (WH cellulose-g-PAA). The mixture of carrageenan with WH cellulose-g-PAA underwent crosslinking using aqueous KCl and CaCl2 after passing through palm oil layer to form bead gel. The properties of the dried bead gel were tested for functional groups using FTIR and for swelling capacity in water. Based on the FTIR test results, it can be concluded that AA monomers were successfully grafted onto the water hyacinth cellulose backbone. The addition of AA that is too low or too high will reduce the swelling capacity, as well as PPS.
Diversifikasi Pemanfaatan Minyak Biji Nyamplung sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Nilai Tambah Produksi di CV Plantanesia Setyawardhani, Dwi Ardiana; Rakhmawati, Rita; Kaavessina, Mujtahid; Danarto, Y. Calasanctius
SEMAR (Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Seni bagi Masyarakat) Vol 11, No 1 (2022): Mei
Publisher : LPPM UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/semar.v11i1.55835

Abstract

Minyak biji nyamplung telah diproduksi di industri kecil maupun menengah dengan cara pengepresan bijinya. Minyak yang belum dimurnikan dijual sebagai bahan baku kosmetik untuk produk skin care dan obat tradisional seperti minyak urut maupun obat gatal. Namun, pengetahuan bahwa minyak ini dapat diolah lebih lanjut untuk produk farmasi belum diketahui pelaku usaha. Komponen utama minyak biji nyamplung berpotensi untuk diolah menjadi bahan bakar alternatif biodiesel sedangkan komponen minornya memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escheria coli. Minyak nyamplung juga merupakan sumber senyawa bioaktif. Salah satu konstituen utama dari biji nyamplung, calophyllolide, memiliki aktivitas anti-inflamasi, anti-koagulan, antibakteri dan antikanker. Mengingat manfaat minyak nyamplung yang beragam, maka perlu diberikan penyuluhan pada industri penghasil minyak nyamplung untuk mengembangkan produktivitasnya melalui diversifikasi pemanfaatan minyak nyamplung. Tujuan pengabdian pada masyarakat ini adalah memberikan wawasan kemanfaatan minyak nyamplung, sehingga UMKM yang bersangkutan dapat menghasilkan produk turunan lainnya selain dijual dalam bentuk unrefined oil. Kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat ini dilakukan di CV. Plantanesia. Pelatihan diberikan dalam bentuk sharing pengetahuan dan perkembangan teknologi terkini mengenai pemurnian minyak biji nyamplung serta ekstraksi komponen-komponen mayor dan minor. Penyampaian materi dilakukan melalui kunjungan ke lokasi dan penyuluhan secara daring pada pelaku usaha.
Effect of Potassium Peroxodisulphate and Microwave Power on Hydrogel Character Based on Banana Peel Waste Using Microwave Grafting Method Distantina, Sperisa; Anggreini, Ghea Safiraventa; Al Kamal, Fahrul An'nas; Kaavessina, Mujtahid; Fadilah, Fadilah
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 7, No 1 (2023): Volume 7, No 1 July 2023
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.67919

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Musa paradisiaca var. raja peel waste contains cellulose which has the potential to be a raw material for synthesizing hydrogels. This research utilizes acrylamide monomer grafted onto banana peel cellulose backbone using the microwave grafting method to produce hydrogel. The banana peel waste was dried to a constant weight and then crushed into powder. Banana peel powder was through a delignification process with the addition of NaOH and bleached with NaClO to took only the cellulose of the banana peel. The mixture of banana peel cellulose-acrylamide-potassium peroxodisulfate powder through the grafting process was repeated with variations in KPS concentration and microwave power. The reaction was terminated with a hydroquinone solution, washed with acetone, and then precipitated. The precipitated solid was dried to a powder called cellulose-g-PAAM. A homogeneous solution of 2% carrageenan-cellulose-g-PAAM underwent a physical crosslinking process using KCl and CaCl2 solutions after passing through palm oil to form a bead gel. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of potassium peroxodisulfate (KPS) initiator concentration and microwave power on the swelling capacity in water. The properties of obtained dried bead gels were characterized their functional groups using FTIR and swelling capacity test in water. From this research, it can be concluded that banana peel cellulose was successfully grafted onto acrylamide monomer as evidenced by the FTIR test results. The lower KPS concentration is the greater on the swelling capacity and the microwave power has no effect on the swelling capacity of bead gels.Keywords: Banana peel, Bead gel, Microwave, Swelling degree 
Effect of Acrylamide And Potassium Peroxodisulphate on The Quality of Bead Gel Based on Cassava Bagasse-Carrageenan Using Microwave Grafting Method Distantina, Sperisa; Hidayatun, Nurul; Nabila, Shifa Annisa; Kaavessina, Mujtahid; Fadilah, Fadilah
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Volume 6, No 2 December 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i2.68130

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Hydrogels are widely used for drug delivery systems, immuno-chemotherapy applications, efficient use of water, preventing dry soil, and increasing soil infiltration. Generally, hydrogels are derived from synthetic polymers which is non-biodegradable and toxic. Cassava bagasse is an alternative cellulose to make hydrogels. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the amount of acrylamide and potassium peroxodisulphate (KPS) initiator on the quality of bead gel based on cassava bagasse-carrageenan. Chemical structure of the hydrogel was studied using FTIR spectroscopy. Cassava bagasse was immersed in a solution of n-hexane to separate the fat. Then, fat-free cassava bagasse was grafted with mass ratios of cassava and acrylamide 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15 in 110 mL water. The solution was added with a KPS initiator with weight variations (g) 0.04; 0.08; 0.12 then stirred 15 min. The solution was put in the microwave with 630 watts of irradiation for 450 s with the cooling cycle temperature maintained at 65-70oC. The aqueous of grafted polymer and carrageenan was injected into beaker glass that contained 1 cm of palm oil and mixture of 0.2 M CaCl2 and 0.2 M KCl in an ice bath. Results showed that the highest average swelling capacity was found in the bead gel variation 1:15 with the number of initiators 0.04 g of 1797.95% at a time of 210 minutes of immersion. From FTIR spectrum, it was found that there was a success in grafting acrylamide into bagasse’s backbone using the microwave grafting method with KPS as initiator.Keywords: Acrylamide, Bead Gel, Cassava Bagasse, Grafting Microwave, Potassium Peroxodisulphate
Konduktivitas Listrik Poly(Lactic Acid) dengan Variasi Bahan Isian Karbon: Review Efendy, Gabrella; Handayani, Indah Dwi; Husni, N Fauziatul; Habibah, Siti; Kaavessina, Mujtahid
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 5, No 1 (2021): Volume 5, No 1 July 2021
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v5i1.54195

Abstract

Abstrak. Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites (CPC) merupakan material yang banyak digunakan sebagai sensor, sel fotovoltaik, kapasitor, dioda, dan perangkat energi yang sangat mudah meregang. CPC memiliki beberapa sifat unggul, diantaranya konduktivitas elektrik yang tinggi, ringan, tahan korosi, dan memiliki karakteristik mekanis yang bagus. Konduktivitas elektrik pada polimer diperoleh dan diatur dengan menambahkan bahan isian berbasis karbon seperti: Carbon Black (CB), Carbon Nano Tube (CNT), Graphite maupun Graphene. Metode panambahan bahan isian dapat dilakukan dengan Melt blending dan Solvent blending. Metode melt blending memiliki beberapa keunggulan, diantaranya mudah, praktis, murah, serta dapat diaplikasikan pada berbagai bahan. Selain itu, metode melt blending termasuk  ramah lingkungan karena tidak ada pelarut organik. Sedangkan kelebihan metode Solvent Blending adalah campuran yang lebih kuat dikarenakan disperse yang terjadi merata dan lebih baik. Pada review, penulis mengulas tentang sifat elektrik dari CPC berbasis poli asam laktat dan berbagai bahan isian  karbon, yaitu CNT, graphene, dan CB. Hasil studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa konduktivitas elektrik CPC meningkat seiring bertambahnya komposisi bahan isian. Pada metode solvent blending faktor yang berpengaruh adalah komposisi PLA dan filler, suhu operasi, kecepatan pengadukan, waktu pengadukan, dan solvent yang digunakan. Sedangkan metode melt blending faktor yang berpengaruh adalah komposisi PLA dan filler, suhu operasi, kecepatan, dan waktu.Kata kunci: Poli Asam Laktat, CNT, CB, Graphene, CPC Abstract. Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites (CPC) are materials that are widely used as sensors, photovoltaic cells, capacitors, diodes, and highly flexible energy devices. CPC has several superior properties, including high electrical conductivity, lightweight, corrosion resistance, and good mechanical characteristics. The electrical conductivity of the polymer is obtained and adjusted by adding carbon-based fillers such as: Carbon Black (CB), Carbon Nano Tube (CNT), Graphite, and Graphene. The method of adding fillers can be conducted by Melt blending and Solvent blending. The melt blending method has several advantages, including being easy, practical, inexpensive, and can be applied to various materials. In addition, the melt blending method is environmentally friendly because there is no organic solvent used. Meanwhile, the advantage of the Solvent Blending method is more homogeneous dispersion. In the review, the author reviews the electrical properties of CPC based on poly(lactic acid) and various carbon filling materials, namely CNT, graphene, and CB. The literature study shows that the electrical conductivity of CPC increases as the increase of fillers composition. In the solvent blending method, the main influencing factors are the composition of PLA and filler, operating temperature, stirring speed, stirring time, and solvent used. While the melt blending method, the influencing factors are the composition of PLA and filler, operating temperature, speed, and blending time. Keywords: Poli(lactic acid), CNT, CB, Graphene, CPC 
Pemanfaatan Cangkang Biji Nyamplung sebagai Penghasil Resin untuk Mengatasi Permasalahan Limbah Padat di CV Plantanesia Setyawardhani, Dwi Ardiana; Kaavessina, Mujtahid; Fadilah, Fadilah; Distantina, Sperisa; Kwartiningsih, Endang; Danarto, Yoseph Calasanctius; Ramadhani, Aida Nur
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Volume 6, No 2 December 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i2.66463

Abstract

ABSTRAK. CV Plantanesia merupakan industri penghasil minyak dari biji nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) yang dikenal sebagai Tamanu oil. Minyak tersebut dijual sebagai bahan baku kosmetik untuk produk skin care dan obat tradisional seperti luka, penyakit kulit, rematik, minyak untuk urut maupun obat gatal. Produksi Tamanu oil menghasilkan limbah hasil pengepresan minyak dari bijinya yang berupa bungkil/ampas biji dan cangkang/kulit buah nyamplung. Limbah tersebut dihasilkan dalam jumlah besar dan belum dimanfaatkan sehingga hanya dibuang sebagai sampah dan dibakar. Cangkang biji nyamplung mengandung resin senyawa fenolik yang memiliki sifat antioksidan, anti inflamasi, anti kanker, dan anti mikroba sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengobatan Tujuan pengabdian pada masyarakat ini adalah memberikan pelatihan pengolahan limbah pengepresan minyak biji nyamplung, khususnya cangkang biji dan pengolahannya untuk menjadi resin. Kegiatan ini dilakukan di CV. Plantanesia yang berlokasi di Tasikmadu, Kecamatan Jaten, Kabupaten Karanganyar. Pelatihan diberikan dalam bentuk penyuluhan, diskusi dan pelatihan pengambilan (ekstraksi) resin dari cangkang nyamplung. Proses ekstraksi resin dari cangkang nyamplung dan pengaturan kondisi optimal ekstraksi dilakukan terlebih dahulu melalui percobaan pendahuluan di Laboratorium Program Studi Teknik Kimia FT UNS. Hasil percobaan tersebut digunakan sebagai materi pelatihan. Penyampaian materi dilakukan melalui kunjungan, penyuluhan dan pelatihan pada pelaku usaha khususnya CV Plantanesia. Materi penyuluhan dikemas dalam modul dan dipraktekkan secara langsung di lokasi CV. Dari kegiatan ini, mitra memperoleh peningkatan wawasan akan pemanfaatan cangkang biji nyamplung. Produk resin yang dihasilkan diharapkan dapat bermanfaat sebagai produk samping yang bernilai jual tinggi untuk meningkatkan pendapatan bagi pelaku usaha, sekaligus dapat mengatasi masalah limbahnya. Kata kunci: cangkang biji nyamplung, resin, tamanu oilABSTRACT. CV Plantanesia is a home industry that produces nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) seed oil known as Tamanu oil. The oil is usually used for skin care products and traditional medicines such as wounds, skin diseases, rheumatism, massage oil and itching medicine. Tamanu oil production leaves solid waste from the pressing process, which is cake/seed dregs and shells/skin of nyamplung fruit. This waste is generated in large quantities and has not been utilized, so it is only disposed of as garbage or just burned. Nyamplung seed shells contain resin phenolic compounds which is used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties. It can be used for medical treatment. This project aims to provide training on processing waste nyamplung seed oil, especially the seed shells and their processing to become resin. This activity is carried out at CV. Plantanesia which is located in Tasikmadu, Jaten, Karanganyar. The project was implemented in various activities, such as counseling, focus group discussions and workshop for extracting resin from nyamplung shells. The resin extraction and optimization process condition were developed at the Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University. The experimental results are implemented in the workshop at the industry. From this activity, partners gain increased insight into the use of nyamplung seed shells. The resin product is expected to be useful as a high value by-product to increase the benefit of the industry, as well as to overcome the waste problem.Keywords: nyamplung seed shell, resin, tamanu oil
Isotherm Adsorbsi Uap Air Komposit Poli(asam laktat) - Grafit Fadilah, Fadilah; Kaavessina, Mujtahid; Distantina, Sperisa; Setyawhardani, Dwi Ardiana; Kwartiningsih, Endang; Ramadhani, Aida Nur; Fakhruddin, Isa; Tane, Amaldo Firjarahadi
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Volume 6, No 1 July 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i1.58786

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Poli asam laktat adalah polimer hidrofobik yang termasuk dalam kelas biomaterial yang bersifat biodegradable. Poli asam laktat berpotensi untuk dijadikan komposit polimer konduktif (conductive polymer composite - CPC) yang dipergunakan sebagai bahan semikonduktor dengan cara mencampurkan grafit kepadanya. Perilaku adsorpsi uap air perlu dipelajari untuk mengetahui stabilitas komposit dan ditunjukkan melalui kurva isotherm adsorpsi uap air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari isotherm adsorpsi uap air komposit poli asam laktat/grafit pada berbagai komposisi grafit. Pengamatan terhadap isotherm adsorpsi uap air dilakukan dengan metode gravimetri pada berbagai kondisi kelembaban relatif. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kurva isotherm mengikuti tipe II menurut kasifikasi Brunauer, yaitu kurva berbentuk sigmoidal.  Semakin tinggi kondisi kelembaban relatif, semakin besar kandungan air kesetimbangan. Peningkatan kandungan air kesetimbangan secara tajam terjadi pada kondisi kelembaban di atas 75%.  Semakin tinggi komposisi grafit, semakin besar kandungan uap air kesetimbangan. Data kesetimbangan dicocokkan dengan model kesetimbangan sorpsi uap air yaitu model Guggenhiem-Anderson-deBoer (GAB), model Peleg, dan model Oswin. Model GAB memberikan gambaran isotherm yang terbaik.Kata kunci: Adsorpsi Uap Air, Kesetimbangan, Komposit, Poli Asam Laktat/Grafit, Pemodelan  ABSTRACT. Poly(lactic acid)/PLA is a hydrophobic polymer that belongs to the class of biodegradable biomaterial. PLA can be used as material in the manufacture of conductive polymer composite (CPC), which is used as a semiconductor material by mixing graphite into it. The water vapor adsorption behavior needs to be studied to determine the stability of the composite. This research aims to investigate the water vapor adsorption isotherm in poly(lactic acid)/graphite composites on various graphite compositions. The gravimetric method carried observations on the water vapor adsorption isotherm at various relative humidity conditions. The results obtained indicate that the isotherm curve follows type II according to the Brunauer classification. The higher the relative humidity, the greater the equilibrium water content. A sharp increase in the equilibrium water content occurs at humidity conditions above 75%. The higher the graphite composition, the greater the equilibrium moisture content. The Guggenhiem-Anderson-deBoer (GAB), Peleg, and Oswin sorption models were used to fit the experimental data. The GAB model best described the isotherms of the composites.Keywords: Composite, Equilibrium, Modeling, Poly(lactic acid)/Graphite, Water Vapor Adsorption
Co-Authors Al Kamal, Fahrul An'nas Anggreini, Ghea Safiraventa Chafidz, Achmad Danarto, Y. Calasanctius Danarto, Yoseph Calasanctius Dwi Ardiana Setyawardhani, Dwi Ardiana Efendy, Gabrella Endang Kwartiningsih Fadilah Fadilah, Fadilah Fakhruddin, Isa Handayani, Indah Dwi Husni, N Fauziatul Jauhary, Thonthowy Latief, Fahamsyah H. Nabila, Shifa Annisa Naryani, Rahma Fitri Nurul Hidayatun Putra, Novan Aldian Rahmadan Ramadhani, Aida Nur Rifa'i, Awaludin Fitroh Rita Rakhmawati, Rita Setyawhardani, Dwi Ardiana Siti Habibah Sperisa Distantina Sumarno . Tane, Amaldo Firjarahadi