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Lahars in Java: Initiations, Dynamics, Hazard Assessment And Deposition Processes Lavigne, Franck; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Hadmoko, Danang Sri; Sukatja, Bambang
Forum Geografi Vol 21, No 1 (2007): July 2007
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Lahar has been applied as a general term for rapidly flowing, high-concentration, poorly sorted sediment-laden mixtures of rock debris and water (other than normal streamflow) from a volcano. Lahars are one of the most destructive phenomena associated with composite volcanoes, which are dominant in Java Island. Resulting deposits of lahar are poorly sorted, massive, made up of clasts (chiefly of volcanic composition), that generally include a mud-poor matrix. The aim of this research is threefold: to discuss the initiation of lahars occurrences, their dynamics, to assess the hazard and to analyse the deposition. Lahars are either a direct result of eruptive activity or not temporally related to eruptions. Syn-eruptive lahars may result from the transformation on pyroclastic flows or debris avalanches which transform to aqueous flows (e.g. at Papandayan in November 2002); They may be also generated through lake outburst or breaching (e.g. at Kelut in 1909 or 1966), and through removal of pyroclastic debris by subsequent heavy rainstorms. Post-eruptive lahar occurs during several years after an eruption. At Merapi, lahars are commonly rain-triggered by rainfalls having an average intensity of about 40 mm in 2 hours. Most occur during the rainy season from November to April. Non-eruptive lahars are flows generated without eruptive activity, particularly in the case of a debris avalanche or a lake outburst (e.g., Kelut). A lahar may include one or more discrete flow processes and encompass a variety of rheological flow types and flow transformations. As such, lahars encompass a continuum between debris flows and hyperconcentrated flows, as observed at Merapi, Kelut and Semeru volcanoes. Debris flows, with water contents ranging from 10 to no more than about 25% weight, are non-newtonian fluids that move as fairly coherent masses in what is thought to be predominantly laminar fashion. However, the relative importance of laminar versus turbulent regime is still debatable. Hyperconcentrated streamflows contain 25- to about 40%-weight-water; these flows possess some yield stress, but they are characteristically turbulent. Hazard-zone maps for lahar were produced for most of the the Javanese volcanoes, but these maps are on too small-scale to meet modern zoning requirements. More recently, a few large-scale maps (1/10,000 and 1/2,000-scale) and risk assessments have been completed for a few critical river systems at Merapi.

Lahars in Java: Initiations, Dynamics, Hazard Assessment And Deposition Processes Lavigne, Franck; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Hadmoko, Danang Sri; Sukatja, Bambang
Forum Geografi Vol 21, No 1 (2007): July 2007
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/forgeo.v21i1.1822

Lahar has been applied as a general term for rapidly flowing, high-concentration, poorly sorted sediment-laden mixtures of rock debris and water (other than normal streamflow) from a volcano. Lahars are one of the most destructive phenomena associated with composite volcanoes, which are dominant in Java Island. Resulting deposits of lahar are poorly sorted, massive, made up of clasts (chiefly of volcanic composition), that generally include a mud-poor matrix. The aim of this research is threefold: to discuss the initiation of lahars occurrences, their dynamics, to assess the hazard and to analyse the deposition. Lahars are either a direct result of eruptive activity or not temporally related to eruptions. Syn-eruptive lahars may result from the transformation on pyroclastic flows or debris avalanches which transform to aqueous flows (e.g. at Papandayan in November 2002); They may be also generated through lake outburst or breaching (e.g. at Kelut in 1909 or 1966), and through removal of pyroclastic debris by subsequent heavy rainstorms. Post-eruptive lahar occurs during several years after an eruption. At Merapi, lahars are commonly rain-triggered by rainfalls having an average intensity of about 40 mm in 2 hours. Most occur during the rainy season from November to April. Non-eruptive lahars are flows generated without eruptive activity, particularly in the case of a debris avalanche or a lake outburst (e.g., Kelut). A lahar may include one or more discrete flow processes and encompass a variety of rheological flow types and flow transformations. As such, lahars encompass a continuum between debris flows and hyperconcentrated flows, as observed at Merapi, Kelut and Semeru volcanoes. Debris flows, with water contents ranging from 10 to no more than about 25% weight, are non-newtonian fluids that move as fairly coherent masses in what is thought to be predominantly laminar fashion. However, the relative importance of laminar versus turbulent regime is still debatable. Hyperconcentrated streamflows contain 25- to about 40%-weight-water; these flows possess some yield stress, but they are characteristically turbulent. Hazard-zone maps for lahar were produced for most of the the Javanese volcanoes, but these maps are on too small-scale to meet modern zoning requirements. More recently, a few large-scale maps (1/10,000 and 1/2,000-scale) and risk assessments have been completed for a few critical river systems at Merapi.

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Landslides in Java and the Triggering Factors Hadmoko, Danang Sri; Lavigne, Franck; Sartohadi, Junun; Gomez, Christopher; Daryono, D
Forum Geografi Vol 31, No 1 (2017): July 2017
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/forgeo.v31i1.3790

Java Island, the most populated island of Indonesia, is prone to landslide disasters. Their occurrence and impact have increased mainly as the result of natural factors, aggravated by human imprint. This paper is intended to analyse: (1) the spatio-temporal variation of landslides in Java during short term and long-term periods, and (2) their causative factors such as rainfall, topography, geology, earthquakes, and land-use. The evaluation spatially and temporally of historical landslides and consequences were based on the landslide database covering the period of 1981 â 2007 in the GIS environment. Database showed that landslides distributed unevenly between West Java (67 %), Central Java (29 %) and East Java (4 %). Slope failures were most abundant on the very intensively weathered zone of old volcanic materials on slope angles of 30O â 40O. Rainfall threshold analysis showed that shallow landslides and deep-seated landslides were triggered by rainfall events of 300 â 600 mm and > 600 mm respectively of antecedent rainfall during 30 consecutive days, and many cases showed that the landslides were not always initiated by intense rainfall during the landslide day. Human interference plays an important role in landslide occurrence through land conversion from natural forest to dryland agriculture which was the host of most of landslides in Java. These results and methods can be used as valuable information on the spatio-temporal characteristics of landslides in Java and their relationship with causative factors, thereby providing a sound basis for landslide investigation in more detail.

Media literacy's role toward Roda Jari Mas Radio listeners in dealing with disasters Sjuchro, Dian Wardiana; Khadijah, Ute Lies Siti; Viannisa, Nadhifa; Lavigne, Franck
Jurnal Kajian Informasi dan Perpustakaan Vol 12, No 1 (2024): Accredited by Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Re
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/jkip.v12i1.51256

Pangandaran is an area that is vulnerable to tsunami disasters. It is caused the sonic activity of the Indo-Australian plate’s in the southern coastal regio. Roda Jari Mas (RJM) Radio as a community radio has the role of informing the community about tsunami disaster information. This study aims to determine the role of media literacy for RJM Radio listeners in dealing with disasters in Pangandaran Regency. This research used a qualitative approach with a case study research method through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) on 9 participants. The results stated that the most widely used media exposure of Pangandaran people is radio, which is RJM Radio, television, and social media. Sources of disaster information obtained by the Pangandaran community include television and social media (if a disaster occurs). There are three aspects influenced people's readiness to face disasters, namely media exposure, government attention, and infrastructure. Social media can be a source of disaster information. The community has participated in several disaster mitigation simulations, but has not been supported by adequate infrastructure. The conclusion of the study is that the Pengandaran community has low media exposure could have an impact on a lack of knowledge and low levels of government attention, which resulted in a lack of disaster preparedness training, not to mention low levels of infrastructure. All of these things had a big impact on one thing, namely low preparedness to face disasters.

Review on the Impacts of the Samalas Eruption (1257 CE) to the Hydrogeological Conditions of Mataram, Lombok, Indonesia Malawani, Mukhamad Ngainul; Hadmoko, Danang Sri; Lavigne, Franck; Agniy, Romza Fauzan; Hayat, Dimas Maula; Astabella, Relinda Dewi; Laksono, Agung; Syamsuddin, Syamsuddin; Mutaqin, Bachtiar Wahyu
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 11 No. 3 (2024)
Publisher : Geological Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17014/ijog.11.3.339-348

This paper examines the local impacts of the 1257 CE Samalas eruption in the Mataram plain in relation to the hydrogeological conditions. Data from several previous studies in the Mataram plain is summarized and then reinterpreted. Data collected from new fieldwork is also presented. This review summarizes hydrogeological conditions into several categories, i.e. stratigraphy, aquifer formation, groundwater quality, and evolution. Two coring data were evaluated, which showed that Mataram plain has a relatively thick alluvial layer with a dominant material of sand mixed with pumice from the reworked deposit of the 1257 CE Samalas eruption. The sediment from this eruption formed a freshwater aquifer layer up to ~18 m deep. Using resistivity data, the aquifer layers in the studied area were characterized as unconfined aquifer, aquitard, and semi-unconfined aquifer. Seven water samples show that the groundwater in the studied area is in good condition, which indicates the bicarbonate water type. The results of the analysis show that the impact of the 1257 CE Samalas eruption on the hydrogeology of Mataram is considered a positive impact, i.e. forming an unconfined aquifer containing freshwater that is good for domestic uses.

Enhancing Preliminary Database of Volcanic Debris Avalanches in Indonesia: A Focus on Morphological Type and Geological Data Malawani, Mukhamad Ngainul; Hamdani, Agus Jaiz; Abidin, Imam Alief Naufal; Estiono, Meru Sigit; Pratiwi, Dinda; Lavigne, Franck; Handayani, Tiara; Suhendro, Indranova
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Geological Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17014/ijog.13.1.1-11

Indonesia has many cases of volcanic debris avalanche (VDA), which is fifty-four events from the inventory conducted by MacLeod (1989). However, data on the characteristics of VDA provided is limited, therefore it is necessary to develop detailed information related to these fifty-four cases. This study focuses on morphological and geological inventory of the VDA in Indonesia. Using the DEM database, morphological features were analyzed and four classes were determined, namely (1) volcanoes with horseshoe-shaped scar only; (2) volcanoes with no horseshoe-shaped scar, but has DAD (debris avalanche deposit); (3) volcanoes with no horseshoe-shaped scar, and no DAD; and (4) volcanoes with horseshoe-shaped scar and with DAD. Most of the volcanoes that have VDA are clustered in the first class. From the geological map, three main main pieces of information can be obtained: relative age, rocks/materials, and structure. Of fifty-four reported VDA events, the age of the rocks build the volcano that commonly ranges the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. The composition material is relatively uniform, consisting of lava with basalt-andesite rock types. Scar structures are also delineated in some volcanoes. Based on these characterization results, its relationship with volcano types in Indonesia (e.g. type A, B, C) was analyzed to determine the potential for reoccurrence of VDA. Further analysis is proposed, along with a more comprehensive characterization of the VDA in Indonesia, particularly at the type A volcanoes, such as Dempo, Galunggung, Gede, Papandayan, Sundoro, and Raung.

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