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Journal : Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Invisible watermarking as an additional forensic feature of e-meterai Rimbawa, H.A Danang; Alam, Sirojul; Saputro, Joko W.; Mantoro, Teddy
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp344-356

Abstract

The e-meterai is an official digital product of the Indonesian government issued by the Directorate General of Taxation (DGT). Its usage has become increasingly widespread as conventional documentation transitions to digital formats, serving the same function as its printed counterpart. This product features a quick-response code embedded with unique Indonesian codes and offers overt, covert, and forensic features. This study aims to experiment with adding a forensic feature in the form of an invisible watermark. We employed two watermark embedding techniques, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT), to determine which is more suitable for this application. After embedding the watermark, we also simulate various attacks including gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise, averaging filter, rotation, translation, and speckle noise. For each attack, we calculated with normalized-cross correlation (NCC) values, obtaining 0.863 and 0.976 for the gaussian noise attack, 0.929 and 0.984 for the salt and pepper attack, 0.975 and 0.984 for the averaging filter attack, 0.173 and 0.097 for rotation attacks, 0.172 and 0.032 for translation attack, and 0.972 and 0.996 for speckle noise attack, using DFT and SIFT techniques, respectively.
Co-Authors Abdillah, Abdillah Imam Julianto Abdul Jabar, Jaka Abdurrachman, Fauzi Alam, Sirojul AlFatrah, M. Ilham Amalia, Nuke Andri Purwoko Anton Nugroho Ari Susanti Aritonang, Sovian Atika Mima Amalin Atturoybi, Abdurrosyid Aulia Khamas H Bambang Suhardjo Bambang Suharjo Bangun, Abbas Madani Bisyron Wahyudi Bisyron Wahyudi Budi Rahardjo Budi Raharjo Chadafa Zulti Noorta Dahlan, Iqbal Ahmad Dananjaya Ariateja Fadhil Muhammad Hadini Faidin, Firman Firdaus, Muhammad Azka Gilang Prakoso Hasibuan, Bayu Nuar Khadapi Heikhmakhtiar, Aulia Khamas Heri Azhari Noor Hery Sudaryanto I Made Wiryana I Made Wiryana Kencana, Lisdi Inu Luqman, Fathan M. Fachrurrozy M. Ilham AlFatrah Madramsyah, Adam Maya Ayu Riestiyowati Miptahudin, Apip Muhamad Zein Satria Ni Putu Ayu Astriyani Noorta, Chadafa Zulti Nurrahman, Muhammad Irsyaad Onky Prilianda Putra Passu Beta, Arga Husein Prakosa, Setya Widyawan Puri Ratna Larasati Puringgar Prasadha Putra, Rayasa Rais, M. Fazil Randi Agustio Ra’idah Naufaliana Dewi Refino Maulana Hansbullah Subarkah Richardus Eko Indrajit Riswantoro, Dadan Shavkat Ruby Alamsyah Rustam, Muh Zul Azhri Saputro, J.W. Saputro, Joko W. Saragih, Gabriel Winandika Sastradinata, Aria Kusumah Sembali, Tryas Putranto Setyowati, Danny Suhardiningsih, A.V. Sri Suharjo, Bambang Sunarta Sunarta Supriyadi, Devi Tangang Qisthina Handayani Zatadini Taqwa, Rangga Teddy Mantoro Tidar, R Haryo Tutun Juhana Uvi Desi Fatmawati Versantariqh, Muhammad Azka Wahyudi, Bisyron Wibisono, Nugroho Yosef Prihanto Yudistira Asnar