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The Relationship of A Mother's Perception of The Severity With The Treatment of Diarrhea And Ari At Home Eko Kapti, Rinik; Putri N. C, Awalyn; Trisnaningtyas, Wenny
Jurnal Keperawatan Vol 8, No 1 (2017): Januari
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1904.757 KB) | DOI: 10.22219/jk.v8i1.4014

Abstract

HUBUNGAN PERSEPSI KEGAWATAN DAN TATALAKSANA DIAREDAN ISPA DI RUMAH PADA BALITAThe Relationship of A Mother's Perception of The Severity With The Treatmentof Diarrhea And Ari At HomeRinik Eko Kapti1, Awalyn Putri N. C2, Wenny Trisnaningtyas3123 Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas BrawijayaJalan Veteran, Ketawanggede, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur 651451e-mail: rinik.kapti@gmail.comABSTRAKDiare dan Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan salah satu penyumbang terbanyakpada kasus kematian dan kesakitan anak balita di dunia. Hal ini berkaitan dengan adanyapengaruh dari penilaian seorang ibu untuk memberikan penanganan awal di rumah yang tepat padaanaknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa hubungan persepsi ibu terhadap kegawatan diaredan ISPA dengan tatalaksana diare dan ISPA yang dilakukan ibu di rumah. Desain penelitian inimenggunakan deskripsi korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel yang diambilsebanyak 84 ibu dengan menggunkaan kuesioner tertutup. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan melaluipurposive sampling. Analisa data menggunakan uji Spearman Rank Correlation untuk diare danuji Pearson Correlation untuk ISPA. Hasil adanya hubungan bermakna antara persepsi ibuterhadap kegawatan diare dan ISPA dengan tatalaksana diare dan ISPA yang dilakukan ibu dirumah pada anak balita dengan nilai p = 0,000 < 0,05. Penelitian ini dapat menyimpulkan bahwaterdapat hubungan antara persepsi kegawatan diare dan ISPA dengan tatalaksana diare dan ISPAdi rumah. Berdasar hasil penelitian diharapkan tenaga kesehatan mampu meningkatkat persepsiyang tepat dari ibu sehingga mampu untuk meningkatkan tatalaksana dirumah.Kata kunci: Persepsi Ibu terhadap Kegawatan, Tatalaksana Awal, Diare, ISPA, BalitaABSTRACTDiarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of largest contributor mortality andmorbidity of children under aged five in the world. This relates to the influence of a mother'sassessment to provide a good initial treatment in home. This study aimed to analyze therelationship of a mother's perception of the severity of diarrhea and ARI with the treatment ofdiarrhea and ARI that conducted by mother at home. Design of this research using descriptivecorrelation with cross sectional approach. Sampling was done by purposive sampling. Samplestaken were 84 mothers. Data were analyzed using Spearman Rank Correlation test for diarrheaand Pearson Correlation test for ISPA. The result of the existence of a significant relationshipbetween a mother's perception of the severity of diarrhea and ARI with the treatment of diarrheaand ARI with p = 0.000 < 0.05. This research concluded that there is a relationship between amother's perception of the severity of diarrhea and ARI with the treatment of diarrhea and ARI athome. Based on the results, the study expected health workers to increase mother’s perceptioncorrectly in order to increase the treatment of diarrhea and ARI at homeKeywords: Mother’s Perception of Severity, Treatment of Early, Diarrhea, ARI, Toddler
Effects and Interventions of Pressure Injury Prevention Bundles of Care in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review Trisnaningtyas, Wenny; Retnaningsih, Retnaningsih; Rochana, Nana
Nurse Media Journal of Nursing Vol 11, No 2 (2021): (August 2021)
Publisher : Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/nmjn.v11i2.28881

Abstract

Background: Many studies on pressure injury prevention bundles have been conducted outside the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The bundles, which include multi interventions, have proven effective in reducing pressure ulcer incidents compared to a single intervention. However, the existing review studies on pressure injury prevention in ICUs still only investigate a single intervention rather than multi interventions. Only few reviews, to our knowledge, involves prevention bundle strategies in the ICU.Purpose: This study aims to review the effects of the pressure injury prevention bundles of care on the incidents of pressure injury in critically ill patients and the intervention measures of the care bundles.Methods: This review searched published articles from several databases, namely EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Scopus from 2009 up to 2020. PRISMA flowchart was used to select relevant articles using several inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 17 article from 50 eligible full-text articles for assessment. The included studies were assessed for their quality using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. The synthesis was then conducted narratively.Results: As many as 17 studies, which mostly had good quality yet evidence level of II, were included in the analysis. The findings showed that the pressure injury prevention bundles of care decreased pressure injury incidents as many as 4.3%-36.2% in developed countries and 4.16%-21% in developing countries. Moreover, the bundles of care which significantly reduced the incidents of pressure injury consisted of 7 intervention measures, which were pressure injury risk assessment using Cubbin Jackson scale, skin assessment and care, repositioning, nutrition, education, support surface, and medical device care.Conclusion:The review concluded that the pressure injury prevention bundles of care in critically ill patients significantly reduced the incidents of pressure injury. The study recommends more studies with stronger evidence levels to carry out and utilize 7 intervention measures as a preventive standard of care in critically ill patients. 
GAMBARAN RESIKO LUKA TEKAN (PRESSURE INJURY) PADA PASIEN KRITIS Wenny Trisnaningtyas; Retnaningsih Retnaningsih; Nana Rochana
The Shine Cahaya Dunia Ners Vol 6, No 1 (2021): The Shine Cahaya Dunia Ners
Publisher : LPPM An Nuur Purwodadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35720/tscners.v6i1.268

Abstract

Latar belakang; Prevalensi kejadian luka tekan di ICU negara berkembang sekitar 8.3%-43.4% sedangkan di negeri maju sekitar 7.8%-58%. Kejadian ini seharusnya dapat dicegah dengan langkah awal menggunakan pengkajian resiko luka tekan dengan instrument yang terstandar. Indikator pengkajian resiko luka Item umumnya terdiri dari usia, indek masa tubuh, mobilitas, status nutrisi, jenis kelamin. Beberapa instrumen pengkajian resiko luka tekan telah diterapkan dirumah sakit akan tetapi instrument yang spesifik pada pasien kritis masih terbatas. Instrument cubin jackson adalah pengkajian resiko luka tekan dengan indicator yang spesifik pada pasien kritis. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran resiko luka tekan (pressure injury) menggunakan skala cubbin jackson pada pasien kritis Metode; Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional dengan teknik purposive sampling. Analisa data distribusi frekuensi digunakan untuk menganalisa karakteristik responden dan skor resiko luka tekan. Chi Square digunakan melihat hubungan antara karateristik responden dengan luka tekan Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 114 respoden di 2 ICU Kota Semarang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Cubbin Jackson. Karakteristik responden dicatat sebagai data tambahan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil; Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden 100 (87.8%) mempunyai resiko tinggi mengalami luka tekan.Sebagian besar respondne berjenis kelamin laki-laki, berusia < 55 tahun 60 (52.6%). Responden tidak memiliki riwayat merokok 62 (54.4). Responden dalam kondisi tidak sadar 62 (54.4%). Komorbid responden yang masuk di ICU dengan kondisi medical 91 (79.8%). Kadar hemoglobin dalam rentang normal 63 (55.3%). Kadar hematocrit dalam rentang tidak normal 59(51.8%). Ada pengaruh antara karakteristik responden yang diteliti dengan resiko luka tekan ditunjukkan hasil perhitungan yang diperoleh nilai p value < 0.05 Kesimpulan; Mayoritas pasien kritis mempunyai resiko tinggi mengalami luka tekan. Maka diperlukan intervensi pencegahan salah satunya menggunakan bundel pencegahan luka tekan. Keyword luka tekan, cubbin jackson, pasien kritis
The Relationship of A Mother's Perception of The Severity With The Treatment of Diarrhea And Ari At Home Rinik Eko Kapti; Awalyn Putri N. C; Wenny Trisnaningtyas
Jurnal Keperawatan Vol. 8 No. 1 (2017): Januari
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1904.757 KB) | DOI: 10.22219/jk.v8i1.4014

Abstract

HUBUNGAN PERSEPSI KEGAWATAN DAN TATALAKSANA DIAREDAN ISPA DI RUMAH PADA BALITAThe Relationship of A Mother's Perception of The Severity With The Treatmentof Diarrhea And Ari At HomeRinik Eko Kapti1, Awalyn Putri N. C2, Wenny Trisnaningtyas3123 Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas BrawijayaJalan Veteran, Ketawanggede, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur 651451e-mail: rinik.kapti@gmail.comABSTRAKDiare dan Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan salah satu penyumbang terbanyakpada kasus kematian dan kesakitan anak balita di dunia. Hal ini berkaitan dengan adanyapengaruh dari penilaian seorang ibu untuk memberikan penanganan awal di rumah yang tepat padaanaknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa hubungan persepsi ibu terhadap kegawatan diaredan ISPA dengan tatalaksana diare dan ISPA yang dilakukan ibu di rumah. Desain penelitian inimenggunakan deskripsi korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel yang diambilsebanyak 84 ibu dengan menggunkaan kuesioner tertutup. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan melaluipurposive sampling. Analisa data menggunakan uji Spearman Rank Correlation untuk diare danuji Pearson Correlation untuk ISPA. Hasil adanya hubungan bermakna antara persepsi ibuterhadap kegawatan diare dan ISPA dengan tatalaksana diare dan ISPA yang dilakukan ibu dirumah pada anak balita dengan nilai p = 0,000 < 0,05. Penelitian ini dapat menyimpulkan bahwaterdapat hubungan antara persepsi kegawatan diare dan ISPA dengan tatalaksana diare dan ISPAdi rumah. Berdasar hasil penelitian diharapkan tenaga kesehatan mampu meningkatkat persepsiyang tepat dari ibu sehingga mampu untuk meningkatkan tatalaksana dirumah.Kata kunci: Persepsi Ibu terhadap Kegawatan, Tatalaksana Awal, Diare, ISPA, BalitaABSTRACTDiarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of largest contributor mortality andmorbidity of children under aged five in the world. This relates to the influence of a mother'sassessment to provide a good initial treatment in home. This study aimed to analyze therelationship of a mother's perception of the severity of diarrhea and ARI with the treatment ofdiarrhea and ARI that conducted by mother at home. Design of this research using descriptivecorrelation with cross sectional approach. Sampling was done by purposive sampling. Samplestaken were 84 mothers. Data were analyzed using Spearman Rank Correlation test for diarrheaand Pearson Correlation test for ISPA. The result of the existence of a significant relationshipbetween a mother's perception of the severity of diarrhea and ARI with the treatment of diarrheaand ARI with p = 0.000 < 0.05. This research concluded that there is a relationship between amother's perception of the severity of diarrhea and ARI with the treatment of diarrhea and ARI athome. Based on the results, the study expected health workers to increase mother’s perceptioncorrectly in order to increase the treatment of diarrhea and ARI at homeKeywords: Mother’s Perception of Severity, Treatment of Early, Diarrhea, ARI, Toddler
Factors Affecting Interdialytic Weight Gain (IDWG) in Kidney Failure Lia Murdaningsih; Wenny Trisnaningtyas; Nina Indriyawati
JENDELA NURSING JOURNAL Vol 7, No 1 (2023): JUNE 2023
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31983/jnj.v7i1.9393

Abstract

Background: interdialytic Weight Gain (IDWG) is a parameter easily measured routinely at the beginning of a dialysis session and an essential indicator to recommend fluid intake for patients with kidney failure. Increased IDWG is associated with various complications in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Purpose: to analyze the factors that influence IDGW in hemodialysis patients.Methods: a cross-sectional design was used in this study. Data were collected during January-March 2022. Data collected included: demographic variable (gender, age, level of education, fluid intake, thirst, and stress)/ Data were analyzed with descriptive correlation statistic, Simple regression analysis ANOVA.Results: the total number of participants recruited was 65 participants who undergoing hemodialysis 1 month at a private hospital in Semarang, there were 27 participants (41.5%) in the moderate IDGW category, and 20 participants (30.8%) experienced severe stress, while fluid intake had an influence on IDGW (r=0.493, p=0.000), thirst (r=0.394, p=0.001) and stress (r=0.562, p=0.000).Conclusion: in this study, the factors associated with IDWG were fluid intake, thirst and stress. The previous 3 factors significantly increased IDWG due to decreased renal function, but increased fluid intake interfered with patient compliance, including fluid management and hemodialysis. Factors not included in IDWG include age, gender and education.
GAMBARAN RESIKO LUKA TEKAN (PRESSURE INJURY) PADA PASIEN KRITIS Wenny Trisnaningtyas; Retnaningsih Retnaningsih; Nana Rochana
The Shine Cahaya Dunia Ners Vol 6, No 1 (2021): The Shine Cahaya Dunia Ners
Publisher : Universitas An Nuur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35720/tscners.v6i1.268

Abstract

Latar belakang; Prevalensi kejadian luka tekan di ICU negara berkembang sekitar 8.3%-43.4% sedangkan di negeri maju sekitar 7.8%-58%. Kejadian ini seharusnya dapat dicegah dengan langkah awal menggunakan pengkajian resiko luka tekan dengan instrument yang terstandar. Indikator pengkajian resiko luka Item umumnya terdiri dari usia, indek masa tubuh, mobilitas, status nutrisi, jenis kelamin. Beberapa instrumen pengkajian resiko luka tekan telah diterapkan dirumah sakit akan tetapi instrument yang spesifik pada pasien kritis masih terbatas. Instrument cubin jackson adalah pengkajian resiko luka tekan dengan indicator yang spesifik pada pasien kritis. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran resiko luka tekan (pressure injury) menggunakan skala cubbin jackson pada pasien kritis Metode; Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional dengan teknik purposive sampling. Analisa data distribusi frekuensi digunakan untuk menganalisa karakteristik responden dan skor resiko luka tekan. Chi Square digunakan melihat hubungan antara karateristik responden dengan luka tekan Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 114 respoden di 2 ICU Kota Semarang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Cubbin Jackson. Karakteristik responden dicatat sebagai data tambahan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil; Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden 100 (87.8%) mempunyai resiko tinggi mengalami luka tekan.Sebagian besar respondne berjenis kelamin laki-laki, berusia < 55 tahun 60 (52.6%). Responden tidak memiliki riwayat merokok 62 (54.4). Responden dalam kondisi tidak sadar 62 (54.4%). Komorbid responden yang masuk di ICU dengan kondisi medical 91 (79.8%). Kadar hemoglobin dalam rentang normal 63 (55.3%). Kadar hematocrit dalam rentang tidak normal 59(51.8%). Ada pengaruh antara karakteristik responden yang diteliti dengan resiko luka tekan ditunjukkan hasil perhitungan yang diperoleh nilai p value < 0.05 Kesimpulan; Mayoritas pasien kritis mempunyai resiko tinggi mengalami luka tekan. Maka diperlukan intervensi pencegahan salah satunya menggunakan bundel pencegahan luka tekan. Keyword luka tekan, cubbin jackson, pasien kritis
Learning Simulations in Increasing Satisfaction and Self-Confidence of Nursing Students Wenny Trisnaningtyas; Nina Indriyawati; Suharto Suharto; Sherly Metasari; Nurika Faizah Mohd. Fadzil
JENDELA NURSING JOURNAL Vol 8, No 1 (2024): JUNE 2024
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31983/jnj.v8i1.11622

Abstract

Background: Simulation activities are an effective teaching method to increase student participation. Assessing student satisfaction with simulation methods is also important because it has not been fully explored in previous research.Purpose: The purpose of this research was to analyze the relationship between simulation design scale, education practice questionnaire, students' self-confidence and self-confidence in learning for Bachelor of Applied Nursing students.Methods: This research was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted on Bachelor of Applied Nursing students at the Ministry of Health Semarang Health Polytechnic in June-September 2023. The sample used was a total sampling of 80 students who were in the third year of study. Data collection techniques were carried out using the Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning Scale (SCLS), Simulation Design Scale (SDS), and Educational Practice Questionnaire (EPQ) questionnaires and then processed using the Spearman rank test to determine the relationship between the three.Results: The results of the Spearman rank test test show that SDS is strongly related to EPQ (0.744), SDS is strongly related to SSCL (0.681), while EPQ is very strongly related to SSCL (0.846) with a positive relationship between each variable. There is a significant relationship between the SDS, EPQ, SSCL variables in Bachelor of Applied Nursing students with a p-value 0.05.Conclusion: Nursing students' satisfaction and confidence with simulation-based learning correlated with students' confidence in clinical practice.
Analysis of the application of buteyko breathing exercise to improvement of respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) in asthma patients in the emergency room RSUP Dr. Kariadi Mursjid Djiwandono, Saadillah; Trisnaningtyas, Wenny; Utami Dwiningsih, Sri; Dafid Zakaria, Eka; Nisa, Rif’atun
Jurnal Keperawatan Vol. 14 No. 02 (2023): July
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22219/jk.v14i02.27251

Abstract

Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract characterized by coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and a feeling of heaviness in the chest, which is generally reversible both with and without treatment. Giving Buteyko breathing exercise action is more effective than before being given the action. Objectives: To analyze the application of Buteyko breathing exercises to improve respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2). Methods: Descriptive analysis in the form of case studies with total sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria of 3 patients under management. The Buteyko breathing exercise was applied, and vital signs were observed before and after the Buteyko breathing exercise. Results: Nursing problems are ineffective breathing patterns with Respiratory Rate (RR) > 26 x/minute, and two patients were found to have mild hypoxia with SpO2 <95%. After applying the Buteyko breathing exercise, the three patients experienced an improvement in their condition with RR 18-20 x/minute and SpO2 > 98%. The author describes the application of Buteyko breathing exercises to asthma patients, which improved the condition of RR and SpO2. They were supported by Lisavina's research (2019) on the difference between controlling asthma before and after implementing Buteyko breathing. Conclusions: The application of Buteyko breathing exercises in assessing improvement in respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) did not harm patient conditions, hospital costs, time and effort, or infrastructure.
Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepatuhan Pembatasan Cairan pada Paisen Gagal Ginjal Kronis Trisnaningtyas, Wenny; Indriyawati, Nina; Dwiningsih, Sri Utami; Elisa, Elisa; Ariyanti, Novita Ambar; Maksuk, Maksuk
Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian Vol 15 No 2 (2023): Mei-Agustus
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Kendari

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36990/hijp.v15i2.950

Abstract

Pasien dengan gangguan ginjal kronik perlu mengubah gaya hidup mereka terutama     berfokus pada asupan cairan. Ketidakpatuhan terhadap pembatasan asupan cairan yang      disarankan menyebabkan memburuknya kondisi dengan cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan pembatasan asupan cairan pada pasien gagal ginjal kronis. Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif korelasi dengan besar sampel sebanyak 65 orang yang menjalani hemodialisa di Rumah Sakit Islam Kota Semarang. Partisipan mengisi kuesioner yang diadaptasi dari kuesioner ESRD-AQ  yang dianalisis dengan uji regresi linier sederhana. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa responden yang tidak patuh dalam pembatasan asupan cairan sebanyak 63,1%. Pengetahuan (r=2,94, p-value=0,018) dan dukungan keluarga (r=3,15, p-value=0,01) berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kepatuhan pembatasan asupan cairan. Sedangkan umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, lama menjalani hemodialisa tidak terdapat hubungan dengan kepatuhan pembatasan asupan cairan. Pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga merpakan faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan pembatasan asupan cairan pada pasien gagal ginjal kronik, karena itu diperlukan  peningkatan pengetahuan keluarga untuk membantu pembatasan kelebihan cairan pada pasien gangguan ginjal kronik.
Is Self-Efficacy Related to Quality of Vascular Access Care in Double Lumen Hemodialysis Patients? Nurrohim, Muhamad; Indriyawati, Nina; Trisnaningtyas, Wenny; Sudiarto, Sudiarto
JENDELA NURSING JOURNAL Vol 9, No 1 (2025): JUNE 2025
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31983/jnj.v9i1.13044

Abstract

Background: Self-efficacy is a crucial factor in the success of therapy and self-care among haemodialysis patients. The quality of vascular access care, particularly in users of double lumen catheters, significantly affects therapy effectiveness and is prone to complications such as thrombosis, which may lead to vascular access loss in 30–40% of patients. Approximately 60% of cases show suboptimal haemodialysis therapy. Studies examining the relationship between self-efficacy and vascular access care quality remain limited in patients using double lumen catheters.Purpose: This study aimed to analyse the relationship between self-efficacy and vascular access care quality in haemodialysis patients with double lumen catheters at Hospital.Methods: A descriptive correlational study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted on 60 purposively selected respondents. The CKD-SE and SF-VAQ questionnaires were used as instruments. Data were analysed using the Spearman Rank test.Results: A significant positive correlation was found between self-efficacy and vascular access care quality (p = 0.000; r = 0.620). Most respondents (68.3%) had moderate self-efficacy (mean 65.49 ± 4.755), and 31.7% had high self-efficacy (mean 85.26 ± 4.121). The quality of vascular access care was moderate in 50% and good in 43.3% of respondents (means 49.40 ± 5.001 and 70.00 ± 5.713, respectively).Conclusion: Patients with high self-efficacy generally provide better vascular access care, supporting the success of haemodialysis. Thus, nursing interventions should aim to enhance self-efficacy to improve care quality in patients with double lumen catheters.