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All Journal KALPATARU Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Amerta Berkala Arkeologi
M. Irfan Mahmud, M. Irfan
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Religion Arts Humanities Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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Arkeologi Untuk Semua: Bentuk Dan Prospek Pemanfaatnnya Di Papua. Mahmud, M. Irfan
KALPATARU Vol 21, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1375.379 KB) | DOI: 10.24832/kpt.v21i1.105

Abstract

Tulisan dalam setting Papua ini ingin memperlihatkan bahwa arkeologi dapat diharapkan ikut berperan menjembatani kebutuhan informasi masyarakat secara luas. Arkeologi memiliki dimensi luas: ideologis, akademis, dan praktis. Secara ideologis, arkeologi terkait dengan aspek kebutuhan dasar masyarakat, yakni identitas dan karakter. Dalam konteks Papua, ditemui banyak isu yang berkaitan dimensi arkeologi, seperti problem identitas budaya, hubungan historis kebangsaan, multikulturalisme, lemahnya muatan pendidikan karakter, rendahnya apresiasi stakeholder, komodifikasi, serta persoalan kebijakan pengembangan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya arkeologi. Keterpaduan kegiatan penelitian dengan kepentingan masyarakat dalam konteks wilayah Papua dianggap merupakan salah satu koridor dalam membuka wawasan mengelola isu-isu tersebut. Dalam konteks isu-isu tersebut akan digambarkan bentuk dan prospek program arkeologi terhadap enam kelompok kepentingan di Papua, yaitu: (1) masyarakat umum; (2) pelajar dan guru; (3) anggota legislatif dan para eksekutif (termasuk birokrat); (4) penegak hukum; (5) manajer dan arkeolog; (6) masyarakat lokal. Pada intinya tulisan ini akan menggambarkan bahwa telah terjadi pergeseran implementasi arkeologi dari akademis ke publik. Karena itu, sumberdaya arkeologi merupakan komponen penting pembangunan masa kini dari sumber-sumber masa lalu yang dapat diorientasikan melayani kebutuhan masa kini untuk semua stakeholder. Abstract. This article in Papua setting is aimed to show that archaeology can fulfill its role as provider of information to society at large. Archaeology has broad dimensions, which are ideological, academic, and practical. Ideologically, archaeology is related to the basic needs of society, which are identity and character. In the context of Papua, there are plenty of issues regarding the dimensions of archaeology, such as the problem of cultural identity, historic relation of nationalism, multiculturalism, the weakness of character education, poor appreciation among stakeholders, commodification, as well as the problem of policies regarding the development and utilization of archaeological sources. The integration between research activities and public needs in the context of Papua is believed to be one of the corridors to open the insights in the management of those issues. In the context of those issues, this article will describe the forms and prospects of archaeological program on six interest groups in Papua: (1) the general public; (2) students and teachers; (3) members of legislative and executive boards (including bureaucrats); (4) law enforcement community; (5) managers and archaeologists; and (6) local communities. In essence, this article will illustrate that there has been a shift of archaeological implementation from academic to public. Therefore archaeological sources are among the important elements in present development based on resources of the past that can be oriented to serve the present needs for all stakeholders.
PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM DI PAPUA Mahmud, M. Irfan
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 4, No 2 (2012): November 2012
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Abstract

Research on Islamic civilization in Papua has been implemented since 1996. Starting with limited exploration in the area of Raja Ampat Sorong regency. Then proceed in Fak-Fak regency and Kaimana. Study conducted found that the influence of Islamic civilization was stimulated by trade dynamics, especially the Islamic empire in the Moluccas, the Kingdom of Ternate and Tidore. In its development, the kingdom of Tidore absolute power and give a big hand in the formation of Islamic civilization color via satellite countries in the Bird’s Head region along the surrounding islands to colonial entered. Many archaeological remains indication, other than oral sources and the tradition continues. Archaeological remains were found, including the mosques, tombs, pottery, ceramics, religious symbols, and ancient manuscripts. This paper will focus the discussion on three things: (1) a review of Islamic civilization studies conducted Jayapura Archeology, particularly the constraints and problems that still contain the debate to date, (2) the elements of Islamic civilization are essential, such as cultural character and government (petuanan), network scholars, and elements of material culture, and tradition, (3) Islamic cultural traditions inherited colored Muslim communities in certain pockets on the coast. Thirdly it is expected to provide information and research results that will be developed within the framework of the Islamic era in Papua theme.
Kemitraan Program Penelitian dalam Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Arkeologi di Wilayah Papua Mahmud, M. Irfan
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 1, No 1 (2009): Juni 2009
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Abstract

Cooperation with other institution as for Balai Arkeologi Jayapura can be solve with strategic program. This cooperation among other things archaeological research and archaeological resource. This cooperation based on needed-each other principle.
Pernak-pernik Penelitian Etnoarkeologi di Papua 2005-2009 Mahmud, M. Irfan
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 1, No 2 (2009): November 2009
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Abstract

There are only few places in the world which still have the analogy materials that could connect two far different era, and one of them is Papua. From the linguistics aspect, Papua has approximately 300 tribes, such as Dani, Asmat, Marind-Anim, Hattam, Ekagi, and Sentani. From those hundreds tribes, the ethnoarchaeological researches in Papua have explored some aspects of analogy-archaeology materials, such as: religion, totem and symbol, habitation, governmental system, and ethnic-musicology. Based on the past 5 years (2005-2009) research, it is turned out that the research programs which have the tendency on ethnoarchaeology reached 75% or 18 from 24, though the effort on bringing the ’analogy’ materials to be analyzed deeply (thick description) is still facing several problems, particularly on human resources, methodology, and planning socialization aspects. Therefore, the RIPAN research format review surely needs to be done so that in the future it could be applied by the archaeologists.
KAJIAN ARKEOLOGI KEWILAYAHAN PAPUA: HASIL-HASIL, STRATEGI DAN PROSPEK Mahmud, M. Irfan; Suroto, Hari
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 4, No 1 (2012): Juni 2012
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Abstract

Based on the results achieved demonstrate the scope of the research and development of archaeological studies covering seven themes, namely: (i) human and cultural end of the Pleistocene, (ii) human and Austronesian culture, (iii) the early history of civilization, (iv) the influence of Islamic civilization (v) the influence of colonial civilization, (vi) assessment of public archeology, and (vii) maritime archeology. Jayapura Archeology do four step strategy of dividing the focal areas of research, establish policy follows national archaeological assessment, which consists of nine themes, conduct integrated research, mapping the research level typology of three types: (i) basic research / pure research (ii) research applied (iii) ad hoc research. In addition to research in rural areas also need to be conducted in the coastal areas tertama outer islands of Papua.
PELAYARAN DAN PERDAGANGAN ABAD XVII-XIX BUGIS-MAKASSAR KE PAPUA Mahmud, M. Irfan
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 5, No 1 (2013): Juni 2013
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Abstract

Shipping and trade Bugis - Makassar is one cultural phenomenon in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi rooted since archaic times . Shipping and trade to Papua as expressed in this paper relates to the early days of contact , commodity trading , and archaeological evidence of the existence of the Bugis - Makassar peramanen who live in this area as an intensive relationship implications . It aims to show to the networks - ‘s archipelago , in addition to showing the impact of a long-term relationship between the Bugis - Makassar and Papua which created solidarity and openness that have a place to settle in the local ethnic settlements together . To illustrate these aspects of archaeological survey and literature review , especially for archaeological evidence in the context of shipping and trade XVII - XIX centuries in the Bird’s Head region of Papua into the gate . Based on the data obtained concluded that the diaspora Bugis - Makassar to Papua unrelated to war factor, but purely an economic boost, especially for commodities and profitable market. In the long run some of the traders community decided to stay permanently, but not exclusive residential building.AbstrakPelayaran dan perdagangan Bugis-Makassar merupakan salah satu fenomena kebudayaan di semenanjung selatan Sulawesi yang berakar sejak zaman arkaik. Pelayaran dan Perdagangan ke Papua yang diungkap dalam tulisan ini berkaitan dengan masa awal kontak, komoditas dagang, dan bukti arkeologis adanya orang Bugis-Makassar yang tinggal secara peramanen di kawasan ini sebagai implikasi hubungan intensif. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan jejaring ke-Nusantara-an, selain menunjukkan dampak hubungan jangka panjang antara orang Bugis-Makassar dan Papua yang menimbulkan solidaritas dan keterbukaan sehingga mendapat tempat untuk menetap dalam pemukiman etnis lokal secara bersama-sama. Untuk menggambarkan aspek-aspek tersebut dilakukan survei arkeologis dan kajian pustaka, khususnya mencari bukti arkeologis dalam konteks pelayaran dan perdagangan abad XVII-XIX di wilayah Kepala Burung yang menjadi pintu gerbang Papua. Berdasarkan data-data yang diperoleh disimpulkan bahwa diaspora Bugis-Makassar ke Papua tidak terkait dengan faktor perang, melainkan murni dorongan ekonomi, terutama mencari dan memasarkan komoditas yang menguntungkan. Dalam jangka panjang beberapa diantara komunitas pedagang memutuskan tinggal secara permanen, tetapi tidak membangun pemukiman eksklusif.
HUNIAN AWAL SEJARAH DI PESISIR KAIMANA, PAPUA BARAT (Early History of Setlement in Kaimana Coast, West Papua) Mahmud, M. Irfan
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 6, No 2 (2014): November 2014
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Abstract

Coastal Kaimana be one important area to understand overview of the early history of civilization in New Guinea. Kaimana evolved since the empire archipelago use as a transit port as archaeological traces were found. A necessity, residential visited various ethnic groups in the past will also produce a diversity of artifacts. Instead, it is important to know two things from Kaimana coastal sites, namely: (i) the diversity of artifacts; and (ii) the character of the culture that developed in the residential area. Picture of two things is intended to show on the one hand, the contribution of the archipelago to the development of local communities in Papua early history, while on the other hand know the influence of external elements of the character of the local culture. By using a method known archaeological survey that multiculturalism has grown in residential site at Kaimana coast, where the infrastructure reflects the character of the maritime civilization open, advanced, and adaptive to the elements of the outer cover all aspects of life: social, economic, cultural, historical, to religion.ABSTRAKPesisir Kaimana menjadi salah satu kawasan penting untuk memahami gambaran peradaban masa awal sejarah di Pulau Papua. Kaimana berkembang sejak imperium Nusantara menggunakan sebagai pelabuhan transit sebagaimana jejak arkeologi yang ditemukan. Suatu keniscayaan, hunian yang dikunjungi berbagai etnis di masa lalu juga akan menghasilkan keragaman artefak. Justru itu, penting untuk mengetahui dua hal dari situs pesisir Kaimana, yaitu: (i) keragaman artefak; dan (ii) karakter budaya yang berkembang di dalam kawasan hunian. Gambaran dua hal tersebut ditujukan untuk memperlihatkan pada satu pihak kontribusi Nusantara terhadap perkembangan komunitas lokal Papua masa awal sejarah, sementara dilain pihak mengatahui pengaruh anasir luar terhadap karakter budaya setempat. Dengan menggunakan metode survei arkeologi diketahui bahwa multikulturalisme telah berkembang pada situs hunian di pesisir Kaimana, dimana infrastrukturnya mencerminkan karakter peradaban maritim yang terbuka, maju, dan adaptif dengan anasir dari luar melingkupi segala aspek kehidupan: sosial, ekonomi, budaya, sejarah, hingga religi.
AKULTURASI BUDAYA LOKAL DAN KONSEPSI ISLAM DI SITUS KALI RAJA, RAJA AMPAT Mahmud, M. Irfan
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 5, No 1 (2013): Juni 2013
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Abstract

Founding dynasty in the archipelago in general have origins legend miraculous, as well Petuanan Raja Ampat. Discuss the problems associated with the new colors due to the arrival of the influence of Islamic dynasties parmanensi Maluku and local cultural roots; archaeological evidence and legend dynasty Raja Ampat, as well as implications for public rites on the site supporters until now. In essence, this paper aims to reveal the acculturation of local and Islamic conceptions and their associated folklore. The data were collected through observation, library research, and interviews. Based on the research data it can be seen that happen locally and acculturation while maintaining the Islamic conception of collective memory are internalized through legend and tradition medium Kaliraja rites on the site. Rites were performed routinely in medium kapatnai (Stone Eggs King) is useful in building solidarity and community integration Raja Ampat until now.ABSTRAKBerdirinya dinasti di Nusantara pada umumnya memiliki legenda asal-usul yang penuh keajaiban, sebagaimana juga Petuanan Raja Ampat. Masalah yang bahas terkait dengan warna baru akibat kedatangan pengaruh Islam dinasti Maluku dan parmanensi akar budaya lokal; bukti arkeologis dan legenda dinasti Raja Ampat; serta implikasi ritus pada situs bagi masyarakat pendukungnya sampai sekarang. Pada intinya tulisan ini bertujuan mengungkapkan akulturasi budaya lokal dan konsepsi Islam beserta cerita rakyat yang terkait. Data-data dikumpulkan lewat observasi, studi pustaka, dan wawancara. Berdasarkan data-data penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa terjadi akulturasi budaya lokal dan konsepsi Islam dengan tetap memelihara memori kolektif yang diinternalisasi lewat legenda dan medium tradisi ritus di situs Kaliraja. Ritus yang dilakukan secara rutin pada medium kapatnai (Batu Telur Raja) bermanfaat dalam membangun solidaritas dan integrasi masyarakat Raja Ampat sampai sekarang.
PERADABAN MASA SEJARAH SITUS EREKE, BUTON UTARA, SULAWESI TENGGARA [1] (The Historical Civilization of Ereke Site, North Buton, Southeast Sulawesi) Mahmud, M. Irfan
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 6, No 1 (2014): Juni 2014
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Abstract

Ereke is one of regions in the north of Buton Island which grew in the authorization of Muna Palace.Under the threat of pirates and the greatness of Waolio Castle (Buton) and Muna, they built their government in a fortress (intra-murros). It was divided into some units with “kalisusu” as physical symbol of residential centre, and it became their identity. This paper will reveal the archaeological trackin historical landscape. To describe some aspects of community civilization in the history of Ereke archaeological site. At least since XV until XIX centuries. The purpose is to give initial information which can be developed in the broader and deeper research in the future. There was one significant thing found using archaeological survey, although cultural acculturation and assimilation occurred transparently, but the substantive element of local culture can hold up as the identity by adapting the external influence, such as defence system, fortress, armament, import goods, and religious order of the society. ABSTRAKEreke merupakan kawasan di sisi utara pulau Buton yang tumbuh dalam pengaruh penguasa keraton Muna. Di bawah ancaman bajak laut dan bayang-bayang kebesaran keraton Wolio (Buton) dan Muna, mereka membangun pemerintahan dalam benteng (intra-murros). Ruang benteng terbagi dalam beberapa unit, dengan “Kalisusu” sebagai simbol pusat permukiman, sekaligus menjadi identitas yang merekatkan. Tulisan ini akan mengungkapkan jejak arkeologis dalam bentang sejarah (historical landscape) untuk menggambarkan beberapa aspek peradaban komunitas di situs Ereke masa sejarah, sekurang-kurangnya sejak abad XV hingga XIX. Tujuannya, untuk memberikan informasi awal yang dapat dikembangkan dalam penelitian yang lebih luas dan mendalam di masa akan datang. Ada satu hal yang penting ditemukan dengan survei arkeologis, bahwa meskipun akulturasi dan assimilasi budaya berlangsung terbuka, namun unsur subtantif budaya lokal mampu bertahan sebagai identitas dengan tetap mengadaptasi anasir luar, seperti sistem pertahanan (benteng), persenjataan, barang impor, dan tatanan keagamaan.
ALAT TUKAR LOKAL DAN IMPOR DI PAPUA Mahmud, M. Irfan
AMERTA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2014)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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Abstract

Abstrak: Tulisan ini mengungkapkan bentuk, nilai dan fungsi alat tukar yang pernah digunakan dalam transaksi dagang di Papua pada masa lalu. Tujuannya untuk memperlihatkan sistem moneter penduduk Papua sejak ratusan tahun silam, bahkan masih digunakan sebagai ‘apparatus’ upacara dan pesta adat beberapa suku hingga sekarang. Berdasarkan metode survei arkeologi dan pendekatan etno-arkeologi diketahui bahwa kehadiran alat tukar di pedalaman dan pesisir Papua diperkenalkan oleh jaringan aliansi dagang. Kapak batu, uang kerang, gigi anjing, dan tembikar merupakan alat pembayaran tradisional yang mula-mula dikembangkan secara mandiri di Papua. Perdagangan abad XIV-XX juga memperkenalkan alat tukar impor dari barang mewah di daerah pesisir, berupa: manikmanik, porselin, kain Timor, peralatan besi, dan mata uang logam atau kertas. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penduduk Papua tidak semuanya sekedar menggantungkan hidup dari kemurahan alam; sebagian dari kelompok suku sudah mengembangkan aliansi dagang dan memiliki standar alat tukar yang digunakan dalam transaksi barang/jasa, sekaligus menegaskan identitas, status sosial, dan wibawa. Kata Kunci: Papua, Alat tukar, Perdagangan, Komoditi, Suku. Abstract. Local and Imported Mediums of Exchange in Papua. This paper reveals the forms, values, and functions of the mediums of exchange, which were used in trade transactions in the past in Papua. The purpose is to show the monetary system of Papua citizens since hundreds of years ago; in fact it is still being used as the apparatus of traditional ceremonies and social gatherings in some ethnic groups until today. Based on archaeological survey method and ethno-archaeological approach, it is known that the presence of the mediums of exchange in inland and coastal areas of Papua was introduced within trade alliances. Stone axes, currency, shells, dog’s tooth, and earthenware were the mediums of exchange that were first developed independently in Papua. The trade in 14th – 20th Centuries also introduced luxury items as imported mediums of exchange in coastal area, such as beads, porcelains, Timor fabrics, iron tools of iron, and coins or banknotes. It can be concluded that not all of Papua cirtizens live depend entirely on the nature; some of the ethnics have developed the trade alliances and they also have standard medium of exchange which is used in goods/service transaction, also affirm their identities, social status, and authorities. Keywords: Papua, Medium of exchange, Trade, Commodity, Ethnic.
Co-Authors Hari Suroto, Hari Novita, Aryandini