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All Journal Jurnal EduHealth Kieraha Medical Journal Indonesian Journal of Community Empowerment Jurnal Analis Kesehatan Kendari Health Science & Biomedical Journal (HSBJ)
Oktadio Erikardo
Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof DR. Hamka, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Education Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Veterinary

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Journal : Jurnal EduHealth

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C-Reactive Protein in Uncomplicated T2DM: Associations with Disease Duration and Lifestyle Purbasari, Euis; Erikardo, Oktadio; Nikmatullah, Nurul Azmah
Jurnal EduHealth Vol. 16 No. 02 (2025): Jurnal EduHealt, Edition April - June , 2025
Publisher : Sean Institute

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Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a silent killer that may progress to severe complications without overt early symptoms. It arises from insulin secretion defects, insulin resistance, or both, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. Prolonged hyperglycemia induces metabolic stress and systemic inflammation, exacerbated by modifiable lifestyle factors. Detecting subclinical inflammation (even in uncomplicated T2DM) is critical for timely intervention. We evaluated serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP), a hepatic inflammatory marker, in uncomplicated T2DM patients, assessing its links to disease duration and lifestyle. This cross-sectional analytical study enrolled 37 uncomplicated T2DM patients under routine care. CRP was quantified via latex agglutination; demographic/behavioral data were collected via questionnaires. CRP positivity occurred in 29.7% of patients (n=11), predominantly women (59.5%), aged 41-50 (62.2%), with T2DM duration <5 years (64.9%). CRP levels correlated significantly with disease duration (p = <0.001) and smoking (p = 0.016) but not diet (p = 0.580) or physical activity (p = 0.163). Nearly one-third of uncomplicated T2DM patients exhibited elevated CRP, strongly associated with disease duration and tobacco exposure (active or passive). CRP may serve as an early warning biomarker, urging tighter control of modifiable environmental and behavioral risks.
Relationship of Smoking Habits to The Potential of Hydrogen (pH) of Saliva in Active Smokers Purbasari, Euis; Erikardo, Oktadio; Jasmine, Rifa Audia
Jurnal EduHealth Vol. 13 No. 02 (2022): Jurnal eduHealth, Periode Oktober - December, 2022
Publisher : Sean Institute

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Abstract

Tobacco smoke when smoking contains harmful chemicals for the body, such as nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and others. These toxic substances enter the body and increase cancer risk, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and teeth and mouth. The oral cavity is the organ first exposed to cigarette smoke. There is a liquid to maintain oral health, namely saliva, with an average Potential of Hydrogen (pH) of around 6.8-7.4. Saliva acts as a buffer to keep the salivary pH to remain neutral. The buffer capacity can decrease due to the influence of cigarette smoke, which spreads throughout the oral cavity and will be followed by a decrease in salivary pH to become more acidic. This will affect the function of saliva in maintaining the health of the oral cavity from caries, halitosis, dry mouth, and others. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between smoking habits and salivary pH in active smokers. This study used an analytic survey with a cross-sectional research design approach. The sample is 30 respondents with a purposive sampling technique. Results: there is a significant relationship between the number of cigarettes consumed per day (p=0.009) and the duration of smoking (p=0.004) on salivary pH. Conclusion: An increase in smoking habits in terms of the number and time of tobacco has a relationship with a decrease in salivary pH.
Co-Authors Adia Putra Wirman Adia Putra Wirman, Adia Putra Aprilia, Nisa Ardiansyah Euis Purbasari Hadi Sunaryo Hurip Budi Riyanti Jasmine, Rifa Audia Meri Suzana Nikmatullah, Nurul Azmah Nurul Azmah Nikmatullah Purbasari, Euis Riyanti, Hurip Budi Wijiastuti Wijiastuti