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All Journal JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika) Jurnal Teknik Informatika (JUTIF) Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA) TAMIKA: Jurnal Tugas Akhir Manajemen Informatika & Komputerisasi Akuntansi
Nurhakim, Bani
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Automotive Engineering Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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Comparison of Graph-Based Filtering and Non-Local Means Techniques in Diabetic Retinopathy Classification Gita Antar Wulan; Irawan, Bambang; Faqih, Ahmad; Putra, Aris Pratama; Nurhakim, Bani
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : Yayasan Kita Menulis

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59934/jaiea.v5i2.1869

Abstract

Classification of diabetic retinopathy (DR) based on retinal images is important for early detection, but is often hampered by poor image quality such as noise, uneven lighting, and low contrast. This study analyzes the effect of applying three image filtering techniques, namely Graph Laplacian Filtering (GLF), Graph Convolutional Network (GCN), and Non-Local Means (NLM), on improving the performance of Diabetic Retinopathy classification. The three methods were compared with a baseline model without filtering using VGG16 and evaluated through accuracy, AUC, loss, and image quality metrics such as PSNR, SSIM, MSE, and RMSE.The results showed that graphical and spatial filtering did not always improve classification performance, as VGG16 Fine-Tuning without filtering achieved the highest accuracy of 97.84%. Combinations with NLM, GCN, and Graph Laplacian resulted in lower accuracy due to the smoothing effect that removed important microfeatures on the retina. However, NLM remained effective in reducing noise without disturbing edge structures. These findings confirm that improving image visual quality does not always correlate with CNN accuracy, so preprocessing must focus on preserving diagnostic features.  
Co-Authors Ahmad Faqih Apriliyani, Ela Arelia, Irly Bambang Irawan Dikananda, Arif Rinaldi Dina Amalia Eka Permana, Sandy Ezar Qotrunnada Gifthera Dwilestari Gita Antar Wulan Hery Widijanto Hoeriah, Dede Lukman Rohmat, Cep Mulyawan, Mulyawan Nafisa Maysa Salma Narasati, Riri Narasati Nur Kirana, Anita Odi Nurdiawan Permana, Sandy Eka Pratama, Denni Prihartono, Willy Putra, Aris Pratama Rudi Kurniawan Septiani, Intan Solihudin, Dodi Syahputra Simbolon, Vrendi Amro Tati Suprapti Warni Ayu Hermina, Bintang