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Abershi, Ajiduku Leyoa
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Physics Social Sciences Other

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A Review of Phycoremediation of Heavy Metals in Industrial Waste Water Joseph, Ikwebe; David, Bando Christopher; Abershi, Ajiduku Leyoa
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 2 No 1 (2024): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v2i1.2660

Abstract

Environmental Pollutants such as heavy metals poised serious threat to biological systems. Heavy metals which could be natural or anthropogenic sourced are non-degradable pollutants and must be eliminated or reduced to certain quantity that is analytically presumed to be a safe limit before discharging into the environment to avoid injurious effects on biological systems. This review work showed the abilities of microalgae to biologically remove heavy metals from waste water through the process known as ‘Phycoremediation’. Phycoremediation of heavy metals with the help of microalgae takes place in two stages: Biosorption and Bioaccumulation. Microalgae such as Nannochloropsis oculata, Scenedesmus sp, Scenedesmus obtusus, Gracilaria corticata, Sarcodia suidae and Spirulina sp has been proven to phycoremediate; Pb, Cr, Hg, As, Cd, and Cu respectively. Therefore, this review work has shown that the microalgae are efficient biological vectors for heavy metal uptake.
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of Blended Organic Fertilizer from Yam and Sweet Potato Peels Abershi, Ajiduku Leyoa; Stephen, Ezeonu Chukwuma; Clinton, Umeh Chisom
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 2 No 2 (2024): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v2i2.2844

Abstract

This study shows the production of organic fertilizer by utilization of yam and sweet potatoes peels through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Method. Samples are categorized into sun-dried, sundried and autoclaved, Heat-dried, heat-dried and autoclaved, the fermentation process is carried out using alpha amylase and saccharomyces cerevisiae. Investigation of mineral elements (N, Cd, P, Zn, Pb, As, K, Hg.), in the eight varieties of Organic Fertilizer produced shows concentration of Cadmium (Cd) ranges from 0.0015 mg/kg to 0.0033 mg/kg), Nitrogen (N) in Percentage ranges from 2.3450% to 3.8550%; Phosphorus (P) ranges from 2.345 mg/kg to 3.607 mg/kg; Zinc (Zn) ranges from 2.215 mg/kg to 6.335 mg/kg. Lead (Pb) ranges from 0.00 mg/kg to 0.0015 mg/kg, potassium (K) ranges from 3.952 mg/kg to 6.213 mg/kg; Mercury and Arsenic nil. The study shows that Sweet Potato Peel (SDSPP) contains high Cadmium and potassium compare to other organic fertilizer produced. Sundried and Autoclaved Yam Peel (SDAYP) contains high percentage of Nitrogen (N), Heat Dried and Autoclaved Sweet Potato Peel (HDASPP) contains low Nitrogen, Sundried and Autoclaved Sweet Potato Peel (SDASPP) contains low phosphorus, Sundried Yam Peel (SDYP), Sundried and Autoclaved Yam Peels (SDAYP), Heat Dried Sweet Potato Peel HDSPP and Heat Dried Sweet Potato Peel (HDSPP) has zero trace of Lead (Pb) making it free of food intoxication from heavy metals, SDYP contains high phosphorus. These indicate that the samples will make quality organic fertilizer because it contains high Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium (NPK) which are essential elements required in plant structures.
Utilization of Different Preservatives (Cloves and White Pepper) for Extending of Shelf Life and Nutritional Value of Tiger Nut Milk (Kunun Aya) Yusuf, Obadiah Saveni; Abershi, Ajiduku Leyoa; Ngabea, Nasiru Audu; Bappa, Lipana Dorcas; Dauda, Usman Danlami; Chuanu, Solomon; Mafe, Alice Njolke; Titus, Stephen Dio; Sambo, Elkanah Deborah; Garba, Haladu Farida
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 2 No 3 (2024): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v2i3.3792

Abstract

Tiger nut milk (Kunun aya) is a traditional beverage and its non-alcoholic widely consumed in Northern part of Nigeria. The beverage was prepared from tiger nut with addition of spices such as cloves, and white pepper at different concentration in order to find its natural preservatives, so as to be preserve for a longer period using natural material so as to find if its shelf life and nutritional content will be maintained. The samples were stored at 4o c for 2 days and the effects of those spices on their proximate, microbial and fungal counts were evaluated. Fresh tiger nut and the spices (cloves and white pepper) were purchased form Jalingo central market in Taraba state in the Northeastern part of Nigeria. The tiger nut milk seeds were sorted and all the unwanted materials which may affects the taste and keeping quality of the drink were removed, washed and rinsed with portable water and then soaked for eight hours(8hrs) to soften the fibre and to remove off-flavor. One kilogram of fresh tiger nut was blended four times in to slurry with water. The slurry was pressed using a muslin cloth to recover extract. Two samples of spiced drink were analyzed for total moisture, ash content, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, and carbohydrate. Results of the proximate analysis reveal a range of 80.0-89.5% and 79.8- 87.2% and for moisture of tiger nut milk with cloves and white pepper which is higher at tiger nut with cloves. Ash content ranged from 0.3 -0.6 and 0.6-0.8%, both shows no significant difference in both sample B(1g) of tiger nut milk with cloves and white pepper. For crude fat it ranges 2.5-4.8%, and 2.3-4.1%. The crude fibre shows 2.1-3.0 and 2.2-3.2%, then crude protein 3.3-3.7% and 3.0-3.9% and carbohydrate range 1.7-3.9% and 1.9-2.6% of tiger nut milk cloves and white pepper respectively with no significant difference in sample C(2g) and control in tiger nut milk with cloves under carbohydrate content. The bacterial count of tiger nut milk with cloves and white pepper range 1.2×104 -2.7×104 and 1.6×104-3.0×104 respectively. And fungal count 1.5×107 -2.1×107 and 1.8×107 -2.1×107 with no significant difference in sample B(1g) and C(2g) with both have 1.8×107. The study revealed that cloves and white pepper can be served as a natural preservative in tiger nut milk and at the same time maintain its nutritional qualities.
Isolation and Molecular Characterisation of Chlorogonium sp. from Industrial Wastewater Abershi, Ajiduku Leyoa; Ikwebe, Joseph; Stephen, Ezeonu Chukwuma; Mafe, Alice Njolke; Abah, Moses Adondua
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 2 No 3 (2024): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v2i3.3851

Abstract

Microalgae are photosynthetic, unicellular microorganisms also known as phytoplankton. They are small plant-like entities. In this research, the sample were collected from cement factory in a sterilised 20L container wrapped with foil paper and were transported down to Federal University, Wukari where it was kept in refrigerator at biochemistry laboratory. Blue-Green media (BG-11) was prepared. Wastewater containing Microalgae obtained from cement wastewater pond were cultivated in BG-11 medium to determine the growth of the organism. BG-11 medium contained macronutrients, trace metals and some vitamins which aid the growth of the organism. The wastewater sample containing with suspected microalgae was inoculated (inoculum ratio = 25%) and incubated under atmospheric CO2 at room temperature (30±2°C) in our laboratory for two to three weeks during the incubation period. In order to purify the isolates, the upper growth layer was first decanted into a freshly produced medium and then plated on BG-11 media that had been solidified with 1% agar-agar. For several of the cultures, growth on the agar plates continued for around three weeks. Following repeated sub-culturing, the emerging greenish colonies were re-emerged into a sterile BG-11 agar medium. In isolation of organism from the industrial cement waste water, the isolate was identified by morphological and molecular identification by extracting the DNA, run the electrophoretic analysis and PCR using primers for 18S rRNA eukaryotic microalgal and then run the sequence analysis. The results of this study obtained, indicated that, the electrophoretic result show the band has 1800-2000base pair and the organism isolated from the industrial cement waste water were chlorogonium sp. with a percent similarity of 78.65% and accession number of OR886595 based on data Gene Bank blast results.
Effect of Processing on Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of SAMPEA-11 and 20-T Cowpea Cultivars Titus, Stephen Dio; Abershi, Ajiduku Leyoa; Francis, Achilus; Mafe, Alice Njolke; Samuel, Kennedy Banja; Daniel, Ejembi Ocholi; Ojogbene, Eleojo
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 2 No 3 (2024): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v2i3.3867

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of boiling and roasting on the nutritional and antinutritional composition of SAMPEA-11 and SAMPEA 20T. Ash content increased after roasting, with SAMPEA-11 rising from 2.5% to 3.1% and SAMPEA 20T from 2.7% to 3.4%. Crude fiber content displayed varied trend; in SAMPEA 20T an increase from 5.0% to 6.2% post-roasting, while SAMPEA-11 remained relatively stable. Lipid content increased significantly in roasted SAMPEA 20T by 2.8% and boiled SAMPEA-11 by 1.5. Protein content in SAMPEA-11 decreased after boiling and roasting, dropping by 4.5% and 2.9%, respectively. SAMPEA 20T showed an increase of 1.2 after boiling. For the antinutrients, boiling significantly reduced tannin levels in SAMPEA-11 from 0.45 mg/g to 0.23 mg/g, while roasting further reduced it to 0.15 mg/g in SAMPEA 20T. Oxalate levels increased after boiling, from 0.18 mg/g to 0.31 mg/g in SAMPEA-11 and 0.20 mg/g to 0.29 mg/g in SAMPEA 20T, while phytates decreased by 30% across both varieties after roasting. In the same vein, boiling and roasting both reduced concentrations lectin. While folate content, also decreased significantly in SAMPEA-11 after roasting, from 270 to 140 µg/100g. In contrast, SAMPEA 20T retained more folate, with a minimal reduction after boiling (250 to 220 µg/100g). Hence, Roasting was found to enhance shelf life by reducing moisture content while improving carbohydrate and mineral content. However, boiling appears more effective in retaining essential nutrients like protein and folate, especially in SAMPEA 20T. These findings provide insights for optimizing processing techniques to improve nutritional quality of cowpeas.
Utilization of Cassava Peel as Substrate for Production of Biofertilizer and Its Effect on the Growth of Millet Yusuf, Obadiah Saveni; Abershi, Ajiduku Leyoa; Chuanu, Solomon; Ngabea, Nasiru Audu; Bappa, Lipana Dorcas; Mafe, Alice Njolke; Idris, Maina Sumaiya
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 2 No 3 (2024): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v2i3.4160

Abstract

The quality of the carrier is critical in influencing microbial load and shelf life of biofertilizers. Cassava peels are abundant and have little economic value, making them ideal for use as biofertilizer carrier materials. The carrier material supported the growth of the test organism, thus suggesting the presence of nutrients and absence of toxicity. During isolation and culturing of bacteria, three (3) grams of soil sample was measured and diluted with 100ml of distilled water, and mixed well to get soil suspension. Ten (10) ml of the soil suspension was poured in the first test tube and shake well, 1ml of the first test tube was transferred into the second test tube containing nine (9) ml of sterile distilled water aseptically to get dilution. One (1)ml of the suspension from the second test-tube was transferred to third test tube also containing 9ml of sterile distilled water aseptically, 1ml of the soil suspension was transferred from the third test tube to the fourth test tube,1ml of the soil suspension was transferred from the fourth test tube was transferred to the fifth test tube,1ml of the soil suspension from the fifth soil suspension was also transferred to the sixth test tube, another 1ml from the sixth soil suspension was also transferred to seventh test tube aseptically. Soil sample from test tube 4, 5, and 6 was inoculated in yeast extract media and was incubated for 24 hours. The result shows that at 2DAP, 3DAP, 4DAP, 5DAP, AND 6DAP there is statistical significant difference between the treatment and control but at 7DAP, 8DAP, 9DAP AND 10DAP there is no statistical significant difference between the treatment and control but also at 11DAP there is statistical significant difference between the treatment and the control and at 10DAG, 12DAG, 14DAG, 16DAG, 18DAG, AND 20DAG there is no statistical significant difference between the treatment and control but at 22DAG there is statistical significant difference between the treatment and control at 24DAG there is no statistical significant difference between the treatment and the control. And at 26DAG there is statistical significant difference between the treatment and the control but also at 28DAG there is no statistical significant difference between the treatment and the control using fisher’s least significant difference test. Biofertilizer is a relevant alternative for disposal of this waste and even enables the act of converting wastes to wealth.
Co-Authors Abah, Moses Adondua Bappa, Lipana Dorcas Chuanu, Solomon Clinton, Umeh Chisom Daniel, Ejembi Ocholi Dauda, Usman Danlami David, Bando Christopher Francis, Achilus Garba, Haladu Farida Idris, Maina Sumaiya Ikwebe, Joseph Joseph, Ikwebe Mafe, Alice Njolke Ngabea, Nasiru Audu Ojogbene, Eleojo Sambo, Elkanah Deborah Samuel, Kennedy Banja Stephen, Ezeonu Chukwuma Titus, Stephen Dio Yusuf, Obadiah Saveni