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All Journal Brawijaya Law Journal : Journal of Legal Studies TANJUNGPURA LAW JOURNAL Res Nullius Law Journal Indonesian Journal of International Law Transnational Business Law Journal
Zaki, Muhammad Reza Syariffudin
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Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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COVID-19 VACCINE LEGAL PROTECTION THROUGH PATENT FOR PUBLIC INTEREST Zaki, Muhammad Reza Syariffudin; Akmal, Muhammad Farhan
Transnational Business Law Journal Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): TRANSNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL, Volume 2, Number 1, February 2021
Publisher : Department of Transnational Business Law, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/transbuslj.v2i1.694

Abstract

Patents are rights granted by the state to inventors for their inventions in the field of technology for a certain period of time. However, a rigid patent protection can disrupt the public interest. Therefore, the undergraduate thesis research entitled Legal Protection of Covid-19 Vaccines through Patents for Public Interest was conducted. The research conducted by juridical normative legal research methods, statutory approaches, and conceptual approaches. TRIPs Agreement, Paris Convention, Indonesian Patent Law 2016 and President Regulation No. 77/20 are the main objects of study. This research aims to answer (1) how the legal protection of the Covid-19 vaccine for the public interest, and (2) how to resolve disputes against the Covid-19 patent rights holder in Indonesia. After conducting a study, it can be concluded that patents can be implemented by the government without the authority from the patent holder in an emergency situation. In the return, a worth compensation must be given to the patent holder. If a dispute arises, it can be resolved through litigation or alternative dispute resolution (ADR), but preferably through ADR at BAM HKI. This is in purpose to empower BAM HKI, as well as to support and promote the enforcement of intellectual property rights in Indonesia.
STATUS KEWARGANEGARAAN ANAK DARI HASIL IBU PENGGANTI (SURROGATE MOTHER) ANTARA AMERIKA SERIKAT DAN INDIA Zaki, Muhammad Reza Syariffudin; Ramadiani, Alma Dwi
Res Nullius Law Journal Vol 4 No 2 (2022): Volume 4 No 2 July 2022
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Komputer Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34010/rnlj.v4i2.6660

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out how the issue of citizenship status for children of surrogacy is handled in the United States and India and how two of these countries regulate it. As we know most of the cases involving children of surrogacy are often stateless because the countries involved do not have clear regulation regarding the citizenship status. The research method used is judicial normative approach. By examining library materials or secondary data, which include primary and secondary legal materials Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana isu status kewarganegaraan bagi anak hasil sewa rahim ditangani di Amerika Serikat dan India dan bagaimana kedua negara ini mengaturnya. Sebagaimana yang kita tahu kebanyakan dari kasus anak hasil sewa rahim seringkali tidak memiliki kewarganegaraan karena negara-negara yang terlibat tidak memiliki aturan yang jelas terkaitnya. Adapun metode penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian normatif yuridis, dengan meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder, yang mungkin mencakup bahan hukum primer dan sekunder.
A Discovery or a Misery? The Issuance of Anti-Suit Injunction before WTO Besar, Besar; Zaki, Muhammad Reza Syariffudin; Tanjaya, Steven; Koos, Stefan; Sabilil, Maria Nauli Salsabilah
Brawijaya Law Journal Vol. 10 No. 2 (2023): Current Challenges, Developments and Events in The International Law
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.blj.2023.010.02.03

Abstract

On 27 January 2023, the Dispute Settlement Body established a panel as requested by the European Union in document WT/DS611/5, pursuant to Article 6 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. In fact, the European Union has proposed the formation of a panel according to Article 6 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) to respond to the Action against China's lawsuit against high technology in the European Union. China imposed a preservation measure, Anti-Suit Injunction (ASI), that prohibit patent holder for asserting their rights before non-Chinese courts. Such movement is inconsistent to international principles, namely National Treatment (NT) and Most-Favored-Nation (MFN). As the EU claimed China on the subject of patent use on high technology, this discussion will further dissect the WTO Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Specifically, Article 3 on National Treatment and Article 4 on Most-Favored-Nation Treatment. The issuance of ASI itself is not listed under Appendix 1 of the DSU that regulates laws that are applicable and recognized as WTO norms under a WTO panel. The WTO panel has never adjudicated any cases relating to the issuance of ASI. This questions whether a WTO norm will be formed before the WTO panel and whether or not China has violated the principles of the WTO and the TRIPS Agreement.
Safeguarding Sovereignty: Indonesia's Solution to the Raw Materials Case in WTO Zaki, Muhammad Reza Syariffudin; Armanto, Muhammad Haykal; Albar, Rafsi Azzam Hibatullah; Koos, Stefan
Indonesian Journal of International Law Vol. 20, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Indonesia’s export restriction on raw materials was based upon Law No. 4 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal Mining as amended with Law No. 3 of 2020. January 1st of 2020 marks nickel to be the first mineral to be affected by the raw mineral export ban policy. This measure has sparked a controversy in the international community, as the European Union deemed that this measure is against the principles of the World Trade Organization of nonrestrictive trade policies. This phenomenon was brought to the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO as DS592 – Indonesia Measures Relating to Raw Materials. Although the Indonesian government has lost the case against the European Union, the Indonesian government is adamant on proceeding with this measure to further develop the downstream industry of raw minerals in Indonesia. Since then, Indonesia has filed the appeal for the panel report of the DS592 case and shows no sign of stopping the nationwide export ban on raw minerals, with bauxite, copper, and tin on the horizon. Therefore, the invocation of Article XXI GATT could be used as a strategy to avoid scrutiny from the international community, by invoking a national security exception to implement measures inconsistent to the principles of the WTO. Thus, the Indonesian government is able to protect and secure their nation’s fundamental principal as a sovereign nation with control over its raw materials.
UNILATERALISM AND THE RIO DECLARATION: THE ENDLESS DEBATE ON “TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL” LAW Simbolon, Putu George Matthew; Zaki, Muhammad Reza Syariffudin
TANJUNGPURA LAW JOURNAL Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): VOLUME 10 NUMBER 2, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/tlj.v10i2.105111

Abstract

Abstract   Principle 12 of the Rio Declaration prohibits states from imposing unilateral environmental measures that constitute arbitrary and unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction. The non-binding nature of this principle has triggered WTO disputes on the environment. This dispute is caused by the complaint of the exporting states on the import restrictions imposed for environmental protection. The following research, therefore, questions how states can balance their WTO and environmental obligations. This article answers this question through three layers. The first layer of discussion examines the trade and environmental aspects of the Rio Declaration. The second one examines how international environmental law also obliges cooperation, as does trade law. Finally, the last layer examines the WTO law and the ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change to present the balancing and the importance of cooperation.  The absence of sanctions under the Rio Declaration has led to a prohibition on unilateral environmental measures as a mere political commitment. This endless debate is caused by the provisions under MEAs, which permit unilateralism, although such measures are prohibited under the WTO Agreement and its spirit of international cooperation. To prevent a dispute, states should cooperate in settling environmental issues with transboundary natures. As a recommendation, states should cooperate in multilateral and bilateral platforms related to trade & environment.   Abstrak   Prinsip 12 Deklarasi Rio melarang negara-negara untuk memberlakukan tindakan lingkungan unilateral yang merupakan diskriminasi sewenang-wenang dan tidak dapat dibenarkan atau pembatasan terselubung. Sifat prinsip yang tidak mengikat ini telah memicu sengketa WTO terkait lingkungan hidup. Sengketa ini disebabkan oleh komplain negara eksportir terhadap kebijakan impor mitranya yang ditujukan untuk melindungi lingkungan. Penelitian ini mempertanyakan bagaimana negara-negara dapat menyeimbangkan kewajiban WTO dan lingkungan mereka. Artikel ini menjawab pertanyaan tersebut melalui tiga tahapan. Tahapan pertama meninjau aspek perdagangan dan lingkungan dari Deklarasi Rio. Artikel ini kemudian meninjau kewajiban kerja sama internasional pada perjanjian lingkungan yang memiliki persamaan dengan hukum perdagangan. Terakhir, artikel ini memeriksa hukum WTO dan pendapat hukum ICJ mengenai perubahan iklim dalam mewujudkan keseimbangan dan dalam menjelaskan pentingnya kerja sama. Tidak adanya sanksi dalam Deklarasi Rio telah menyebabkan larangan terhadap tindakan lingkungan unilateral sebagai komitmen politik semata. Perdebatan tanpa akhir ini disebabkan oleh ketentuan dalam MEA yang mengizinkan unilateralisme, meskipun tindakan tersebut dilarang berdasarkan Perjanjian WTO dan semangat kerja sama internasionalnya. Negara-negara perlu bekerja sama dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan lingkungan hidup yang bersifat lintas batas negara, guna mencegah sengketa. Sebagai rekomendasi, kerja sama mengenai perdagangan dan lingkungan harus dilaksanakan pada level bilateral dan multilateral.
Co-Authors Akmal, Muhammad Farhan Albar, Rafsi Azzam Hibatullah Armanto, Muhammad Haykal Besar, Besar Koos, Stefan Ramadiani, Alma Dwi Sabilil, Maria Nauli Salsabilah Simbolon, Putu George Matthew Tanjaya, Steven