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Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksinasi Alkaloid Ekstrak Kulit Kayu Raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus Salwa, Shakhila; Daulay , Anny Sartika; Rahayu , Yayuk Putri; Ridwanto, Ridwanto
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 8 Nomor 3 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.951

Background: Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, including Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre (raru bark), traditionally used to treat diarrhea, malaria, and diabetes. However, scientific validation of its alkaloid compounds and antibacterial potential is still limited. Objective: This study aimed to (1) fractionate alkaloids from raru bark extract using chloroform liquid-liquid extraction, (2) identify alkaloid functional groups via FT-IR spectroscopy, (3) quantify alkaloid levels in ethanol and methanol extracts using UV spectrophotometry, and (4) evaluate their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: The research stages included plant material processing, ethanol/methanol extraction, phytochemical screening, alkaloid fractionation with chloroform, FT-IR analysis, UV spectrophotometry for alkaloid quantification, and antibacterial testing via disc diffusion at 40%, 50%, and 60% concentrations. Results: Alkaloid fractions were successfully isolated, containing functional groups N-H, C-N, C=O, aromatic C=C, and sharp C=O. The methanol extract yielded higher alkaloid levels (21.03 ± 0.10%) than ethanol (18.95 ± 0.09%). The 50% alkaloid fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 21.1 mm (E. coli) and 23.1 mm (S. aureus). Conclusion: Raru bark alkaloids exhibit significant antibacterial effects, with methanol extract demonstrating superior alkaloid content and efficacy.

Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total dari Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) Dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis Ananda , Nadia; Pulungan, Ainil Fithri; Nasution , Haris Munandar; Daulay , Anny Sartika
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 8 Nomor 3 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i3.1023

Background: The use of plants as traditional medicine is supported by their bioactive compounds, particularly secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are known to be rich in these compounds; however, quantitative data, especially in specific fractions, remain limited. Determining the total flavonoid content is essential for the standardization of herbal raw materials. Objective: This study aimed to identify the classes of chemical compounds present in the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves and to determine the total flavonoid content of both samples. Methods: Soursop leaf simplicia was extracted using 70% ethanol by the maceration method. The resulting ethanol extract was then fractionated with ethyl acetate. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify compound classes, while the determination of total flavonoid content was quantitatively analyzed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with quercetin as the standard. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that both the ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The total flavonoid content obtained in the ethanol extract was 31.524 ± 0.1524 mg QE/g, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed a significantly higher content of 41.425 ± 0.1363 mg QE/g. Conclusion: Fractionation with ethyl acetate effectively concentrated flavonoid compounds from the crude soursop leaf extract, as indicated by the higher total flavonoid content in the ethyl acetate fraction. These findings support the potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves as a source of flavonoids for the development of standardized herbal medicines.

Penentuan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etanol kayu kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. ) dan uji antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus . Nuraida, Nuraida; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Daulay , Anny Sartika; Nasution , Haris Munandar
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 7 Nomor 3 (2024)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v7i3.598

Indonesia has a diversity of plant species used as traditional medicine, one of which is yellow wood (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.), this yellow wood is antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antipyretic. It is known that yellow wood contains saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids that can treat malaria, fever, rheumatism and itching. This study aims to determine the value of total flavonoid content contained in yellow wood extract in various ethanol concentrations (50%, 70% and 96%) and to determine the antibacterial inhibition zone in yellow wood extract. The stages of this study include processing plant materials, making ethanol extracts of yellow wood with ethanol concentrations of 50%, 70% and 96% using the maceration method then the extract obtained is concentrated with a rotary evaporator, examining characteristics, phytochemical screening, determining the total flavonoid content of yellow wood extract concentrations (50%, 70% and 96%) by UV-Vis spectrophotometric method and antibacterial test of Staphylococcus aureus by diffusion method. The results showed that ethanol extract of yellow wood contains alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and steroid/terpenoid compounds. The results of the determination of total flavonoid content in yellow wood extract at 50% concentration amounted to 0.815200888 ± 0.02445546 mg QE/g, 70% concentration amounted to 1.0660462967 ± 0.03265799 mg QE/g and at 96% concentration amounted to 1.6781149 ± 0.0085 mg QE/g. Antibacterial test on 96% yellow wood extract obtained an inhibition zone of 18.05 mm with a strong category.

Penetapan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etanol 70% dan ekstrak etil asetat daun sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour)Merr.) secara spektrofotometri UV-Vis Rahmadani , Adevika; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Daulay , Anny Sartika; Nasution , Haris Munandar
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 8 Nomor 1 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i1.751

Sambung nyawa leaves (Gynura procumbens L.) are a simplicia with various medicinal properties. One of the chemical compounds in sambung nyawa leaves that plays a crucial role in treatment is flavonoids. Flavonoids in sambung nyawa leaves have benefits as antihypertensive, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory agents. Different drying methods for simplicia affect the total flavonoid content in the extract.The stages of this research included plant material processing, the preparation of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, characterization tests, phytochemical screening, and the determination of total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract of sambung nyawa leaves using visible spectrophotometry. The extracts of sambung nyawa leaves were made using the maceration method with 70% ethanol and ethyl acetate, and the obtained extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Total flavonoid content was then determined using visible spectrophotometry. Phytochemical screening of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of sambung nyawa leaves revealed the presence of chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract was found to be 6.5149 ± 0.0314 mcg/g of sample, while the ethyl acetate extract had a total flavonoid content of 77.6695 ± 0.1199 mcg/g of sample.

Perbandingan metode ekstraksi maserasi dan sokletasi terhadap kadar fenolik total ekstrak etanol daun sirih (Piper betle L.) secara spektrofotometri visibel. Priyadi, Agus; Harun , Fatur Rahman; Daulay , Anny Sartika; Ridwanto, Ridwanto
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 8 Nomor 1 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i1.818

Betel leaf (Piper betle L) is a plant widely used as a traditional medicine capable of treating various diseases without causing side effects due to bioactive compounds, one of which is phenolic. This research aims to identify the chemical compounds present in the ethanol extract and determine the total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of betel leaf (Piper betle L). The research method employed is an experimental approach, which includes plant material processing, ethanol extract preparation through maceration and Soxhlet extraction, characterization analysis, phytochemical screening, and determination of the total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of betel leaf using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The betel leaf extract was prepared using maceration and Soxhlet extraction. The obtained extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Subsequently, the total phenolic content was determined using Visible Spectrophotometry. The phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of betel leaf revealed the presence of chemical compound groups such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids or triterpenoids, and glycosides. Total phenolic content was determined by determining the wavelength of gallic acid and operating time, measuring the gallic acid calibration curve, and calculating the total phenolic content using visible spectrophotometry. The results of the total phenolic content determination for the maceration extract were 19.61 ± 0.19716 mg GAE/g, and for the Soxhlet extraction, it was 29.79 ± 1.91040 mg GAE/g.

Uji toksisitas menggunakan metode BSLT dan uji antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli ekstrak dan fraksi batang karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) Siregar , Anisah; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Daulay , Anny Sartika; Nasution , Haris Munandar
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 8 Nomor 1 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i1.822

Natural ingredients have been widely used in medicine, commonly referred to as "back to nature," meaning "kembali ke alam." Herbal medicine is recognized as one of the most practical and effective treatment modalities available. One medicinal plant is the stem of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk., which belongs to the Myrtaceae family and has the potential as an antibacterial remedy. To ensure traditional medicine fulfills its responsibility, scientific research, such as toxicity testing, is necessary. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) is a preliminary test to assess the toxic effects of plants. This study aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds, toxicity levels, and antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa stem. The study includes characterization, phytochemical screening, and toxicity testing by observing the mortality rate of Artemia salina Leach larvae, expressed as LC50. Antibacterial testing against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was conducted using the disc diffusion method. The results of phytochemical screening of simplicia powder, ethanol extract, and n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa stem tested positive for alkaloids and triterpenoids/steroids. Simplicia powder, ethanol extract, and the ethyl acetate fraction also contained secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The toxicity test results using probit analysis showed that the LC50 value of the extract was 97.6787 µg/mL, the LC50 value of the ethyl acetate fraction was 71.4331 µg/mL, and the LC50 value of the n-hexane fraction was 57.4910 µg/mL. Therefore, it can be concluded that the extract and the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa stem are toxic. The antibacterial test results showed that the extract and the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Uji toksisitas menggunakan metode BSLT dan uji antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli ekstrak dan fraksi daun karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) Sagala , Vipi Zetiara; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Daulay , Anny Sartika; Pulungan , Ainil Fithri
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 8 Nomor 1 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v8i1.823

Karamunting leaves are a Myrtaceae family plant used as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, and antibacterial. This research aimed to determine secondary metabolite compounds, toxicity effects, and antibacterial activity in extracts and fractions of karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) leaves. This research includes characteristics, phytochemical screening, a BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method toxicity test, and an antibacterial test using the paper disc method. Toxicity tests were carried out with concentrations of (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000) µg/mL, and antibacterial tests against staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were carried out with concentrations of 10, 20 and 30%. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction results contain alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids or steroids, tannins, and saponins. And the n-hexane fraction contains triterpenoids or steroids. Toxicity test of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate of karamunting leaves (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) has a toxic effect on Artemia Salina Leach. In the ethanol extract, an LC50 value of 92.593 µg/mL was obtained, followed by the n-hexane fraction with an LC50 value of 153.3829 µg/mL. Then, the ethyl acetate fraction LC50 value was 75.9328 µg/mL. LC50 value. Based on the results obtained from the ethanol extract, the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of caramunting leaves (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) were classified in the toxic category, and the antibacterial test of the ethanol extract, the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of caramunting leaves (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The most potent inhibitory power was found in the ethyl acetate fraction with a concentration of 30% against staphylococcus aureus 16.1 mm and Escherichia coli 17.1 mm in the strong category.

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