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All Journal Scientia Psychiatrica Scientific Journal of Pediatrics Sriwijaya Journal of Internal Medicine Sriwijaya Journal of Neurology
Muhammad Ashraf
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Dentistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Public Health

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Burning Mouth Syndrome: Exploring the Role of Central Sensitization and Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms in Bandung, Indonesia Muhammad Ashraf; Syaifudin Syaifudin; Andhika Kurnianta Kusuma; Duru Carissa Neuer; Eduardo Michael Perez
Sriwijaya Journal of Neurology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Sriwijaya Journal of Neurology
Publisher : Phlox Institute: Indonesian Medical Research Organization

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59345/sjn.v2i2.170

Abstract

Introduction: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain condition characterized by a burning sensation in the oral cavity without any identifiable clinical or laboratory findings. While the etiology of BMS remains unclear, central sensitization and neuropathic pain mechanisms are increasingly recognized as potential contributors. This study aimed to investigate the role of central sensitization and neuropathic pain in BMS patients in Bandung, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 40 participants diagnosed with BMS according to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) criteria and 40 healthy controls. All participants underwent comprehensive assessments, including: (1) clinical oral examination, (2) quantitative sensory testing (QST) to assess thermal and mechanical sensitivity, (3) questionnaires to evaluate pain intensity, quality of life, anxiety, and depression, and (4) measurement of salivary cortisol levels as a marker of stress. Results: BMS patients exhibited significantly higher thermal and mechanical sensitivity compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). They also reported significantly higher pain intensity, poorer quality of life, and increased levels of anxiety and depression (p<0.001). Salivary cortisol levels were significantly elevated in the BMS group (p<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between pain intensity and QST parameters, anxiety, depression, and salivary cortisol levels. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that central sensitization and neuropathic pain mechanisms play a significant role in the pathophysiology of BMS in Bandung, Indonesia. These findings highlight the need for a multidisciplinary approach to BMS management, incorporating strategies to address both peripheral and central factors contributing to pain.
The Impact of Severe Mental Illness (SMI) on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL): A Mixed-Methods Study in Surabaya, Indonesia Syaifudin Syaifudin; Duru Carissa Neuer; Muhammad Ashraf; Aprilia Sari
Scientia Psychiatrica Vol. 6 No. 3 (2025): Scientia Psychiatrica
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/scipsy.v6i1.184

Abstract

Introduction: Severe Mental Illness (SMI) often leads to neglect of personal care, including oral hygiene, and may be associated with specific oral health challenges. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of SMI on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in a population in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 120 participants with SMI (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder with psychotic features) recruited from a tertiary psychiatric hospital and community mental health centers in Surabaya, and 120 age- and sex-matched controls without SMI. OHRQoL was assessed quantitatively using the Indonesian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a subset of 30 participants with SMI to explore their experiences and perceptions regarding oral health. Oral examinations were performed on all participants to assess Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, Community Periodontal Index (CPI), and presence of oral mucosal lesions. Results: Participants with SMI had significantly higher mean OHIP-14 scores (32.5 ± 8.2) compared to controls (14.1 ± 4.5) (p < 0.001), indicating poorer OHRQoL. The DMFT index was also significantly higher in the SMI group (12.8 ± 3.7) compared to controls (6.2 ± 2.1) (p < 0.001), and CPI scores indicated worse periodontal health in the SMI group. Qualitative analysis revealed key themes: barriers to accessing dental care (financial constraints, fear, lack of transportation), challenges with daily oral hygiene practices (forgetfulness, lack of motivation, side effects of medication), and limited awareness of the importance of oral health. Conclusion: Individuals with SMI in Surabaya, Indonesia, experience significantly poorer OHRQoL compared to the general population. This is associated with poorer objective oral health status and multiple, interlinked barriers to care. Integrated mental health and oral health services, tailored interventions to improve oral hygiene practices, and increased awareness campaigns are crucial to address this disparity.
Early Childhood Feeding Practices and the Development of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC): A Prospective Cohort Study in Medan, Indonesia Andhika Kurnianta Kusuma; Muhammad Ashraf; Yi-Fen Huang; Aprilia Sari; Firman Hadi; Sohyuk Kim
Scientific Journal of Pediatrics Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Scientific Journal of Pediatrics
Publisher : Phlox Institute: Indonesian Medical Research Organization

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59345/sjped.v2i2.175

Abstract

Introduction: Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a significant public health problem, particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. Early childhood feeding practices are recognized as major risk factors, but prospective data from specific regions like Medan, Indonesia, are limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between various feeding practices and the development of S-ECC in a cohort of children in Medan. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 450 mother-child dyads recruited from Posyandu (integrated health posts) in Medan, Indonesia. Baseline data on maternal demographics, socioeconomic status, oral health knowledge, and infant feeding practices were collected via questionnaires and interviews. Children were followed up at 6-month intervals for 36 months. Dental examinations were performed by calibrated dentists using the dmft index (decayed, missing, filled teeth) to diagnose S-ECC. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the association between feeding practices and S-ECC development, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The incidence of S-ECC at 36 months was 38.2% (n=172). Prolonged bottle feeding (beyond 12 months) (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 2.15; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.55-2.98; p<0.001), nocturnal bottle feeding with sweetened liquids (HR = 2.85; 95% CI: 2.01-4.03; p<0.001), and frequent consumption of sugary snacks/drinks (≥3 times/day) (HR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.38-2.67; p<0.001) were significantly associated with an increased risk of S-ECC. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months showed a protective effect (HR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.45-0.86; p=0.004), even after adjusting for socioeconomic status and maternal oral health knowledge. Conclusion: This study confirms the significant impact of early childhood feeding practices on S-ECC development in Medan, Indonesia. Prolonged and nocturnal bottle feeding, particularly with sweetened liquids, and frequent consumption of sugary snacks/drinks were key risk factors. Promoting exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and educating mothers about appropriate feeding practices are crucial for S-ECC prevention in this population.
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) as a Predictor of Periodontal Disease Progression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study in Surabaya, Indonesia Alexander Mulya; Muhammad Ashraf; Muhammad Yoshandi; Ayesh Mahmood; Daphne Marshall
Sriwijaya Journal of Internal Medicine Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Sriwijaya Journal of Internal Medicine
Publisher : Phlox Institute: Indonesian Medical Research Organization

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59345/sjim.v2i2.178

Abstract

Introduction: Periodontal disease is a prevalent complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and poor glycemic control is a known risk factor. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the predictive value of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for periodontal disease progression in a cohort of T2DM patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at private hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from January 2021 to January 2023. 180 patients with T2DM and pre-existing chronic periodontitis were enrolled. Periodontal parameters, including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque index (PI), were assessed at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. HbA1c was measured at each visit. Multivariate linear regression and mixed-effects models were used to analyze the association between HbA1c and changes in periodontal parameters over time, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The mean age of participants was 58.5 ± 8.2 years, and 55% were female. Baseline mean HbA1c was 8.2 ± 1.5%. After adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, diabetes duration, and baseline periodontal parameters, higher baseline HbA1c was significantly associated with greater increases in PPD (β = 0.15 mm per 1% HbA1c increase, 95% CI: 0.08-0.22, p < 0.001) and CAL (β = 0.18 mm per 1% HbA1c increase, 95% CI: 0.10-0.26, p < 0.001) over 24 months. Furthermore, sustained elevation of HbA1c (average HbA1c over 24 months) was a stronger predictor of periodontal disease progression than baseline HbA1c alone. A significant interaction between HbA1c and time was observed (p < 0.001), indicating that the effect of HbA1c on periodontal parameters increased over time. Conclusion: HbA1c is a significant independent predictor of periodontal disease progression in patients with T2DM. Sustained glycemic control is crucial for preventing and managing periodontal complications in this population. These findings highlight the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between internists and dentists in the comprehensive care of T2DM patients.
Co-Authors Alexander Mulya Andhika Kurnianta Kusuma Aprilia Sari Ayesh Mahmood Daphne Marshall Duru Carissa Neuer Eduardo Michael Perez Firman Hadi Muhammad Yoshandi Sohyuk Kim Syaifudin Yi-Fen Huang