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All Journal MIX : Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Optimum: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan
Effendi, Adang Djatnika
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Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Social Sciences

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Simultaneous Toll Road Public Infrastructure and its Transaction Volume in Non-Taxable State Revenue a Case Study at PT. Hutama Karya Persero Effendi, Adang Djatnika; Patronimik, Baktybek; Judijanto, Loso; Sujoko, Sujoko; Christianto, Reinardus Dwi Prio
MIX: JURNAL ILMIAH MANAJEMEN Vol 15, No 2 (2025): MIX : Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/jurnal_mix.2025.v15i2.006

Abstract

Objectives: Toll roads are vital transportation infrastructure in improving connectivity between regions in Indonesia. Apart from being a means of transportation, toll roads also contribute to state revenue through non-tax state revenue (PNBP). However, there are still limitations in understanding the extent to which toll road length and traffic volume affect PNBP.Methodology: This research uses a quantitative approach with descriptive methods. The data used is time series data from 2013 to 2023 which includes toll road length, traffic volume, and PNBP managed by PT Hutama Karya (Persero). The analysis was carried out using linear regression to test the relationship between these variables.Finding: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the length of toll roads and traffic volume to PNBP. The increase in toll road length and traffic volume simultaneously contributes to the increase in PNBP. In addition, toll road construction also has a positive impact on local economic growth and economic diversification of communities around toll roads.Conclusion: Toll roads not only serve as a means of transportation, but also a significant source of state revenue. Therefore, this study recommends strategies to improve the efficiency of toll road infrastructure management to optimize PNBP revenue and encourage broader economic growth.
The role of imports, exchange rates, and reserve stability in driving Indonesia’s export performance Syahrullah, Azmi Fawwaz; Effendi, Adang Djatnika; Sutanto, Herry
Optimum: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/optimum.v16i1.15536

Abstract

Indonesia’s export performance is shaped by various macroeconomic factors that represent both the country’s production capabilities and broader external economic conditions. This study explores how exchange rates, imports, and foreign exchange reserves influence Indonesia’s export activities. In contrast to many earlier studies that examined these variables individually, this research brings them together in one empirical framework to better understand their joint impact on export performance. The analysis is based on annual time-series data from 1995 to 2024, sourced from the World Bank database. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied to identify both short-run dynamics and long-run relationships among the variables. Prior to estimation, several econometric procedures are conducted, including unit root testing, optimal lag selection based on the Akaike Information Criterion, bounds testing for cointegration, and diagnostic tests to ensure model reliability. The empirical findings indicate that imports have a positive and statistically significant impact on Indonesia’s exports in both the short term and the long term. Meanwhile, the exchange rate does not appear to have a significant direct influence on export performance. Foreign exchange reserves, on the other hand, show a positive relationship with exports, although the statistical strength of this effect is relatively weaker. Overall, these results suggest that ensuring the availability of imported production inputs and maintaining macroeconomic stability are important factors in supporting sustainable export growth in Indonesia.  
Co-Authors Christianto, Reinardus Dwi Prio Judijanto, Loso Patronimik, Baktybek Sujoko Sujoko Sutanto, Herry Syahrullah, Azmi Fawwaz