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The Power Imbalance Personified: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Senior-to-Junior Bullying in Indonesia's Medical Residency Programs Alex Putra Pratama; Henry Clifford; Ahmad Erza; Ericca Dominique Perez; Fakhrul Setiobudi; Dedi Affandi; Lestini Wulansari; Fachrudin Sani; Vita Amanda; Zahra Amir
Enigma in Education Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Enigma in Education
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/edu.v3i1.92

Bullying within medical residency is a pervasive global issue with severe consequences for residents' mental health and patient safety. In Indonesia, where hierarchical structures in medicine are deeply entrenched, senior-to-junior bullying is a significant yet under-investigated problem. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence, forms, and lived experiences of bullying perpetrated by senior residents against their junior counterparts in Indonesian medical residency programs. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed. In the quantitative phase, an anonymous online survey was distributed to 584 junior medical residents across five major teaching hospitals in Indonesia. The survey included the validated Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) and questions on demographics and specialty. In the qualitative phase, 25 junior residents who reported high levels of bullying were purposively selected for in-depth, semi-structured interviews to explore their experiences. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. Quantitatively, 81.3% (n=475) of junior residents reported experiencing at least one bullying behaviour weekly. The most common forms were work-related, such as excessive workloads and meaningless tasks, and personal humiliation. Year of residency was significantly associated with bullying exposure. Qualitatively, four major themes emerged: (1) ‘The Hierarchy as an Unassailable Mandate for Abuse’; (2) ‘The Pedagogy of Fear: Bullying as a Misguided Educational Tool’; (3) ‘Silent Suffering and the Armour of Complicity’; and (4) ‘The Perpetuating Cycle: Victims on a Trajectory to Becoming Perpetrators’. The qualitative findings revealed that bullying was often rationalised by seniors as a necessary part of medical training. In conclusion, senior-to-junior bullying is alarmingly prevalent and deeply embedded in the culture of Indonesian medical residency programs. It is personified through a profound power imbalance, rationalised as an educational necessity, and sustained by a culture of silence. Urgent, multi-level interventions focusing on systemic change, faculty training, and robust confidential reporting systems are imperative to dismantle this destructive cycle.

Plutocracy in the Protocol: A Quantitative Triangulation of Power Concentration in Decentralized Finance Governance Arya Ganendra; Neva Dian Permana; Muhammad Faiz; Henry Clifford
Enigma in Economics Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Enigma in Economics
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/economy.v3i2.104

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) proposes a paradigm shift towards a democratized financial ecosystem governed by its users. This vision of decentralization is predicated on the distribution of governance tokens. However, the verity of this claim lacks rigorous empirical validation, raising concerns about a potential "decentralization illusion." This study quantitatively investigates the concentration of governance power within leading DeFi protocols to empirically test this narrative. We employed a multi-faceted quantitative triangulation framework using on-chain data from three archetypal DeFi protocols, selected to represent the core sectors of the ecosystem: a lending market (ProtoLend), a decentralized exchange (ProtoSwap), and a yield aggregator (ProtoYield). Our methodology integrates: (1) Empirical Network Analysis based on on-chain voting power delegation to map the topology of influence; (2) Economic Inequality Metrics, including the Gini Coefficient and Lorenz Curve Analysis, to quantify the distribution of governance tokens; and (3) Systemic Risk Assessment via the Nakamoto Coefficient to determine the minimum number of colluding actors required for a 51% governance attack. The empirical network analysis revealed a distinct core-periphery topology across all protocols, indicative of highly centralized influence structures. This was substantiated by extreme economic inequality, with Gini coefficients of 0.91 for ProtoLend, 0.95 for ProtoSwap, and 0.89 for ProtoYield. Lorenz curves visually confirmed that a minuscule fraction of holders controls the vast majority of voting power. The Nakamoto coefficients were critically low, calculated at 8 for ProtoLend, 5 for ProtoSwap, and 11 for ProtoYield, exposing profound vulnerabilities to collusion and capture. In conclusion, our findings provide robust, triangulated evidence of a pervasive "decentralization illusion" within DeFi. Governance power is not distributed but is instead highly concentrated, replicating the plutocratic power dynamics of traditional finance. This concentration poses significant systemic risks and fundamentally challenges the core value proposition of the DeFi ecosystem.

The Fault Lines of Modernity: A Mixed-Methods Autopsy of State Power, Social Resistance, and Identity Dialectics in Indonesia's New Capital Project Amir Serikova; Henry Clifford; Muhammad Faiz
Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 8 No. 4 (2025): Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/oaijss.v8i4.295

The state-led relocation of Indonesia's capital to Nusantara (IKN) is a monumental project framed as a leap into a sustainable future. However, this top-down imposition of modernity is creating deep social fissures on the ground. This study conducts a sociological autopsy of the IKN development, dissecting the intricate mechanisms of resistance, displacement, and identity formation among affected communities. We employed a concurrent embedded mixed-methods design in North Penajam Paser, East Kalimantan (Jan 2024–Mar 2025). A structured survey was administered to 500 households, selected via a multi-stage sampling process, to quantify displacement anxieties and resistance participation. This was triangulated with 50 in-depth interviews with community leaders, displaced residents, and officials. Quantitative data were analyzed using t-tests and a Negative Binomial regression model to identify predictors of resistance, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Survey data revealed profound anxiety, with indigenous communities reporting significantly higher distress levels (t(498) = 10.2, p < 0.001). The Negative Binomial regression identified indigenous status (IRR=3.45, p<0.001), reliance on agro-forestry (IRR=2.88, p<0.001), and higher anxiety scores (IRR=1.12, p<0.001) as significant predictors of increased participation in resistance activities. Qualitative findings uncovered a sophisticated "tripartite arsenal" of resistance (symbolic, material, legal) and documented the emergence of a "Janus-faced" state, perceived as both coercively present and procedurally absent. In conclusion, the IKN project is a site of intense social struggle where competing modernities collide. State-led development, without genuine participation, engenders resilient and adaptive forms of social resistance and catalyzes a dialectical process of identity politicization. We argue that IKN risks becoming a landscape of exclusionary modernity unless a fundamental shift towards rights-based development is enacted.

The Fault Lines of Modernity: A Mixed-Methods Autopsy of State Power, Social Resistance, and Identity Dialectics in Indonesia's New Capital Project Amir Serikova; Henry Clifford; Muhammad Faiz
Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 8 No. 4 (2025): Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/oaijss.v8i4.295

The state-led relocation of Indonesia's capital to Nusantara (IKN) is a monumental project framed as a leap into a sustainable future. However, this top-down imposition of modernity is creating deep social fissures on the ground. This study conducts a sociological autopsy of the IKN development, dissecting the intricate mechanisms of resistance, displacement, and identity formation among affected communities. We employed a concurrent embedded mixed-methods design in North Penajam Paser, East Kalimantan (Jan 2024–Mar 2025). A structured survey was administered to 500 households, selected via a multi-stage sampling process, to quantify displacement anxieties and resistance participation. This was triangulated with 50 in-depth interviews with community leaders, displaced residents, and officials. Quantitative data were analyzed using t-tests and a Negative Binomial regression model to identify predictors of resistance, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Survey data revealed profound anxiety, with indigenous communities reporting significantly higher distress levels (t(498) = 10.2, p < 0.001). The Negative Binomial regression identified indigenous status (IRR=3.45, p<0.001), reliance on agro-forestry (IRR=2.88, p<0.001), and higher anxiety scores (IRR=1.12, p<0.001) as significant predictors of increased participation in resistance activities. Qualitative findings uncovered a sophisticated "tripartite arsenal" of resistance (symbolic, material, legal) and documented the emergence of a "Janus-faced" state, perceived as both coercively present and procedurally absent. In conclusion, the IKN project is a site of intense social struggle where competing modernities collide. State-led development, without genuine participation, engenders resilient and adaptive forms of social resistance and catalyzes a dialectical process of identity politicization. We argue that IKN risks becoming a landscape of exclusionary modernity unless a fundamental shift towards rights-based development is enacted.

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