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All Journal AMPLITUDO: Journal of Science & Technology Innovation Journal of Material Science and Radiation
Shaari, Abdul Halim
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Automotive Engineering Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Materials Science & Nanotechnology Physics

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Influence of Carbon Nanotubes in Improving the Superconducting and Structural Properties of Bulk Bi-2212 Synthesis by Thermal Treatment Method Sukor, Safia Izzati Abd; Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Awang; Kamarudin, Aliah Nursyahirah; Shaari, Abdul Halim; Kien, Chen Soo; Pah, Lim Kean; Shariff, Khairul Khaizi Mohd; Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi; Yaakob, Yazid; Karim, Muhammad Khalis Abdul; Doyan, Aris
AMPLITUDO : Journal of Science and Technology Innovation Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): August
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56566/amplitudo.v3i2.224

Abstract

Bi-2212 superconductor has garnered significant interest in recent years due to its potential applications in the development of superconducting wires and tapes. The effect of introducing carbon nanotubes (CNT) into the Bi-2212 system was investigated in terms of superconducting and structural properties. The results of this study indicated that the addition of CNTs had a notable effect on the phase formation of Bi-2212,  with a substantial increase from 86.8% to 97.4% for the sample with a weight percentage of 0.8 wt.%.  This can be attributed to the improved particle orientation brought about by the introduction of CNTs.  The microstructure analysis displayed randomly distributed grains of irregular shapes, with a reduced average grain size of 1.018 μm upon the addition of 0.4 wt.% CNTs. Additionally, the inclusion of CNTs led to an increase in the Tc value, with the maximum Tc-onset recorded at 79 K for the sample containing 0.6 wt.% CNTs.  In summary CNT has enhanced the structural  and the superconducting properties of the Bi-2212 synthesised with thermal treatment method.
Comparative Characterisation of Structural and Superconducting Properties of Y-123 and Y-247 Synthesised by Thermal Treatment at 980 °C Yap, Siew Hong; Er, Tai Pao; Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Awang; Karim, Muhammad Khalis Abdul; Baqiah, Hussien; Chen, Soo Kien; Lim, Kean Pah; Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi; Hapipi, Nurhidayah Mohd; Kamarudin, Aliah Nursyahirah; Mohamed, Arebat Ryad Alhadei; Doyan, Aris; Shaari, Abdul Halim
Journal of Material Science and Radiation Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56566/jmsr.v1i3.425

Abstract

This study presents a comparative analysis of the structural and superconducting properties of YBa₂Cu₃O₇−δ (Y-123) and Y₂Ba₄Cu₇O₁₅−δ (Y-247) superconductors synthesised via a thermal treatment method at 980 °C. Metal nitrates were used as starting precursors, with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) serving as a capping agent to enhance dispersion and control microstructure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that Y-123 and Y-247 were the dominant phases in their respective samples, although minor peaks of BaCuO₂ were detected, indicating the presence of secondary phases. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that Y-247 exhibited larger grain morphology and higher porosity than Y-123, suggesting that the chosen sintering temperature exceeds the thermal stability range for the Y-247 phase. Electrical resistivity measurements showed a single superconducting transition for both samples, with Y-123 exhibiting a sharper transition width (ΔTc = 8.1 K) compared to Y-247, indicating better grain connectivity and phase uniformity. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) supported the elemental presence of Y, Ba, Cu, and O in both samples, though variations in stoichiometry were attributed to secondary phases. The observed expansion in the c-axis lattice of Y-247, combined with its higher porosity, points to oxygen loss during sintering, which contributes to the reduced superconducting performance. Overall, the results confirm that both Y-123 and Y-247 can be successfully synthesised using a simple and environmentally friendly thermal treatment method. However, Y-123 exhibits better structural integrity and superconducting performance at the high sintering temperature of 980 °C, making it a more promising candidate for large-scale production of bulk high-temperature superconductors.
Comparative Study of Y123 Superconductors Synthesized Under Open Air and Oxygen Flow Conditions Kamarudin, Aliah Nursyahirah; Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Awang; Khairudin, Muhammad Azri; Kien, Chen Soo; Pah, Lim Kean; Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi; Shaari, Abdul Halim
Journal of Material Science and Radiation Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56566/jmsr.v1i3.426

Abstract

YBa₂Cu₃O₇₋δ (Y123) superconductors is a widely studied high-temperature superconductor due to its high critical temperature, Tc and strong flux pinning properties. In this study, Y123 samples were synthesized via a thermal treatment method under two sintering conditions which were open air and oxygen flow. Structural, microstructural, and superconducting properties were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and AC susceptibility measurements. XRD analysis revealed that all Y123 samples exhibited predominantly Y123 phase with orthorhombic structure, with minor secondary phases. The Y123 sample prepared in an open-air condition exhibited larger grain size (0.698 µm), lower porosity, and fewer impurities compared to sample prepared in the oxygen flow condition. AC susceptibility showed a higher Tc-onset exhibited at 92.1 K in the open-air sample, indicating better grain connectivity. These results suggest that open-air sintering offers a simpler, cost-effective route for enhancing Y123 superconductor performance.
Influence of Sintering Temperatures on Pr0.7Ba0.3MnO3 Prepared Using Thermal Treatment Method Hon, Xiao Tong; Lim, Kean Pah; Lau, Lik Nguong; Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Awang; Chen, Soo Kien; Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi; Hapipi, Nurhidayah Mohd; Rohiat, Najihah; Shaari, Abdul Halim
Journal of Material Science and Radiation Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56566/jmsr.v1i3.478

Abstract

In this work, Pr0.7Ba0.3MnO3 (PBMO) was synthesised using a thermal treatment method with sintering temperature ranging from 800 °C to 1100 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of pure PBMO phase at 1100 °C, while lower sintering temperatures led to the presence of secondary phase, particularly Pr(Mn2O5). Microstructural analysis revealed significant grain growth with rising sintering temperatures, accompanied by enhanced crystallinity and reduced secondary phases. Magnetic measurements indicated ferromagnetic behaviour at room temperature for all samples. However, the electrical resistivity demonstrates an unexpected increase with sintering temperature, attributed to the influence of secondary phase at lower sintering temperatures and grain growth in the pure PBMO phase at higher sintering temperatures. Additionally, microstructural defects such as oxygen non-stoichiometry or porosity might further contribute to the suppression of the metal-insulator transition temperature. Overall, this study highlights the significant role of sintering temperatures in controlling the phase purity, microstructure and physical behaviour of PBMO samples, offering valuable insights for their potential applications in spintronics or magnetic sensing devices.
Influence of Sintering Temperature on Phase Formation and Superconducting Properties of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ via Thermal Treatment Method Khaidir , Rahayu Emilia Mohamed; Kamarudin, Aliah Nursyahirah; Awang Kechik, Mohd Mustafa; Kien, Chen Soo; Pah, Lim Kean; Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi; Karim, Muhammad Khalis Abdul; Doyan, Aris; Shaari, Abdul Halim
Journal of Material Science and Radiation Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

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Abstract

High-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) was successfully prepared using a thermal treatment method, starting with nitrate-based precursors. This study focused on how different sintering temperatures affect the material’s critical temperature, Tc. The process began with a pre-calcination step at 600 °C for 12 hours, followed by calcination at 820 °C for 24 hours. After that, the powder was pressed into pellets and sintered at 830 °C, 840 °C, 850 °C, and 860 °C, each for 24 hours. The Tc-onset values increased with sintering temperature, reaching 50 K at 830 °C, 65 K at 840 °C, and 78 K at 850 °C. SEM images showed closely packed, flake-like grains around 2 μm in size, while XRD analysis confirmed that the sample sintered at 850 °C had the highest Bi-2212 phases as a major phase. Thus, this work outlines the practical steps of the thermal treatment approach and shows how adjusting the sintering temperature can significantly influence the superconducting performance and phase formation of Bi-2212
Safety Evaluation of MRI Magnetic Field Leakage from Different Configurations Hong, Yap Siew; Nordin, Siti Aisyah Mohd; Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Awang; Karim, Muhammad Khalis Abdul; Ramli, Zarina; Baqjiah, Hussien; Chen, Soo Kien; Lim, Kean Pah; Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi; Kamarudin, Aliah Nursyahirah; Doyan, Aris; Mohamed, Arebat Ryad Alhadei; Shaari, Abdul Halim
Journal of Material Science and Radiation Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

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Abstract

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems generate intense static magnetic fields (SMFs), with fringe field propagation varying considerably between installations, even among scanners that operate at the same nominal field strength. This study investigates the safety implications of magnetic field leakage by quantifying and comparing SMFs distributions surrounding multiple MRI facilities. The assessment covers 1.5 T MRI scanners at Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM) and Hospital Pakar Kanak-Kanak UKM (HPKK), and 3 T scanners at the National Cancer Institute / Institut Kanser Negara (IKN), Pusat Pengimejan Diagnostik Nuklear (PPDN), and HCTM. Magnetic field intensities were recorded using a Magnetometer HP-01 provided by the Medical Radiation Surveillance Division (BKRP), Ministry of Health Malaysia, and visualised using MATLAB to model spatial field dispersion. Statistical tools, including Box and Whisker plots and the Shapiro-Wilk test, were employed to analyse magnetic field uniformity and containment. Specifically, 1.5 T scanners at HCTM and HPKK, and 3.0 T scanners at IKN, PPDN, and HCTM, each displayed distinct SMFs propagation profiles. These findings align with earlier studies conducted in Italy, confirming that magnetic field distributions near the magnet core can differ substantially based on scanner model and site-specific installation variables—even when B₀ remains constant. Notably, HCTM exhibited superior SMFs confinement, with lower standard deviation and a narrower distribution range, suggesting better shielding design. This enhances occupational safety in zones where radiographers frequently operate. The results reinforce the need for site-specific SMFs assessments and optimised shielding practices to maintain safe MRI environments for both staff and patients
Effect of SnO2 Addition on YBCO Superconducting Properties through Thermal Treatment Method Kamarudin, Aliah Nursyahirah; Yeow, Tan Kar; Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Awang; Kien, Chen Soo; Pah, Lim Kean; Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi; Hapipi, Nurhidayah Mohd; Karim, Muhammad Khalis Abdul; Doyan, Aris; Hong, Yap Siew; Shaari, Abdul Halim
Journal of Material Science and Radiation Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

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Abstract

In this study, YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) superconductors were synthesized using a thermal treatment method with the addition of 1.0 wt. % SnO₂. The synthesis of YBCO employed nitrate-based precursors and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent to enhance homogeneity during the synthesis process. All samples were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Four-point probe (4PP). TGA results of the pure YBCO sample confirmed the complete transformation of nitrate-based precursors into oxide forms prior to the formation of the YBCO phase. XRD pattern revealed that Y123 as a major phase and Y124 as a minor phase in all samples with orthorhombic crystal structure were preserved. However, the peak intensity of the Y123 was pronounced with the addition of the SnO2 sample, suggesting the enhancement phase formation due to the presence of SnO₂. The electrical resistivity measures revealed a sharp superconducting transition in all samples. However, the reduction in superconducting transition temperatures for the SnO2 addition were observed where the Tc-onset decreased from 91.70 K to 89.25 K for the YBCO and YBCO + 1.0 wt.% of SnO2, respectively. This also exhibited the broadening of transition width, ΔTc indicating the suppression of superconducting properties with SnO₂ inclusion. SEM analysis showed notable differences in microstructure. The pure YBCO sample exhibited a larger average grain size of 1.32 µm, while the YBCO + 1.0 wt. % SnO2 sample formed small and rounded grains with smoother edges, potentially impacting intergranular connectivity and charge transport. Therefore, the addition of 1.0 wt. % SnO2 to YBCO enhanced the formation of the Y123 phase but adversely affected the superconducting transition temperature and microstructural features. These findings highlight the dual role of SnO2 in promoting phase purity while modifying grain morphology and electrical performance, offering insight into the optimization of dopants in high-temperature superconductors
Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Phase Formation and Superconducting Properties of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 Ceramics Synthesised via Co-Precipitation Hapipi, Nurhidayah Mohd; Chen, Soo Kien; Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Awang; Lim, Kean Pah; Shaari, Abdul Halim; Baharuddin, Nor Atikah; Khalid, Nurul Auni; Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi; Tan, Kar Ban; Lee, Oon Jew
Journal of Material Science and Radiation Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56566/jmsr.v1i2.387

Abstract

In this work, (Bi, Pb)-2223 superconducting ceramics with the nominal composition Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 were synthesised via the co-precipitation method and sintered at temperatures of 845 °C, 850 °C, and 855 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the dominance of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 phase with minor traces of secondary phases, Ca2PbO4 (dicalcium lead (IV) oxide). An increase in sintering temperature led to a larger average grain size and reduced intergranular voids. Electrical resistivity measurements using the four-point probe method revealed the highest superconducting transition temperature (Tc onset = 104 K) for samples sintered at 845 °C. Higher sintering temperatures reduced the value of Tc onset and resulted in a wider transition width, ΔTc. These findings highlight the critical influence of sintering temperature on the structural and microstructural properties, which in turn govern the superconducting performance of (Bi, Pb)-2223 ceramics.
A Modified Thermal Decomposition Approach for The Synthesis of Phase-Pure YBa₂Cu₃O₇−δ Superconductor Dzul-Kifli, Nur Athirah Che; Zakaria, Nurul Zafirah; Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Awang; Kien, Chen Soo; Pah, Lim Kean; Shaari, Abdul Halim; Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi; Doyan, Aris; Hong, Yap Siew; Hapipi, Nur Hidayah Mohd
Journal of Material Science and Radiation Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Balai Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56566/jmsr.v2i1.694

Abstract

High temperature superconductor of YBa2Cu3O7-δ (Y-123) has been synthesised using the modified thermal decomposition method (MTD). In this work, a pure Y-123 sample is produced using an acetate-based material as a precursor and sintered at 980 oC. The study on the phase formation, superconducting properties and microstructural characteristics of pure Y-123 was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), four-point probe (4PP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase orthorhombic Y-123 crystal structure with an orthorhombicity of 0.008, indicating high phase purity without detectable impurity phases. Electrical measurements revealed a sharp superconducting transition with a critical onset temperature, Tc-onset of 97.3. SEM observations showed plate-like grains with an average grain size of 2.25 µm and good grain connectivity. These results demonstrate that the modified thermal decomposition technique is an effective approach for producing phase-pure YBCO superconductors with excellent structural and superconducting properties, highlighting its potential for advanced superconducting applications
Co-Authors Aris Doyan Awang Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Baharuddin, Nor Atikah Baqiah, Hussien Baqjiah, Hussien Chen, Soo Kien Dzul-Kifli, Nur Athirah Che Er, Tai Pao Hapipi, Nur Hidayah Mohd Hapipi, Nurhidayah Mohd Hon, Xiao Tong Hong, Yap Siew Kamarudin, Aliah Nursyahirah Karim, Muhammad Khalis Abdul Kechik, Mohd Mustafa Awang Khaidir , Rahayu Emilia Mohamed Khairudin, Muhammad Azri Khalid, Nurul Auni Kien, Chen Soo Lau, Lik Nguong Lee, Oon Jew Lim, Kean Pah Mohamed, Arebat Ryad Alhadei Nordin, Siti Aisyah Mohd Pah, Lim Kean Ramli, Zarina Rohiat, Najihah Shabdin, Muhammad Kashfi Shariff, Khairul Khaizi Mohd Sukor, Safia Izzati Abd Tan, Kar Ban Yaakob, Yazid Yap, Siew Hong Yeow, Tan Kar Zakaria, Nurul Zafirah