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Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 95115
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INDONESIA
PHARMACON
Published by Universitas Sam Ratulangi
ISSN : 23022493     EISSN : 27214923     DOI : 10.35799
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacon is the journal published by Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia (P-ISSN: 2302-2493 E-ISSN: 2721-4923). Pharmacon was established in 2012 and published four times a year. Pharmacon is an open access journal and has been indexed by main indexing Google Scholar, GARUDA, Crossref.
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Articles 15 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon" : 15 Documents clear
THE DISCOVERY OF MERCURY-RESISTANT BACTERIA KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE ISOLATED FROM SARIO RIVER ESTUARY THAT CAN BE USED TO DETOXIFY INORGANIK MERCURY WASTES Fatimawali, Fatimawali
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : PHARMACON

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Abstract

Mercury is well known for its high toxicity and strong affinity toward the thiol group of proteins. Mercury-resistant bacteria can  be used for detoxify mercury wastes due to the ability of these bacteria to reduce toxic inorganic mercury into mercury metal which is volatile and less toxic. The aim of this study was the selection of bacterial strains resistant to inorganic mercury, as well as to show their capacity to reduce mercury  in pure culture media Nutrient Broth. Six strains bacteria was isolated  and one of them,  A1.1.1. isolate was selected for its capacity to reduce mercury HgCl2 in culture media nutrient broth. The one bacterial strains belong to the spesies Klebsiella pneumoniae. Inoculated in pure culture, these strain showed a mercury reduction of 75% in 1 hour, 92% in 12 hours, and  99,4% in 24 hours. Therefore, this bacterium could be useful in detoxification of inorganic mercury wastes.   Keywords : Bacteria,  Klebsiella pneumoniae, Hg-resistant, detoxification
FORMULASI GEL EKSTRAK DAUN SASALADAHAN (PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA (L.) H.B.K) DAN UJI EFEKTIVITASNYA TERHADAP LUKA BAKAR PADA KELINCI (ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS) Mappa, Tiara; Edy, Hosea Jaya; Kojong, Novel
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : PHARMACON

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Abstract

Sasaladahan contains saponin, tannin, alkaloid, calcium oxalate, fat, essential oil, flavonoid,steroid, triterpenoid and carbohydrate. Saponin can stimulate the formation of collagen, whiletannin and flavonoid have activity as antiseptic and antibacterial. The aims of this researchwere to determine the quality of Sasaladahan leaves extract gel (Peperomia pellucida (L.)HBK) by varying the concentration of 5%, 10% and 15% and its effect on the healing of burnwound. The quality of gel was test with organoleptic test, homogenity, pH, spreadability andconsistency. The effectiveness test of the gel performed on 5 rabbits were divided into 5treatment groups where each rabbit made 3 burn wound using a hot metal plate with diameterof 20 mm. The first rabbit was given sasaladahan gel with a concentration of 5%, 2nd rabbitgiven sasaladahan gel with a concentration of 10%, 3rd rabbit given sasaladahan gel with aconcentration of 15%, 4th rabbit given a positive control and 5th rabbit given a negativecontrol. The wound diameter be measured every day until day 7. Data were statisticallyanalyzed using One Way Anova. The results show Sasaladahan gel with concentration of 5%,10% and 15% fulfilled the parameter evaluation of organoleptic test, homogenity, pH andconsistency while the results of spreadability test are not yet fulfilled the parameter of a goodspreadability (5-7 cm). The result of the effectiveness test of Sasaladahan leaves extract gelshow sasaladahan leaves extract gel with concentration of 5%, 10% and 15% have thehealing effect on burn wound.Keywords: Gel, Extract, Sasaladahan Leaves, Burn wound, Rabbit
UJI FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SOYOGIK (Saurauia bracteosa DC) Kadji, Miranty H; Runtuwene, Max R.J.; Citraningtyas, Gayatri
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.2.2013.1415

Abstract

Soyogik (Saurauia bracteosa DC) is a plant in Actinidiaceae Families which isendemic in Indonesia, commonly found in Java and Bali. The aims of this research are toidentify the active compounds and determine the antioxidant activity of the leaf extractSoyogik. Soyogik leaves extracted by maceration and soxhlet using 70% ethanol as asolvent. The tests included quantitative test of antioxidant activity by DPPH method, andphytochemical test. The results show that maceration and soxhlet extract are containedphenolic compounds, steroids, flavonoids, and saponins. Both types of extract have powerfulantioxidant activity as showed on the IC50 values obtained. IC50 value of maceration andsoxhlet extract are 38,01 ppm and 28,18 ppm, respectively.Key word : phytochemical test, antioxidant, Saurauia bracteosa DC.
UJI EFEK ANTELMINTIK EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI PINANG (ARECA CATECHU) TERHADAP CACING ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES DAN ASCARIDIA GALLI SECARA IN VITRO Tiwow, Debra; Bodhi, Widdhi; Kojong, Novel
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.2.2013.1798

Abstract

Betel nut (Areca catechu) known as folks medicine that possess anthelmintic activity.Anthelmintic were used to reduce or eliminate the worm in human or animal body. The aimsof this research were to find out anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of betel nut againstAscaris lumbricoides and Ascaridia galli, and to determine efective concentration of ethanolextract of betel nut as an anthelmintic. This assay using ethanol extracts of betel nut withconcentration of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Mortality and paralysis percent of worms observedevery hour for 12 hours. Obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA. Regression analysis wasconducted to determine PC50 and LC50. The result show that ethanol extract of betel nutpossess an in vitro anthelmintic against Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaridia galli. PC50 valuesobtained in Ascaris lumbricoides was 27.12%, and LC50 values obtained in Ascaridia galliwas 27.11% on worm for 12 hours.Keywords : Anthelmintic, ethanol extract of betel nut (Areca catechu), Ascaris lumbricoides,Ascaridia galli
FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS GEL ANTIJERAWAT EKSTRAK UMBI BAKUNG (CRINUM ASIATICUM L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SECARA IN VITRO Kumesan, Yuni Arista N; Yamlean,, Paulina V. Y.; Supriati, Hamidah S
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.2.2013.1552

Abstract

Crinum asiaticum L. is a plant that has antibacterial activity toward Staphylococcusaureusbacteria, which is one of the pathogen bacteria that causing the acnes. This researchpurposed for made extract bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. formula gel and tasted the physicalcharacteristic toward Staphylococcus aureus. The formulation of extract bulbs of Crinumasiaticum L. is made with variety of extract concentration, which 1%, 5%, and 10% withCMC-Na as the basic. Negative control used basis gel and positive control used Erymed® gel(Erytromicin 2%). Gel that is produced by physically tested covers: organoleptis,homogeneity, pH, dispersive power, and consistency. Antibacterial activity tested is done bydiffusion method. Antibacterial activities data that are obtained by one way ANOVA withstandard trust is 95%. The result of this research showed that extract bulbs of Crinumasiaticum L. had antibacterial activities with average resistibility zone diameter for 1% (8,3mm) extract concentration, 5% (11,3 mm) extract concentration, 10% (16 mm) extractconcentration, positive control (32 mm), and negative control (0 mm). Positive controlcounted as vey strong resistibility, extract concentration 5% and 10% counted as strongresistibility, extract concentration 1% counted as fair resistibility and negative control notgiven antibacterial activities.Key words: extract bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L., CMC-Na, antibacterial, Staphylococcusaureus.
UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK FLAVONOID DAN STEROID DARI GEDI (ABELMOSCHUS MANIHOT) SEBAGAI ANTI OBESITAS DAN HIPOLIPIDEMIK PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR Ranti, Gabriela Clementine; Fatimawali, Fatimawali; Wehantouw, Frenly
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : PHARMACON

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Abstract

Abelmoschus manihot L. has been used traditionally as folks medicine plant and it containflavonoid and steroid that has health benefit. The objectives of this research were todetermine anti obesity and hypolipidemic activity of flavonoid and steroid extract fromAbelmoschus manihot L. on white male Wistar induced with high content of protein and lipidfood. Anti obesity test were evaluated by the decreasing of rats weight, whereashypolipidemic test were evaluated by the decreasing of total cholesterol levelsphotometrically using Liebermann-Burchard method. The rats were divided into four groups,namely the negative control (distilled water), extract treatment groups (flavonoids andsteroids), and a positive control group (simvastatin). The percentations of Weight reducingand cholesterol level were analyzed by ANOVA, if there were significant in groups, itcontinued with Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that treatment group possesanti obesity activity, whereas flavonoid extract decrease 7.85% body weight of rats andsteroids extract were 13.70% of body weight. Flavonoids showed hypolipidemic effects bydecrease rats cholesterol levels by 86.45% and steroid extract decrease cholesterol levels by72.53%.Keywords : Abelmoschus manihot L., flavonoid extract, steroid extract, anti obesity,hypolipidemic
PENGARUH BASIS SALEP TERHADAP FORMULASI SEDIAAN SALEP EKSTRAK DAUN KEMANGI ( Ocimum sanctum L.) PADA KULIT PUNGGUNG KELINCI YANG DIBUAT INFEKSI Staphylococcus aureus Naibaho,, Olivia H; Yamlean, Paulina V. Y.; Wiyono, Weny
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.2.2013.1553

Abstract

The basil plant (Ocimum sanctum L.) contains alkaloids, triterpenoids, flavonoids are able toprovide an antibacterial effect.The aims of this research were to study ointment base effectagainst physical properties and antibacterial effect of basil leaf extract ointment on Rabbits(Oryctolagus cuniculus) back skin infected with staphylococcus aureus.Extraction was doneby soxhlet extraction using ethanol 95% as solvent.Observation of healing time was done byobserving infectionhealingtime on rabbits back skin after anointment treatment, which basedonthe disappearance oferythema and pus. The result shows differences ointment base effectedon the physical properties of an ointment which include shape, color, pH, and dispersivepower, but had no effect on the smell and homogeneity of the preparation. Basil leavesextract ointment with base type hydrocarbons provide healing infections more quickly,followed by the type of water-soluble base, absorption, and washable base.Keywords: Base ointment, basil (Ocimum sanctum L.), Staphylococcus aureus, rabbit
POTENSI INFUSA DAUN SIRSAK (Annona muricata L.) TERHADAP KADAR KOLESTEROL DARAH TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus novergicus) Uneputty, Jonly Piere; Yamlean, Paulina V. Y.; Kojong, Novel
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.2.2013.1608

Abstract

The objectives of this study is to decrease blood cholesterol levels from white male rats(Rattus novergicus L.) after giving infusion of soursop leaf (Annona muricata L). This studyused experimental laboratory method with complete randomized design. The subject of thisstudy are 15 white male rats weigth 100-160 gramme which were divided into 5 groups, 3rats for each group. The results were taken from 2 times measurement of blood cholesterolwhich are pre-test and post-test. Treatment began with a high-fat feeding for 7 days. The pretestwas done at 8th day. Then each group were given treatment, group A (C-) was givenaquadest, group B (C+) was given simvastatin and group C-E was given infusion of soursopleaf which each dose is 3, 5,and 10 soursop leaf. The post-test was done at 12 hours. Datawere analyzed by using ANOVA one way. The results of statistical analysis didn’t havesignificant differences between treatment groups. But consider from the average change,infusion dose of 5 soursop leaf gives the best decrease of blood choleterol levels.Key words: Blood cholesterol levels, infusion of soursop leaf, white male rats.
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN KANDUNGAN FITOKIMIA JUS BUAH GANDARIA (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) Lolaen, Landy A. Ch; Fatimawali, Fatimawali; Citraningtyas, Gayatri
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.2.2013.1416

Abstract

The accomplishment of this research was to knowing the fito-chemical composition ofGandaria fruit’s juice and its potential as anti-oxidant. The Gandaria fruit’s juice were madeusing the blender device then filtered by filtration paper for extraction of the juice.Determination of fito-chemical is done with color reaction test for identification of alkaloid,fenolik, flavonoid, saponin, steroid and terpenoid. The anti-oxidant test were using freeradicalscavengers DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) and recorded with Spectrophotometerat 515nm wave length. Result of the research indicates that in Gandaria fruit’s juice has beendetected with saponin and fenolik fito-chemicals. The Gandaria fruit’s juice has the antioxidantactivity in IC50 of 36,4 mg/ml. The verdict and conclusion for the research is,Gandaria fruit’s juice has the composition of fito-chemical (saponin and fenolik) which isvery potential as anti-oxidant.Keywords : Gandaria fruit’s juice, anti-oxidant, DPPH, fito-chemical composition
FORMULASI KRIM TABIR SURYA EKSTRAK KULIT NANAS (ANANAS COMOSUS L MERR) DAN UJI IN VITRO NILAI SUN PROTECTING FACTOR (SPF) Damogalad, Viondy; Edy, Hosea Jaya; Supriati, Hamidah Sri
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.2.2013.1577

Abstract

This research aims to determine the value of sun protecting factor (SPF) of pineapple skinextracts (Ananas comosus L Merr) in the form of cream with variant concentration of 2%,4% and 8%. The pineapple skin contains flavonoids and tannins substances that can give theeffect as a sunscreen. The formulation of pineapple skin extract cream using the phase of oilin water. The ingredients that was use in the cream formulation are stearic acid, liquidparaffin cera alba, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, propylene glycol, triethanolamine, distilledwater and nipagin. Cream of pineapple skin extract then giving a variety of specified qualitytesting and SPF value. Each concentration cream diluted using 96% ethanol. Creams that hasbeen diluted read it’s absorbance value at UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instrument thencalculated the SPF values. The results showed that the cream of pineapple skin extract hasmet the requirements after conducting various quality of cream tests and the SPF value ofeach cream concentrations are very low. It’s been Concluded that the concentration ofpineapple skin extract cream 2% has shown a very small SPF value and increasing theconcentration of 4% and 8% demonstrate higher SPF values but still does not meet thestandards as a good sunscreen cream.Keywords : cream, extract, pineapple skin, sunscreen, sun protecting factor

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