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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 459 Documents
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Development of a fast-acting nanosuspension nasal drop using a novel co-processed polymer for migraine relief Shrisunder, Nikhil; Dhakad, Prashant Kumar; Gilhotra, Ritu
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.940

Abstract

Background: Effective central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery remains challenging due to the blood-brain barrier. Nasal drug delivery offers a non-invasive alternative, ensuring rapid drug absorption and onset of action. Prochlorperazine Maleate, a drug for migraines, suffers from poor solubility, limiting its therapeutic potential. Methodology: A nanosuspension-based nasal drop was developed and optimized using high-pressure homogenization. A novel co-processed polymer enhances solubility and stability. Key formulation parameters, including particle size, zeta potential, and polymer concentration, were optimized using a central composite design. The optimized nanosuspension was characterized for its physicochemical properties, drug release, and stability. Results and Discussion: The optimized formulation (Batch F9) exhibited a particle size of 78.8 nm and a high drug release rate (93.87% in 8 hours). Stability studies confirmed no significant changes in drug content, pH, or osmolality over a three-month period. The nasal drop provided consistent dosing, with each actuation delivering a precise amount of drug content. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a sustained release pattern, enabling prolonged migraine relief. Conclusion: The developed nanosuspension nasal drop presents a promising solution for CNS drug delivery, ensuring rapid and sustained therapeutic outcomes. This nanosuspension nasal drop achieved a 5.6-fold enhancement in solubility and demonstrated rapid onset within 10 minutes post-administration. Although promising, the study is limited to in vitro characterization; future research should explore in vivo efficacy and long-term safety.
Formulation and evaluation of curcumin coated central venous catheters in the eradication of catheter-related blood stream infections Nissara Ahammed; Sundaramoorthi, Revathi; Venkatesh Dinnekere Puttegowda; Umashankar Chikkanna
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.958

Abstract

Background: Biofilm formation on catheters after implantation, leading to the development of catheter-related bloodstream infections, is a significant concern with the usage of vascular catheters, leading to the death of hospitalized patients. The research aimed to modify the catheter surface by developing a coating technique using PU, PVP, and curcumin. Methodology: A dip coating technique with a base coat of PU and a top coat of PVP was used on 7 French triple-lumen Polyurethane CVCs with the antimicrobial agent Curcumin. Based on the concentration of polyurethane used, 5 formulations were prepared and evaluated as per ISO guidelines. Results and Discussion: Dip coating was successful in coating the catheters. All the physical parameters were within the ISO limits. The process parameters that produce uniform coating were studied. The coated catheters were radiopaque. At the end of 24 hours, all formulations displayed an initial burst release due to the top coat of PVP. Formulation E demonstrated a sustained release of 94.17% of the drug over 21 days. The amount of polyurethane included in the base coat determines how long the sustained release lasts. The formulation follows zero-order kinetics and fits the Higuchi model with quasi-Fickian release, indicating that the release is diffusion-controlled. Conclusion: The dip coating technique proved to be a successful method for developing drug-coated central venous catheters. Coating with curcumin reduces bacterial colonization, growth on the catheter surface, and biofilm formation, thereby preventing CRBSI, which in turn enhances patient outcomes and lowers healthcare expenses.
QbD enabled optimization study of the variable concentration of phospholipid and stabilizer in the development of liposomal pastilles of solid dispersion polymeric composite of antihypertensive drug Aggarwal, Deepti; Gupta, Ram Dayal; Sharma, Vijay
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.995

Abstract

Background: The study aimed to develop and optimize liposomes of the antihypertensive drug Felodipine (FH) using the Quality by Design (QbD) approach with a 3² Central Composite Design (CCD) in Design Expert software, followed by the development of pastilles. Methodology: Liposomes were prepared using the solvent injection method, with soya lecithin and cholesterol as key excipients, and a solid dispersion of FH. The impact of their concentrations on particle size (PS), drug content (DC), entrapment efficiency (EE), and in vitro and ex vivo drug release was analyzed using response surface methodology. The optimized formulation was validated using four batches (optimized batch, VC1, VC2, and VC3), ensuring a minimal percentage error. The liposomal formulation was incorporated into pastilles to enhance patient compliance, and these were evaluated for drug content, dissolution, bioadhesion, and stability. Results and Discussion: The optimized liposomes exhibited desirable properties, including a positive surface charge (PS, 1.41±0.12), a high DC (94.323±1.03), a high EE (69.61±1.13), in vitro drug release (70.73±1.08), and ex vivo drug release (66.88±0.23). The validation batches showed minimal percentage error, confirming the optimization process. The pastilles demonstrated excellent physical stability and bioadhesion, indicating their potential for improved patient compliance. Conclusion: The study showed the effectiveness of the QbD approach in optimizing a liposomal drug delivery system for FH, thereby minimizing the need for extensive trials. The incorporation of liposomes into pastilles provided a patient-friendly dosage form with enhanced bioadhesion and stability, making it a promising alternative for antihypertensive drug delivery.
Niosomes: an extensive analysis of its structure, preparation, and uses in drug delivery Sharma, Vaishali; Chinkey Mittal; Shweta Shekhedwal; Vasu Chaudhary; Sachin Kumar
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1000

Abstract

Background: Niosomes are sophisticated drug delivery vehicles composed of non-ionic surfactants that have a lot of potential for delivering drugs. Their unique bilayer structure enables the targeted and regulated release of both fat-soluble and water-soluble medications, enhancing their stability and absorption. This review discusses the components, production processes, benefits, drawbacks, and potential uses of niosomes in various medical fields, including cutaneous medication delivery and cancer treatment. Objective: This article provides an in-depth overview of niosomes as novel drug delivery vehicles, highlighting their benefits, preparation techniques, applications, and assessment criteria. It aims to highlight how they can improve therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability across various medicinal domains. Methodology: This article outlines multiple techniques employed in the preparation of niosomes, including the ether injection method, sonication method, hand-shaking method, extrusion method, thin film hydration, microfluidization method, and Transmembrane pH gradient drug uptake process. It also examines elements that impact niosome synthesis, such as the kind of surfactant utilized, the drug's characteristics, and environmental conditions. Conclusion: Ongoing research is focused on enhancing niosomal formulations and expanding their use in clinical settings, despite challenges such as instability and a short shelf life. Overall, niosomes are a significant development in drug delivery technology, with the potential to enhance treatment effectiveness and improve patient care.
Protective effect of peonidin - anthocyanidin class flavonoid against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in H9C2 cardiomyoblast cell lines Namathoti, Jyothirmai; Pasupula, Rajeshwari
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1024

Abstract

Background: This study investigates the cardioprotective properties of peonidin against cytotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in H9c2 cardiomyocytes using both in vitro and in silico methods. H9c2 cells were exposed to DOX alone as well as in combination with different concentrations of peonidin for various time durations. Methodology: Cytoprotection was studied using MTT assay for viability, LDH leakage, SOD activity, lipid peroxidation, and ROS content. Furthermore, molecular docking was also performed to analyze the binding affinity of peonidin with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), utilizing captopril as a control. Results and Discussion: DOX drastically inhibited cell viability, whereas peonidin co-treatment maintained it dose dependently, restoring it to 99.74% at 150 µg/mL after 72 h. LDH release through DOX-triggered membrane disruption was alleviated from 175.84% to 78.40% by peonidin. ROS levels were also decreased from 191.13% (DOX) to 61.29% by peonidin, reflecting robust antioxidant activity. Lipid peroxidation was strongly inhibited, and SOD activity, decreased by DOX (36.59±0.306 AU), was restored close to control levels (97.85±0.313 AU) by peonidin. Docking studies indicated that peonidin exhibited a superior binding affinity with ACE (-95.72 kcal/mol) and ECE-1 (-78.08 kcal/mol) compared to captopril, characterized by good van der Waals and hydrogen bonding interactions. Conclusion: Peonidin potently mitigates DOX-induced oxidative injury in cardiomyocytes, showing great promise as a natural cardioprotective agent, as evidenced by both biochemical assays and molecular docking studies against ACE and ECE-1.
Overcoming chemoresistance in mucinous adenocarcinoma: the impact of tumor microenvironment and genetic alterations Pandi, Kaniga; Binoy Varghese Cheriyan; Vishali Ramesh; Sowparnika Murugavel; Jaya Surya Venkatesan
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1032

Abstract

Background: Mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) is a rare, aggressive subtype of adenocarcinoma, distinguished by excessive extracellular mucin production. This feature impairs drug penetration and contributes to poor chemotherapy response and chemoresistance. Genetic mutations (e.g., KRAS, BRAF, PI3K/AKT), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), alterations in the tumor microenvironment, and mucin barriers contribute to this resistance. Objective: This narrative review aims to comprehensively summarize the molecular and microenvironmental mechanisms behind chemoresistance in MAC and highlight emerging therapeutic strategies to overcome it. Results: Chemoresistance in MAC arises from oncogenic signaling, immune evasion, hypoxia, and mucin-mediated drug exclusion. Promising approaches include mucolytic agents, small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, RNA-based therapies, and nanoparticle-assisted drug delivery. Precision medicine, which utilizes genomic and transcriptomic profiling, is advancing individualized treatment; however, clinical translation remains limited. Conclusion: Resistance in MAC stems from both genetic and microenvironmental factors. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing more effective, personalized therapies to improve patient outcomes. Future efforts should focus on validating novel therapies through clinical trials, discovering predictive biomarkers, and exploring tumor heterogeneity with multi-omics technologies. Integrating targeted therapies with advanced delivery systems may offer significant advances in treating chemoresistant MAC.
Chitosan-based in-situ forming polyelectrolyte complexes for ciprofloxacin sustained release tablets Malik, Ajay; Verma, Navneet; Sharma, Vijay
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1034

Abstract

Background: It is not straightforward to create sustained-release (single-unit) oral dosage forms for hydrophilic medicines, which are highly soluble (10 mg/mL) in gastric fluids and have a high dose. This study is an attempt to utilize biopolymer Chitosan-based Polyelectrolyte complex as a retardant to develop and evaluate the sustained release tablet formulations (oral) of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Methodology: Sustained-release tablets were prepared using the traditional wet granulation method, employing a neutralized chitosan solution (1% w/w) at 4°C in 1% acetic acid as the binder. Formulated tablets were assessed for pharmacopoeial and non-pharmacopoeial parameters, as well as in vitro 12-hour drug release studies. The different mathematical models were utilized to examine the pharmacokinetic parameters and elucidate the mechanism of drug release. Results and discussion: The sustained release of the drug for 12 hrs was confirmed through the in vitro release studies. Both formulations, CFX 2 and CFX 3 exhibited 97% and 98% cumulative drug release, respectively, after 12 hr. The dissolution profiles of both formulations were shown to be unaffected by the change in anionic polymers from one to two, as confirmed by dissolution profile comparison studies, with values of similarity factor (f2) 84 and of difference factor (f1) 2. The XRD studies confirmed the in situ formation of a polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and anionic polymer, as evidenced by the presence of additional peaks in the diffractograms. Conclusion: The polyelectrolyte complexes not only provide a sustained drug release but also prevent the initial burst release of the the drug.
Role of intrinsic and supplemented antioxidants in follicular fluid: a shield against oxidative stress in oocyte health and embryo development Gairola, Nidhi; Himanko Gogoi; Janhvi Dubey; Jasvinder Singh Khatiyaan; Harsh Chaudhary
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1036

Abstract

Background: In In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), a form of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), the quality of oocytes and the successful development of embryos are crucial in determining the rate of fertility. The excessive presence of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) can cause oxidative stress, which negatively affects follicular fluid (FF) and oocyte maturation. Certain non-endogenous antioxidants, such as catalase, glutathione, and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), are already present in Follicular fluid, which counterbalances these ROS and protects oocytes. Method: In addition to examining the possibility of exogenous supplements of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), this review investigates the function of these intrinsic antioxidants in maintaining oocyte health. Result: According to current in vivo and in vitro research findings done in mice, pigs, sheep, cows, and 18 patients in the age group(40±1), respectively, targeted antioxidant supplementation may enhance oocyte quality, embryo viability, and pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion: However, addressing individual heterogeneity in oxidative stress and optimizing dosage remains challenging. This review highlights how new antioxidant compounds and targeted interventions may enhance reproductive success by promoting cellular resilience in follicular fluid (FF). However, additional research into targeted antioxidant therapy in IVF is necessary.
Development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for tizanidine hydrochloride using DOE Gunjal, Prasad; Patel, Janki
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1057

Abstract

Background: Tizanidine hydrochloride (TIZ) is a centrally acting α2-adrenergic receptor agonist widely prescribed for managing spasticity. Given its therapeutic importance, a reliable, stability-indicating analytical method is crucial to ensure both the quality and regulatory compliance of Tizanidine hydrochloride. Existing RP-HPLC methods often lack robustness, sensitivity, or DoE optimization, highlighting the need for an improved approach. Methodology: A stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with stability-indicating properties was developed and validated using a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. A full factorial design was implemented, optimizing mobile phase composition and flow rate as key method variables. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Agilent Zorbax Bonus RP column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile (65:35 v/v) at a 0.5 mL/min flow rate. Detection was performed at 228 nm. The method was validated by ICH guidelines, evaluating parameters such as specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, and forced degradation. Results and Discussion: The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r² = 1.00) across concentration levels ranging from 80% to 120% of the target concentration. The LOD and LOQ were 1.00 µg/mL and 3.04 µg/mL, respectively. High precision (%RSD < 2%) and accuracy (99–101% recovery) were observed. Forced degradation studies revealed notable degradation under oxidative (36.08%) and acidic (15.73%) conditions. Conclusion: The developed RP-HPLC method is precise, robust, and suitable for the routine quality control and stability assessment of Tizanidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.
Development and validation of stability indicating RP-HPLC method for nebivolol by using the DOE approach Ghongade, Anant; Barot, Shruti
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1062

Abstract

Background: Nebivolol (NBV), classified as a third-generation β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, is commonly prescribed for managing hypertension. Accurate and prompt quantification of NBV in bulk materials and pharmaceutical formulations is crucial for quality assurance. This research focuses on developing and validating a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the quantification of NBV, with an emphasis on sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. Methodology: A stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was established using an Agilent 1260 Infinity II HPLC system equipped with a Diode Array Detector (DAD). The chromatographic analysis was conducted on an Agilent Zorbax Bonus RP column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase comprised acetonitrile and 0.1% perchloric acid in a 55:45 (v/v) ratio, delivered at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was performed at a wavelength of 282 nm. The method underwent validation according to the guidelines provided by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), including assessments of linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and forced degradation studies. Results and Discussion: This method demonstrated improved sensitivity, shorter run time (retention time of 4.22 min), and high precision. Forced degradation studies confirmed Nebivolol’s instability under alkaline (15.94%) and oxidative (8.57%) conditions, highlighting the method’s stability-indicating capability. The method also gives robust linearity across the concentration range of 80–120 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r²) of 1.00. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 0.55 µg/mL and 1.61 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed RP-HPLC method proved to be reliable, precise, and stability-indicating, making it a valuable tool for the quality control and stability assessment of Nebivolol formulations in pharmaceutical settings.

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