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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 459 Documents
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Formulation and optimization of upadacitinib-loaded transdermal patches for rheumatoid arthritis with zero-order release kinetics Talole, Shubham; Godge, Rahul; Tambe, Nikita; Mhase, Nikita
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i2.1037

Abstract

Background: To develop and optimize Upadacitinib-loaded transdermal patches for rheumatoid arthritis treatment with improved patient compliance and sustained drug delivery. Methodology: Upadacitinib transdermal patches were formulated using a 3² factorial design approach with PVP K30 and HPMC K4M as key polymeric components. The patches were characterized for physicochemical, mechanical, and ex vivo permeation properties. Results and Discussion: The optimized formulation (SF8) exhibited excellent physicochemical characteristics, including high drug content (99.05 ± 0.83%), optimal mechanical properties with tensile strength of 0.912 kg/mm² and adhesion strength of 3.94 N. The ex vivo permeation reached 86.35% at 12h, with the flux of 102.91 μg/cm²/h following zero-order kinetics (R² = 0.9777). The experimental values closely matched predicted values with less than 2% error. Accelerated stability studies confirmed minimal changes in critical parameters over six months. Conclusion: The optimized Upadacitinib transdermal patch provides sustained drug delivery with zero-order release kinetics and excellent stability. This transdermal delivery system offers a promising alternative to oral therapy with potential advantages of improved patient compliance, reduced dosing frequency, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism for rheumatoid arthritis management
Development and characterisation of lyophilised ethambutol-loaded polymeric nanoparticles Kole, Eknath; Sonar, Yogesh; Sarode, Rahul J.; Chaudhari, Atul; Naik, Jitendra
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i2.1093

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a universal health crisis, requiring innovative drug delivery systems to overcome challenges like prolonged treatment duration and patient non-adherence. This study was designed to develop Ethambutol (ETH)-loaded poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles (NPs) as a sustained-release pulmonary delivery platform for TB therapy. Methodology: ETH-PCL NPs were fabricated using the nanoprecipitation technique with Lutrol® F68 as a stabiliser. The formulation was optimised for physicochemical properties (particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential), encapsulation efficiency (EE), and morphology (SEM). In vitro drug release and 3-month colloidal stability were evaluated. Results and Discussion: The optimised NPs exhibited a rod-shaped morphology with smooth surfaces, an average size of 426.3 ± 13.03 nm, PDI < 0.467, zeta potential of -18.8 ± 0.520 mV, and EE of 76.57±3.86%. Sustained ETH release (86.62% over 24 h) and robust colloidal stability (negligible changes in size, PDI, and zeta potential over 3 months) were achieved. The formulation's biodegradable PCL core and scalable design align with the need for cost-effective, patient-centric therapies. Conclusion: ETH-PCL NPs represent a promising nanocarrier platform for TB, combining sustained drug release, high encapsulation efficiency, and long-term stability. While in vitro results are encouraging, future studies must validate in vivo efficacy and pulmonary delivery potential. This work underscores the viability of nanotechnology in addressing TB treatment challenges, particularly in improving adherence and targeting mycobacteria-laden macrophages.
Harnessing hydrogen-bonding: advancements and applications in pharmaceutical co-crystallization Devi, Preeti; Sonali Kakkar; Vikas Budhwar; Manjusha Choudhary; Jogpal, Vikas
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.554

Abstract

Background: In the context of supramolecular chemistry, the formation of solid-state structures that exhibit predictable form and function through the use of intermolecular interactions is known as crystal engineering. In crystal engineering, the hydrogen bonds provide a directional and strong interaction between co-formers, helping to create a stable and well-defined crystalline lattice. The formation of hydrogen bonds can modify key properties of a co-crystal, such as solubility, melting point, and mechanical properties, which are valuable in pharmaceutical applications to improve drug efficacy. Fexofenadine co-crystals have been shown to significantly enhance solubility, achieving an 11-fold increase in water and a 2.47-fold increase in hydrochloric acid solutions. Objective: The review primarily focuses on the process of recognizing molecules and forming complex assemblies that are controlled via non-covalent interactions. Methodology: Various strategies, including hydrogen bond-based co-crystal design, are discussed and elaborated upon in this review. Result and Discussion: Reliable tools for developing supramolecular architectures can be obtained by complementarily combining hydrogen bonds with the understanding of robust supramolecular synthons. In addition to bringing different molecules together, these strong supramolecular synthons play a significant role in co-crystallization by adding dimensionality and a degree of directionality to the three-dimensional solid structures. Conclusion: Accurately predicting co-crystal synthesis requires a deep understanding of supramolecular interactions and a carefully selected library of co-formers with functional groups that complement those of the target compound.
A bioanalytical method development and validation for quantification of glycopyrrolate and neostigmine in rat plasma by LC-MS and its application to pharmacokinetic study P. Vasu Babu; D. Akiladevi
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.834

Abstract

Background: After surgery, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking medications include neostigmine (NEO) and glycopyrrolate (GLY). Numerous traditional approaches, such as HPLC and UPLC procedures, are established for the quantification of GLY and NEO; nevertheless, they lack sensitive and specific analysis, especially in complex matrices.  Using the LC/MS approach, this work develops a bioanalytical method for quantifying both drugs in rat plasma and applies it to pharmacokinetic studies. Methodology: The plasma was extracted using acetonitrile, and Rivastigmine was employed as an internal standard. An MRM method with positive ions was used for multiple reactions. A  C18 column and a mobile phase - 70:30 mixture of acetonitrile and buffer was utilised at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Plasma vortex for 10 minutes and centrifuged at 4000 rpm at 20°C. Validation and stability studies are conducted according to the ICH guidelines. The pharmacokinetic study by WinNonlin (Version 5.2) software.  Results and Discussion: Rt for Glycopyrrolate and Neostigmine at 1.838 and 2.800min. GLY has a precision (%CV) of 0.45 at HQC and 3.57 at LQC. NEO had a precision (%CV) of 1.13 at HQC and 2.79 at LQC. From 2 to 40 ng/mL of GLY and 10 to 200 ng/mL of NEO, the standard curves showed a linear relationship. LOD and LOQ for both drugs were 3pg/mL and 10pg/mL. Conclusion: A simple, affordable, reliable, and sensitive approach for quantifying GLY and NEO in rat plasma using LC-MS, with Rivastigmine serving as the internal standard, was developed, validated, and successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of rat plasma.
Therapeutic potential of bioconstituents in the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Morris, Srishti; Srivastava, Yashashvi; Kartikey Kumar; Jakhmola, Vikash
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.847

Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a joint disease characterized by inflammation and an autoimmune response, affects approximately 1% of the global population. The disruption of immunological tolerance causes the immune system to attack self-molecules, resulting in autoimmune disease. RA is characterized by synovial swelling, accompanied by morning stiffness and joint soreness. Methodology: Herbal pharmacotherapy is now a meaningful focus in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Medicinal plants contain strong active components like flavonoids, alkaloids, stilbenoids, tannins, and sesquiterpene lactones. Their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities make them a potential treatment option for RA. Results and Discussion: Standard medication aims to prevent further deterioration of the affected joint. This treatment includes several antirheumatic medications, such as methotrexate, biological agents, cytotoxic drugs, immunosuppressants, and NSAIDs. Urinary and respiratory tract infections have been reported in patients treated with certolizumab pegol. Several concerns regarding anti-rheumatoid medication arise during a woman's pregnancy. Therefore, rheumatoid arthritis is now being effectively treated with herbal pharmacotherapy. Conclusion: RA is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints through persistent inflammation. Conventional treatment regimens for RA can lead to the occurrence of adverse effects, such as urinary and respiratory tract infections. Given these challenges, herbal pharmacotherapy is emerging as a safer and more sustainable approach. This review highlights a variety of phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic properties, including flavonoids, alkaloids, stilbenoids, tannins, and sesquiterpene lactones. It underscores the need for further research to elucidate their mechanisms of action, assess their long-term safety and clinical utility, and compare their efficacy.
A comprehensive review on the applications of chemometrics in analytical chemistry Saha, Projesh; Pandit, Bibhas; Pramanik, Soma; Shrestha, Bhupendra
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.861

Abstract

Background: This article presents a review of the various applications of chemometrics in analytical chemistry. Chemometrics is essential to analytical chemistry because it provides sophisticated methods for extracting, analyzing, and interpreting chemical data. To maximize analytical procedures, enhance data reliability, and extract insights, this field combines statistical and mathematical techniques with chemical research. Chemometrics provides analytical chemists with the means to manage the massive datasets generated by contemporary analytical methods, such as spectroscopy and chromatography. Methodology: This review combines data from previous research articles that have elaborated and described the various applications of chemometrics in the analytical chemistry sector. Results and Discussion: The combination of chemometrics with artificial intelligence and machine learning offers more advanced analytical and predictive modelling possibilities. It is anticipated that these developments will transform analytical chemistry by enhancing researchers' ability to manage complex datasets and gain deeper insights from their investigations. This is especially important in industries where precise data interpretation is critical, such as pharmaceuticals, ecological surveillance, and food safety. Conclusion: Chemometrics is essential to contemporary analytical chemistry because it provides methods and instruments that enhance quality control, facilitate innovative research advancements, and improve data analysis capabilities. The accuracy and efficacy of chemical analyses are expected to continue to improve as this sector develops.
Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of commercial Lactobacillus acidophilus against foodborne pathogens and the MCF-7 cell line Sundramurthy, Venkatesa Prabhu; Sasidharan Satheesh Kumar; Ragunathan, Ramachandra; Madhusree; Lochana Devi. P
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.866

Abstract

Background: Lactobacillus acidophilus, a key member of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) group, contributes significantly to both human and animal health by enhancing the microbiome. This study explores the bioactive compounds produced by L. acidophilus isolated from the Synkromax probiotic, with a focus on their antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Methodology: The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. acidophilus was subjected to solvent extraction to isolate secondary metabolites, while peptides, including bacteriocins, were partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Metabolite profiling was conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used for qualitative analysis. The antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the extracts were evaluated using the well diffusion method against pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. The cytotoxic potential of the partially purified bacteriocin extract (PPBE) was assessed using the MTT assay on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results and Discussion: GC-MS/MS analysis identified a diverse range of bioactive secondary metabolites. Both CFS and partially purified peptides demonstrated significant antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The PPBE also exhibited strong cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 72.3991 µg/mL, indicating promising anticancer potential. Conclusion: Lactobacillus acidophilus from Synkromax produces a variety of bioactive compounds with potent antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. These findings support its potential application in therapeutic development and enhancing food safety.
A review on the bioactive compounds of Rhus chinensis Mill. native to the Sikkim Himalayas Banerjee, Sujan; Bhupendra Shrestha; Surabhi Mandal
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.897

Abstract

Background: The Sikkim Himalaya is home to the wild medicinal shrub Rhus chinensis Mill, which produces edible fruits. Traditionally, the fruit juice concentrate has been used to treat a variety of stomach issues. The plant is rich in phytoconstituents, including gallic acid (up to 130.4 ± 2.5 mg/g), methyl gallate, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to its traditional applications in managing conditions such as diarrhoea, dysentery, toothache, cough, and wounds. The total flavonoids and flavonol levels were quantified as rutin equivalents. The total phenolics were calculated as gallic acid equivalents. Through various in vitro antioxidant methods, including DPPH, Total antioxidant content, ABTS, and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, the antioxidant capacity was determined.  Methodology: This review combines data from numerous research studies and review articles that have elaborated on the various phytoconstituents, medicinal uses, and pharmacological properties of different Rhus species. Results and Discussion: This review provides a detailed description of multiple phytoconstituents, traditional uses, and medicinal applications of Rhus species. The quantitative findings from previous studies report the total phenolic content as 123.52±1.29 mg GAE/g. IC50 values through DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Hydrogen scavenging assay were  42.69±0.1% and 63.20±1.48% respectively. Conclusion: This review provides an in-depth description of various phytoconstituents, including gallic acid, citric acid, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, methyl gallate, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, and protocatechuic acid, among others. These results provide concrete evidence to support the potential of Rhus chinensis Mill. as a source of bioactive compounds for the creation of new treatments.
A study on design & development of betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate extended-release suspension Bansal, Amit; Sardana, Satish; Wadhwa, Tarun
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.922

Abstract

Background: The development of an injectable composition of betamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate with an equivalent drug release profile to the marketed reference drug product, "Celestone Soluspan®," is highly challenging. To overcome this drug development problem, there is a need for a practical methodology for the preparation and evaluation of injectable compositions. Methodology: Different sterilization methods (Dry Heat Sterilization and Autoclave) and phase methods (two- or three-phase methods) are used for the preparation of the injectable composition of betamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate. Two-phase or three phase methods and order of addition of excipients during the preparation of the formulation are the unique methodology of the present study and plays an important role in the stability of the composition. The release profile of the developed formulations is determined by using a USP type IV dissolution apparatus (STF buffer pH 7.4 as dissolution medium, 6.0 ml/min flow rate for 120 min), and stability study is also performed. Results and Discussion: As per the results of the present study Trial no. 3 shows betamethasone freebase 2.68% and total impurities 3.52% at 40°C /75% RH for 90 days and also gives similar release profile (f2 value 95%) as compared to the marketed formulation/RLD (Reference Listed Drug) i.e. Celestone Soluspan®. Conclusion: Present study concludes that injectable suspension of betamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate using dry heat sterilisation of betamethasone acetate and three-phase method shows superior results or equivalent release profile as compared to the RLD and the key features of the present study.
A systematic review of Alzheimer's disease: exploring genetic and environmental risk factors, biomarkers, and future pharmacotherapy for cognitive decline and neurodegeneration Debraj Dey; Deepannita Roy Mukherjee; Abu Shoeb; Pinki Biswas; Saikat Santra
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.929

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, affecting millions globally through progressive cognitive decline caused by neurodegeneration in cholinergic brain regions. Aging is the primary risk factor, but metabolic, genetic, and environmental influences, including inflammation and vascular dysfunction, significantly contribute to disease onset and progression. Methodology: This comprehensive review evaluates diagnostic methods, biomarkers, and genetic and environmental risk factors associated with AD, focusing on recent advancements (2022–2025). The study selection process prioritized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses related to AD pathophysiology, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions while excluding research with ambiguous findings or lacking methodological rigor. A PRISMA flowchart illustrates the study selection process, ensuring transparency. Pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological interventions, along with multi-target therapeutic strategies, were critically analyzed. Results and Discussion: AD pathology is driven by amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, leading to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Current treatments, including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, offer symptomatic relief but are ineffective in halting disease progression. Emerging therapies such as monoclonal antibodies (Lecanemab, Donanemab), tau inhibitors, and neuroinflammation modulators show potential in slowing cognitive decline and preserving neuronal health. Advances in biomarker-based diagnostics (e.g., p-tau217) and AI-powered precision medicine have improved early detection and personalized treatment strategies, though challenges in cost, accessibility, and regulatory approval persist. Conclusion: A multisystem approach combining pharmacotherapy, biomarker-driven diagnostics, and AI-assisted personalized medicine is essential to optimize AD treatment effectiveness. Future research should focus on developing innovative, multidisciplinary treatment strategies to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life.

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