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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 459 Documents
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Spectrophotometric methods for determination of naringin, amlodipine, and nifedipine using chemometric techniques Baraily, Vishala Rani; Mandhadi, Jithendar Reddy; Shrestha, Bhupendra
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1107

Abstract

Background: Chemometrics articulates statistical and mathematical aspects to analyse the effectiveness of chemical data, playing a pivotal role in spectroscopy. Among all the chemometrics techniques, this study utilizes the Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) model for the simultaneous analysis of naringin, amlodipine, and nifedipine, a well-established calcium channel blocker. Naringin, a citrus flavonoid exhibiting notable pharmacological activities. Methodology: This research employs UV-visible spectrophotometry in conjunction with the OPLS method for both calibration and prediction sets in simultaneous studies of Amlodipine–Naringin and Nifedipine–Naringin, aiming to develop a precise model for measuring drug concentrations. A linear dynamic range of 5-20 µg/mL was achieved for standard solutions, while calibration sets were developed using factorial designs. Result and Discussion: The OPLS model had significant predictive performance with R2 values within the range of 0.9947-0.9976 for calibration and 0.9947-0.9985 for prediction, and low root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) values of 0.6191- 0.4353 for NIF-NAR, and 0.3978- 0.4418 for AML-NAR, indicating robust model performance. The model validation process, using Hotelling’s T2 test, DModx, established no significant outliers, and permutation analysis validated the model’s reliable fit. The recovery studies showed values close to 100%, thus verifying the effectiveness of the methodology. Conclusion: The research demonstrated OPLS (Orthogonal Partial Least Squares) as a powerful solution for resolving overlapping spectral data, providing high-precision drug analysis with minimal interference. The development of chemometrics methods demonstrated efficiency and precision in pharmaceutical analysis while also offering cost-effectiveness for quality control and formulation development.
Fabrication and study of release kinetics of moxifloxacin and dexamethasone loaded nanostructured lipid carrier system for ocular drug delivery Narayan Hemnani; Preeti K. Suresh
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1162

Abstract

Background: The combination of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MOX) and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX) is widely available in the conventional commercial market for treating ocular infections and inflammations. Traditional ocular delivery systems are inferior to nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) due to their poor drug bioavailability, rapid tear drainage, and limited drug penetration. In contrast, NLCs offer sustained release, enhanced corneal absorption, and improved drug stability. Thus, the research aims to develop moxifloxacin and dexamethasone-loaded NLC for effective drug release.  Methodology: In this study, a combination of MOX and DEX drugs was loaded in an NLC. The NLC was prepared using standard methods and evaluated for characteristic properties, including particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE), and drug loading (DL), as well as drug encapsulation and in vitro studies. Results and Discussion: The optimized formulation of NLC possessed a particle size of 190.58 nm and a polydispersity index of 26.7%. The fabricated drug exhibited a KP model release kinetics, indicating that drug release occurred via a combination of diffusion and polymer reaction. The NLC also exhibited a PDI of 26.7%, indicating a moderately uniform particle size distribution, which further suggests a consistent particle size, an acceptable characteristic for nano-carrier systems. The FT-IR analysis revealed optimal encapsulation of drugs inside the lipids, thereby achieving the desired objectives of drug fabrication. Conclusion: The formulated NLC has a particle size that falls within the ideal range for a smooth surface in commercial NLC formulations. Additionally, the prepared NLCs' adherence to the KP model underscores their potential as an advanced drug delivery system.
Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxic activity of extracts of Quisqualis indica L. Verma, Ajay; AKS Rawat
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1215

Abstract

Background: The present study investigates the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of the 50% hydroalcoholic extract of Quisqualis indica leaves. Methodology: Phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. TPC and TFC were analyzed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH radical scavenging assay at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity was assessed in A549 human lung carcinoma cells using the MTT assay with extract concentrations from 0 to 1000 µg/mL. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids, with total phenolic content measured as 9.25 ± 0.081 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g 50% hydroalcoholic extract and total flavonoid content as 4.33 ± 0.24 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g 50% hydroalcoholic extract. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay across extract concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μg/mL. The 50% hydroalcoholic extract exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 48.56 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against A549 human lung carcinoma cells using the MTT assay, with treatments administered at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 μg/mL. The extract demonstrated significant cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 4.76 μg/mL. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Q. indica may serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activities, warranting further investigation through in vivo and mechanistic studies.
Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant assessment of Cassia auriculata leaves via GC-MS Ranaware, Abhishek M; Nalawade, Savita P.
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i3.1247

Abstract

Background: This research aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, quantify key bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids, analyze the secondary metabolite profile using GC-MS on methanolic leaf extracts, and evaluate the antioxidant capacity via the DPPH assay. Methodology: The Soxhlet extraction method is employed to obtain crude extracts of Cassia auriculata using solvents including ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and water. These extracts undertook qualitative analysis to detect various bioactive phytochemicals. The total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations were quantified. The methanolic leaf extract underwent phytochemical analysis using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) device, following established procedures. The antioxidant capacity of the methanolic leaf extracts was assessed by determining their ability to scavenge free radicals of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Results and Discussion: Initial phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various secondary metabolite groups. Out of all the solvent extracts assessed, the methanolic extract displayed the highest concentrations of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, measuring 9.48 ± 0.06 mg of Gallic acid equivalents per gram of extract and 6.56 ± 0.03 mg of Quercetin equivalents per gram of extract, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract identified 28 bioactive compounds with known pharmacological significance. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity, evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, demonstrated that the methanolic extract had the most potent radical scavenging effect among the extracts tested (IC50-48.96 µg/ml). These findings suggest that Cassia auriculata leaves extract is a promising source of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds, supporting its traditional use in herbal medicine.
Antimicrobial potential, GC-MS analysis, and molecular docking studies of Pogostemon benghalensis leaf extract Kashyap, Bhaswati; Das, Siddhartha Sankar; Sharma, Dipjyoti; Bora, Nilutpal Sharma; Gam, Sameeran; Dutta, Koushik Nandan
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.833

Abstract

Background: Pogostemon benghalensis has several medicinal uses in Northeast India, including wound healing activity. Currently, no molecular modeling research has examined the antimicrobial potential of its phytoconstituents. This molecular docking research identifies bioactive chemicals and evaluates their antibacterial properties. Methodology: Phytochemical screening and in vitro antibacterial tests were performed on a crude ethyl acetate extract of Pogostemon benghalensis leaves. After GC-MS analysis revealed the phytoconstituents, in-silico molecular docking was performed against the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzymes of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results and discussion: The crude ethyl acetate extract of Pogostemon benghalensis leaves included alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The extract also demonstrated potent in vitro antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. GC-MS data demonstrated that Phytol was the most abundant compound (53.72%) followed by Oxirane, dodecyl (13.51%.). Molecular docking studies demonstrated identified compounds have high binding affinity (BA) to the bacterial DHFR enzyme. Notable compounds are Androst-5-ene-3,19-diol, 3-acetate (3 β) with -7.4 kcal/mol BA against E. coli DHFR and -10.1kcal/mol against S. aureus DHFR; Retinol acetate with -8.7 kcal/mol BA against E. coli DHFR and Phytol with -6.5 kcal/mol BA against E. coli DHFR and -6.7 kcal/mol BA for S. aureus DHFR respectively. Conclusion: The results show that Pogostemon benghalensis contains valuable bioactive compounds with high antibacterial activity which further validates the use of this plant as a wound healing medication. However, further in vivo experimental validation of these results and their toxicological implications are required.
Applications of bioactive compounds of traditional Chinese medicine in breast cancer management Srivastava, Saumya; Upadhye, Vijay Jagdish; Prasad, Madhulika Esther; Singh, Pallavi
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.935

Abstract

Background: Over the past few decades, the prevalence of breast cancer has been rapidly increasing, making it one of the most prevalent malignancies diagnosed in women globally. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has gained attention as a potential approach for managing breast cancer by boosting immune response, inhibiting cancer-related gene activity, and alleviating the adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. TCM offers a valuable framework for therapeutic systems and scientific exploration that is widely practiced in many regions worldwide, primarily in China, Korea, and Japan. The herbal components of TCM exhibit complex biological activities that influence multiple aspects of cancer progression, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), immune modulation, and tumor-host interactions. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles published between 2017 and 2024. Relevant data were collected from publicly available scientific databases. Non-English, Conference papers, and duplicate studies were excluded to ensure the inclusion of high-quality and relevant research findings. Result and Discussion: Analysis revealed that specific bioactive compounds in TCM exhibit significant anti-cancer effects. For example, ginsenoside Rg3 inhibited tumor growth by 45% in vivo, while curcumin reduced MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell viability by 60% at 20 μM. Conclusion: The promise of TCM, especially its bioactive components and medicinal herbs in the treatment of breast cancer, is the main highlight of this paper. Additionally, it highlights the key scientific databases that provide critical insights into TCM research while exploring the therapeutic mechanisms of Chinese herbs and their bioactive components in mitigating breast cancer progression.        
Preliminary phytochemical screening, FT-IR, and HPTLC analysis, and antioxidant, antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Dalbergia sisso leaves Chaddha, Varun; Gupta, Reena
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.967

Abstract

Background: Dalbergia sissoo is a well-known plant known as Shisham. It has medicinal importance, including analgesic, antipyretic, and antiemetic properties. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to investigate the bioactive constituents in the methanolic leaf extract of Dalbergia sisso by characterizing it using FT-IR and HPTLC techniques, and to determine its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Methodology: A Soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction process. 150 g of Dalbergia sisso powdered leaves was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus for 30 hours, utilizing methanol as a solvent. The solvent was vaporized and concentrated to produce a dry residue once the extraction was finished. The yield percentages for the methanolic extract were 4.8% respectively. Result and Discussion: FT-IR spectroscopy showed different peak values for functional compounds in the methanolic extract. The FTIR spectrum of the methanolic leaf extract shows the interpretation of the chemical bonds in the methanolic leaf extract. HPTLC studies revealed that the active compound lupeol is present in the methanolic extract. Conclusion: It has been concluded that the methanolic extract of Dalbergia sisso leaves contains lupeol and quercetin bioactive compounds. The methanolic extract of Dalbergia sisso leaves was found to have antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. The HPTLC technique found lupeol, which may possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The FT-IR spectrum revealed the presence of hydroxyl, hydrocarbon, aldehyde, allene, and secondary alcohol groups in the methanolic extract, consistent with the presence of quercetin. The methanolic leaf extracts show the presence of saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides, and tannins.
Formulation development and evaluation of oil-based PLGA nanocarriers of fluticasone propionate Shejwal, Aniruddha; Shevalkar, Ganesh B.; Borse, Laxmikant B.
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.969

Abstract

Background: Fluticasone Propionate (FP), a potent corticosteroid, suffers from poor aqueous solubility and limited skin permeability, which reduces its clinical efficacy in topical applications. This work aims to overcome these limitations; oil-based poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocarriers were developed to enhance the solubility, stability, and sustained release of FP. Methodology: A 3² factorial design was employed to formulate nine batches of PLGA nanocarriers loaded with FP using varying concentrations of PLGA and Capmul MCM. The formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, drug content, and in vitro drug release. The optimized batch was further characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Stability studies were conducted over 30 days under accelerated conditions. Results and Discussion: Among all batches, formulation F1 exhibited optimal characteristics, with a particle size of 197.5 nm, a zeta potential of -27.4 mV, and a drug content of 99.85%. The in vitro drug release profile showed a sustained release of 97% over 12 hours. SEM confirmed a spherical morphology with uniform distribution, while DSC and XRD analyses indicated the amorphous dispersion of the drug within the PLGA matrix. The formulation remained physically and chemically stable during the 30-day accelerated stability testing. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that oil-based PLGA nanocarriers effectively enhance the solubility and controlled delivery of Fluticasone Propionate. Although in vivo validation is pending, the system offers promising potential for improving topical corticosteroid therapy in clinical settings. The novelty of this formulation lies in the strategic combination of Isopropyl Myristate and PLGA to create an oil-based nanocarrier platform, which has not been previously reported for Fluticasone Propionate. This approach enables superior drug encapsulation, enhanced skin permeability, and controlled drug delivery.
Formulation, optimization, and standardization of orodispersible herbal tablets using design of experiments (DOE) Shinde, Ganesh; Jadhav, Ravindra; Godge, Rahul; Vikhe, Dattaprasad; Tambe, Vishal; Khule, Shubham
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.973

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to develop and optimize an orodispersible herbal tablet incorporating Achyranthes aspera Linn extract. Sodium Starch Glycolate and Crospovidone were employed as superdisintegrants to promote rapid tablet disintegration, while β-cyclodextrin was utilized to enhance the solubility of specific constituents within the extract. The optimized formulation exhibited a rapid disintegration time of 1.805 seconds and achieved a cumulative drug release of 98.04%, indicating improved dissolution and potential enhancement in oral bioavailability. Methodology: Orodispersible tablets were formulated using Design of Experiments (DOE) software, with crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate as independent variables, and time of disintegration and cumulative drug release as dependent variables. The formulation was evaluated for weight variation, uniformity, hardness, wetting time, and in vitro dispersion time. Result & Discussion: The optimized F6 batch of orodispersible herbal tablets demonstrated the following characteristics: hardness of 2.98 kg/cm², friability of 0.58%, weight variation of 3.319%, disintegration time of 13.805 seconds, wetting time of 34.4 seconds, content uniformity of 99.5%, water absorption of 36%, and cumulative drug release of 98.04%, all within the permissible limits as per official pharmacopoeialstandards. Conclusion: The study concludes that crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate effectively reduce disintegration time and improve cumulative drug release. These findings validate the reliability of the model, with minor deviations attributed to experimental variability.
Transdermal delivery of risedronate using chemical enhancers for improved skin penetration Nam, So Hee
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1013

Abstract

Background: Risedronate sodium (RIS) is effective for bone diseases but has low bioavailability and severe side effects. This study investigates the use of hydrophilic enhancers to improve the efficiency of RIS's transdermal delivery. Methods: This study involved preparing topical samples of RIS with various enhancers, including ethanol (EtOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Dimethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DGME), and propylene glycol (PG). In vitro permeation tests were conducted using hairless mouse skin in Franz diffusion cells, and skin irritation tests were performed on mice. Results: The cumulative amount of RIS after 24 hours significantly increased with penetration enhancers: 6.02 μg/cm² (RIS alone), 90.22 μg/cm² (20% DGME), 67.31 μg/cm² (20% PG), 266.31 μg/cm² (20% DMSO), and 784.52 μg/cm² (20% EtOH). EtOH showed a dose-dependent increase, with 1,302.76 μg/cm² at 50% concentration. Further experiments using DMSO and EtOH at concentrations of 5% and 10% identified the optimal permeation enhancement as follows: 201.36 ± 31.6 μg/cm2 (5% DMSO), 183.03 ± 31.6 μg/cm2 (10% DMSO), 261.71 ± 164.93 μg/cm2 (5% EtOH), 569.21 ± 197.67 μg/cm2 (10% EtOH). Discussion: EtOH and DMSO significantly enhanced RIS penetration by modifying the skin's structure. The study suggests that adjusting the concentration of these enhancers can control the penetration profile, offering a promising alternative to oral delivery. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that chemical enhancers significantly improved the skin penetration of RIS. The transdermal delivery of RIS can help reduce the side effects of oral delivery of the drug and thus improve patients’ compliance.

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