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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 459 Documents
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Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant evaluation of root ethanol extract of Maesa indica (Roxb.) sweet Pooja K P; Shrishail H C
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1237

Abstract

Background: Healing herbs have long been used in traditional medicine due to their therapeutic properties and rich content of bioactive molecules. Despite its traditional applications, research on the root part of Maesa indica is scarce. This study focuses on exploring the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of the ethanol extract of M. indica roots. Methodology: Secondary metabolites were identified using Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the metal chelating activity assay. Quantification of total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoids was also conducted. Results and Discussion: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, steroids, and saponins. LC-Q-TOF-MS profiling identified seven primary secondary metabolites. The root extract exhibited high phenolic content (380.91 ± 23.52 µg/mg) and moderate flavonoid concentration (114.21 ± 6.25 µg/mg). Antioxidant activity of root extract was demonstrated by DPPH radical scavenging showed strong activity (IC₅₀: 88.78 µg/mL) and moderate ferrous ion chelating activity (IC₅₀: 172.31 µg/mL), suggesting effective free radical neutralization. Conclusion: The findings highlight the root extract of M. indica as a promising source of natural antioxidants. Compared to previous studies on aerial parts of the plant, the root extract offers comparable or enhanced antioxidant capacity, suggesting its value in future pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations
Innovative nanostructured lipid carrier gel for enhanced topical delivery of roflumilast in psoriasis management Abhishek Singh; Anurag Verma; Prashant Kumar
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1242

Abstract

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disorder marked by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, causing erythematous, scaly plaques that impair quality of life. Current therapies have side effects and poor solubility, highlighting the need for improved topical delivery systems. Methodology: An NLC-based gel encapsulating the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast was developed for enhanced topical delivery. NLCs were prepared by high-pressure homogenization with oleic acid, glycerol monostearate, and Tween 80, and incorporated into a Carbopol 934 gel. The physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release, and in vivo efficacy of imiquimod in imiquimod-induced psoriatic rats were evaluated. Results: The developed gel was homogeneous, white, and transparent, with a dermally compatible pH (5.36-5.85), optimal viscosity (3.5-14.5 Pa·s), and good spreadability (4.3-7.2 g/cm/s). Formulation F3 showed high encapsulation efficiency (90.38 ± 2.91%) and sustained drug release (~90% over 24 hours). Drug content ranged from 72% to 95%. Ex vivo skin permeation studies demonstrated enhanced roflumilast penetration. In vivo application led to a significant reduction in psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores from 6.5 on Day 1 to 1.6 on Day 9. No signs of erythema, edema, or rashes were observed during the 72-hour skin irritation study, confirming excellent dermal compatibility. Histopathology confirmed decreased inflammation, reduced hyperkeratosis, and restored epidermal architecture.  Discussion: The NLC-based roflumilast gel showed favorable physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties, offering improved delivery and sustained release over conventional psoriasis therapies. Conclusion:  Roflumilast-NLC gel is a promising topical therapy for psoriasis with controlled release and enhanced skin retention.
In vitro anticancer potential of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) leaf methanolic extracts via SRB and MTT assays against MCF-7 cell line Sunayana R. Vikhe; Sarika Vikhe; Vaibhav Bhamare
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1262

Abstract

Background: Cancer causes millions of deaths worldwide, with cases expected to reach 28.4 million by 2040. Natural plant compounds offer safer alternatives for cancer treatment. Aim: This study tested the anticancer activity of Manilkara hexandra leaf extracts against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Materials and methods: Methanolic extraction, followed by sequential fractionation via column chromatography, yielded bioactive fractions that underwent phytochemical and GC-MS characterization. Quantification of cytotoxicity was performed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays across a concentration gradient (10–80 μg/mL). Result and Discussion: Chemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and other bioactive compounds. The petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (PE-EA) fraction contained quercetin (25.28%) and another major flavonoid (28.62%). This fraction exhibited strong dose-dependent cell killing, reducing cell survival to 31.8% (SRB) and 33.0% (MTT) at 80 μg/mL (p < 0.001). The IC₅₀ was 55 μg/mL in both assays. Conclusion: The anticancer activity correlates with high flavonoid content, suggesting these compounds cause cell death through apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. M. hexandra PE-EA fraction shows promise as a natural anticancer agent for breast cancer treatment
Chitosan-based mucoadhesive patches for buccal delivery of olmesartan in hypertension treatment Nikhate, Ram; Patil, Sanjay
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1298

Abstract

Background: Delivering poorly soluble drugs like Olmesartan (OMS) effectively remains a key challenge due to low oral bioavailability and extensive first-pass metabolism. To address this, buccal patches incorporating chitosan were developed as an alternative route to enhance systemic absorption. Methodology: A series of buccal patch formulations (F1–F17) was prepared using combinations of chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), HPMC K4M, and Eudragit RL via solvent casting. These patches were evaluated for uniformity in weight, thickness, pH, mechanical strength, folding endurance, and mucoadhesion. Structural and morphological assessments were carried out using X-ray diffraction and SEM. Ex vivo and in vivo studies explored drug release, permeation, pharmacokinetics, and mucosal safety. An HPLC method was employed for accurate quantification, and stability was assessed under both accelerated and ambient conditions. Results and Discussion: The optimised patch (F2) demonstrated consistent physical properties, high flexibility, and strong mucoadhesion. XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous dispersion of OMS in the polymer matrix, aiding solubility. Drug release was sustained over 12 hours, and permeation studies showed controlled transport across the buccal membrane. In vivo results revealed a substantial improvement in drug bioavailability via buccal delivery (83.2%) compared to oral administration (30.2%). Histological analysis indicated no signs of tissue irritation. Patches maintained integrity and potency throughout six months of storage. Conclusion: The findings support the buccal patch as a viable, non-invasive platform for enhancing OMS delivery, offering improved therapeutic efficiency and patient compliance.
Formulation and evaluation of a bifonazole-loaded chitosan-honey invasomal hydrogel for enhanced topical antifungal activity Patil, Shivaji; Bhargav, Sushil
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1301

Abstract

Background: To develop a novel bifonazole-loaded chitosan-honey invasomal hydrogel to improve the drug's topical antifungal efficacy. In this formulation, invasomal vesicles, composed of phospholipids, ethanol, and terpenes, were utilized to enhance the penetration of bifonazole through the skin. Methodology: These invasomal carriers were incorporated into a chitosan-based hydrogel matrix, which provided structural stability and bioadhesive properties, allowing for better retention on the skin. Additionally, natural honey, known for its antibacterial and wound-healing properties, was included to enhance the therapeutic benefits of the hydrogel. Results & Discussion: Invasomes were prepared using soya phosphatidylcholine, ethanol (30% v/v), and d-limonene (0.5%) and then incorporated into a chitosan-honey gel matrix. Among the six formulations (IF1–IF6), IF5 showed optimal results, with 93.32% drug release over 12 hours, a viscosity of 6545 ± 26 cps, a pH of 6.85, and antifungal inhibition zones of 17 mm (Candida albicans) and 11 mm (A. flavus). The formulation was characterized in terms of its physical properties, including viscosity, gel strength, and spreadability, and evaluated for its drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release profile, and ex vivo skin permeation. This study demonstrates a synergistic system enhancing skin permeation, drug retention, and antifungal efficacy. Conclusion: This formulation represents a promising alternative for the effective and patient-friendly treatment of superficial fungal infections, offering improved drug delivery, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and a reduced dosing frequency.
In silico assessment of flavonoids from Matricaria chamomilla for anti-psoriatic potential via molecular docking and ADME/T profiling V. V. Rajesham; Pentu, Narendra; Kumar, Pasupuleti Kishore; T. Rama Rao; Morsu, Ashok
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1309

Abstract

Background: Computational tools are advancing in the drug discovery process to assess the safety profiles of new compounds with reduced investment. Herbal remedies exhibit a diverse range of active compounds that can alleviate various disease conditions with fewer side effects. Method: This study investigates the molecular docking of phytochemicals from Matricaria Chamomilla against inflammation-induced skin disorders, such as psoriasis. Using AutoDock Vina and MGL Tools, key compounds were evaluated for binding affinity with target proteins. ADMET analysis, as assessed by pkCSM and SWISSADME, to predict the Lipinski’s Rule of Five. Redocking was implemented to confirm the binding affinity of the docked position. Results: This molecular docking of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, including quercetin, apigenin, rutin, luteolin, and various glycosylated derivatives—from Matricaria Chamomilla against cellular proteins implicated in psoriasis (PDE-4, p38MAPK, IL-23, BTK, JAK-3, TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-6). Using Autodock Vina and MGL Tools, rutin and quercetin demonstrated favourable binding affinities. At the same time, luteolin-7-glycoside exhibited the highest docking scores (e.g., -10.8 kcal/mol for PDE-4, -9.7 kcal/mol for JAK-3, and -9.1 kcal/mol for TNF-α) compared to the standard. Results highlight the potential of chamomile phytochemicals as safe, orally effective agents for managing inflammatory skin conditions. Redocking confirms the RMSD values are within the limits of < 2 A0. Conclusion: The data suggest that chamomile flavonoids could be safe and beneficial for treating inflammatory diseases and psoriasis. Although enzymatic and cell-based assays, along with further preclinical evaluations, are essential for advancing research in disease modification, formulation strategies play a role in improving drug characteristics
Design, optimization, and antimicrobial assessment of Callicarpa longifolia-derived nanoparticles using quality by design (QbD) approach Md. Shakeel Alam; Srivastava, Nidhi
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1322

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study is to focus on the design, optimization, and antimicrobial evaluation of ethanolic leaf extracts of Callicarpa longifolia-derived nanoparticles using the Quality by Design (QbD) technique. Methodology: Critical formulation parameters were optimized using a Box-Behnken Design. The optimized nanoparticles are characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirming their nanoscale size. Stability studies were conducted under various ICH recommendations. The antimicrobial activity of the isolated fraction extract and isolated fraction extract nanoparticles was assessed against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. Results and Discussion: By BBD, the optimized herbal nanoparticles have a particle size of 281.00 nm and an entrapment efficiency 88%. After characterization, the results of the optimized nanoparticles' particle size (349.3 nm), zeta potentials (-23.7 mV), % EE (86.25%), and spherical shape are confirmed by SEM. The % cumulative drug release of optimized nanoparticles is 86.12±0.79. Kinetic release model regression values of the optimized nanoparticles' R² values in different model kinetic releases are zero order (0.929), first order (0.971), Higuchi kinetic release (0.994), Korsmeyer kinetic release (0.994), and Hixon Crowell (0.978). Results revealed that the nanoparticle formulation exhibited significant antimicrobial efficacy. Conclusion: All things considered, the study shows how the QbD methodology may be successfully applied to create a stable and efficient nanoparticle system made from an isolated extract of C. longifolia, which has encouraging potential as a substitute antibacterial agent.
Investigation of potential efficacy of nanospanlastic vesicular drug delivery system for targeting the brain: formulation, characterization, and in-vivo studies Patel, Ashwini; Pandey, Prachi
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1340

Abstract

Background: Edaravone, a potent antioxidant, has limited brain bioavailability due to poor solubility and restricted permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Intranasal delivery offers a promising alternative for brain targeting by bypassing the BBB. Objective: To develop and evaluate a nanospanlastic-based in-situ nasal gel formulation of edaravone for enhanced brain delivery. Methodology: A Quality by Design (QbD) approach was employed to identify and optimize critical formulation variables using Plackett-Burman and Central Composite Design. The optimized nanospanlastics were incorporated into a gellan gum-based ion-activated in-situ nasal gel and characterized through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies. Results and Discussion: The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 213.4 nm, a drug entrapment efficiency of 67.59%, and rapid gelation upon contact with nasal fluid. In vitro diffusion showed over 80% drug release within 30 minutes, while ex vivo studies confirmed improved permeation (flux: 7.8067 µg/cm²/hr). Histopathology revealed no nasal mucosal irritation. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated significantly enhanced brain and plasma exposure compared to the marketed edaravone injection, with higher Cmax (78.73 ng/mL), Tmax (121.2 min), and AUC. Conclusion: The developed nanospanlastic-based nasal gel offers a non-invasive, effective strategy for brain delivery of edaravone, with potential to improve therapeutic outcomes in neurological disorders.
A QbD-based stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for larotrectinib: degradation kinetics and integrated white, green, and blue analytical assessment P. N. S, Syamala; Adikay, Sreedevi
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 13 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1436

Abstract

Background: Larotrectinib, a selective TRK inhibitor, received FDA approval on April 10, 2025, for treating solid tumors with NTRK gene fusions. Despite its therapeutic significance, no RP-HPLC method using a Quality-by-Design (QbD) framework has been reported. This study aimed to develop and validate a QbD-based RP-HPLC method for larotrectinib estimation. Methodology: Critical Analytical Parameters (CAPs) were identified using a Plackett–Burman Design and optimized via a Central Composite Design (CCD). Separation was achieved on a Sunfire C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of 0.1% OPA and acetonitrile (70:30, v/v), flow rate 1.0 mL/min, injection volume 10 µL, and detection at 262 nm. Optimized conditions from the Method Operable Design Region (MODR) gave a desirability value of 1. Results and Discussion: The method achieved sharp separation with a retention time of 2.2 min in a 5-minute runtime. Validation per ICH Q2(R1) confirmed linearity (12.5–75 µg/mL, R² = 0.9998), intra- and inter-day precision (%RSD < 2%), mean recovery of 99.29%, and sensitivity with DL 0.30 µg/mL and QL 0.92 µg/mL. Forced degradation studies revealed zero-order kinetics under 0.1 N HCl, 0.5 N NaOH, and thermal stress, and first-order kinetics under 0.5 N HCl, 0.1N NaOH, 3% and 5% H₂O₂, and water. Greenness, blueness, whiteness, and sustainability were assessed using AMGS, AGREE, ComplexMoGAPI, BAGI, RGB, and EVG tools, yielding favourable outcomes. Conclusion: The developed QbD-based RP-HPLC method is robust, validated, and stability-indicating, suitable for quality control, regulatory submissions, and bioanalysis of larotrectinib.

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