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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
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Articles 514 Documents
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Vanillin as a cardioprotective agent against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats via modulation of oxidative stress and molecular docking analysis N. G. Dighe; S. B. Dighe; S. B. Bhawar; R. D. Ghogare; V. A. Patole
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1670

Abstract

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Natural phenolic compounds, such as vanillin, with antioxidant properties, are being explored as cardioprotective agents. This study evaluated vanillin using integrated in silico and in vivo approaches. Methodology: Molecular docking assessed vanillin–cardiac protein interactions, and ADMET profiling evaluated drug-likeness. In vivo, DOX-induced cardiomyopathy was established in male Wistar rats (n=6) via cumulative intraperitoneal dosing (16 mg/kg). Vanillin (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered orally 30 minutes post-DOX for 28 days. ECG parameters, cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, AST, LDH, cTn-I), oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, GSH, catalase), and histopathology were analyzed. Results & Discussion: In silico analysis revealed that vanillin binds to the CK-MB active site, demonstrating a docking interaction comparable to that of doxorubicin. In vivo, Doxorubicin treatment caused significant cardiac dysfunction, characterized by QTc prolongation and ST-segment depression. Serum biomarkers of myocardial injury (CK-MB, Troponin-I, LDH, AST) were significantly elevated, while myocardial antioxidant levels (SOD, GSH, CAT) were depleted in the DOX group. Vanillin co-administration (200 mg/kg) significantly attenuated these alterations, restoring QTc intervals and reducing oxidative stress markers. Histopathological scoring confirmed improving myocardial architecture from severe damage in the DOX group to near-normal morphology in the high-dose Vanillin group. Conclusion: Vanillin exerts cardioprotective effects via antioxidant mechanisms, stabilization of cardiac biomarkers, and maintenance of myocardial integrity, indicating its promise as an adjunct strategy against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.
Acute toxicity evaluation and antidyslipidemic potential of Retama sphaerocarpa aerial parts in Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats Adil Qabouche; Ismail Bouadid; Ayoub Amssayefa; Ahmed El-Haidani; Mohamed Eddouks
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1685

Abstract

Background: Dyslipidemia constitutes a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although conventional lipid-lowering therapies are effective, their prolonged use is associated with adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer natural alternatives. Species of the genus Retama, including Retama sphaerocarpa, have been reported to possess various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic activities. However, no study to date has evaluated the antidyslipidemic potential of R. sphaerocarpa. This study was conducted to evaluate both the acute oral toxicity and the antidyslipidemic effect of the Retama sphaerocarpa aqueous extract (RSAE) in a Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rat model. Methodology: The acute toxicity study of RSAE was conducted in accordance with OECD Guideline 423. RSAE was administered orally as a single dose of 2000 mg/kg, and the rats were monitored for any signs of toxicity or mortality. Hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed 24h post-administration of RSAE. The antidyslipidemic effect of RSAE (400 mg/kg) was studied in Triton WR-1339-induced dyslipidemia in Wistar albino rats. Results and discussion: Results showed no mortality or clinical signs of toxicity following RSAE administration; hematological and biochemical parameters remained unaltered after 24 hours post-treatment. The RSAE demonstrated antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 241.45 μg/mL). For the lipid-lowering assessment, RSAE pretreatment significantly reduced plasma TC levels by 51.1% (p<0.01), TGs by 60.2% (p<0.01), and LDL-c by 73.5% (p<0.01), while increasing HDL-c levels (p<0.01). Conclusion: Results from the present study highlight the potential of Retama sphaerocarpa in the prevention and management of dyslipidemia.
Formulation and characterization of risperidone nanocrystals for enhanced solubility and dissolution M. Subramani; R. Arulkumar; P. Manikandan; P. K. Varshini; S. Mounisha
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1717

Abstract

Background: Risperidone (RIS) is categorized as a BCS Class II antipsychotic and exhibits poor water solubility and a slow dissolution rate, which restricts its therapeutic effectiveness. The present study aims to formulate RIS nanocrystals to overcome pharmaceutical challenges and improve their solubility. Methodology: Nanosuspensions of RIS were prepared using high-speed homogenization, with different polymer ratios. The physicochemical properties were characterized using FTIR, SEM, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, X-ray powder diffraction, entrapment efficiency evaluation, drug content analysis, and in vitro release testing. Direct compression was used to manufacture tablets from the optimized nanocrystals, and their dissolution performance was assessed against conventional RIS tablets. Results and Discussion: The formulation F7, containing 0.1% Poloxamer 188 and prepared at 25,000 rpm, exhibited the optimal particle size (78.62 nm), PDI (0.223), and zeta potential (-18.9 mV), and the SEM images revealed needle-shaped crystals. Entrapment efficiency was 86.22±1.61% with a drug content of 67.885±2.02%. The F7 nanosuspension released 90.23±1.91% of the drug in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) within 60 minutes. Reducing the size of nanoscale particles enhanced their surface area, hence increasing their solubility. The F7 nanocrystal tablets released 86.28±1.83% of the drug, whereas the conventional tablets released 77.51±2.15%. This data demonstrates that this method is more effective. Conclusion: RIS nanocrystals were developed to enhance solubility and accelerate dissolution rates. The F7 formulation exhibited enhanced stability and improved release, suggesting its potential to optimize oral medication delivery.
Therapeutic potential of mesalamine-probiotic combination in enteric-coated tablet for modulating gut inflammation in IBD Pratiksha A. Thete; Milind P. Wagh; Vandana S. Nade
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1748

Abstract

Background: Mesalamine is widely used for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to its local anti-inflammatory action, while probiotics help restore intestinal microbiota and modulate immune responses. Combining both may offer synergistic benefits for IBD management. This study aimed to develop and evaluate colon-targeted enteric-coated tablets containing a mesalamine-probiotic combination. Methodology: Core tablets containing mesalamine, selected probiotics, and polymers were prepared by dry granulation. Pre- and post-compression parameters were evaluated. The optimized batch was coated with Eudragit® S100 (2–5%) to achieve pH-dependent release. In vitro dissolution and probiotic viability in simulated gastric conditions were assessed. Result and Discussion: The optimized formulation showed acceptable physical properties and negligible drug release in gastric pH, followed by targeted colonic release exceeding 90% at intestinal/colonic pH. Mesalamine release followed Higuchi kinetics, suggesting diffusion-controlled behavior. Swelling studies demonstrated gradual polymer hydration and matrix erosion. Probiotic viability studies demonstrated strain-dependent survival: Saccharomyces boulardii and Streptococcus thermophilus retained>90% viability after 150 min of simulated gastric exposure, whereas Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum exhibited approximately 1.2–1.3 log reductions, indicating greater acid sensitivity. The combination of enteric coating enabled efficient colon targeting and sustained release. Differential strain viability emphasized the importance of selecting acid-resistant probiotics or employing protective delivery systems. Conclusion: The developed mesalamine–probiotic enteric-coated tablets demonstrated colon-specific drug release and strain-dependent probiotic survival in vitro, indicating their potential as a candidate formulation requiring further optimization, particularly for acid-sensitive bacterial strains.
Formulation and evaluation of metformin-loaded microspheres using modified double emulsion solvent evaporation technique Saikat Santra; Debraj Dey; Twinkle Pal; Abu Shoeb; Pinki Biswas
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1752

Abstract

Background: Metformin hydrochloride is the first-line therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, its short biological half-life, low oral bioavailability, and frequent dosing often compromise patient compliance and cause gastrointestinal side effects. Sustained-release delivery systems may overcome these limitations. This study aimed to develop and evaluate ethylcellulose-based sustained-release metformin-loaded microspheres using a modified W/O/W double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Methodology: Six formulations (MF-M1 to MF-M6) were prepared by varying ethylcellulose concentrations (1.0–3.5% w/v). Microspheres were evaluated for percentage yield, entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size, swelling index, surface morphology (SEM), thermal behavior (DSC), drug–polymer compatibility (FTIR), in-vitro drug release, and release kinetics. Results and Discussion: Increasing ethylcellulose concentration significantly improved yield (65.4–88.2%) and EE% (58.2–85.6%) while increasing particle size (48.2–121.5 µm). MF-M5 (3% EC) demonstrated optimal performance with high yield (85.6%), EE% (82.1%), controlled initial burst (7.2%), and sustained release (91.6% over 24 h). MF-M6 exhibited the longest release but showed a larger particle size and processing challenges. Drug release followed first-order and Higuchi kinetics, with anomalous transport observed at higher polymer levels. Conclusion: The modified W/O/W technique successfully encapsulated hydrophilic metformin into sustained-release microspheres. MF-M5 is identified as the most balanced formulation, while MF-M6 may be suitable where maximum release retardation is required.
Targeted nanocarriers for rheumatoid arthritis therapy: current evidence and translational barriers Shishupal Kumar; Muneesh Kanaujaya; Pallavi Chand; Ashish Singh Chauhan; Vikash Jakhmola
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1758

Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a debilitating autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic synovial inflammation and progressive joint destruction. Conventional systemic therapies provide symptomatic relief but often fail to achieve site-specific delivery, leading to adverse effects and limited long-term efficacy. This review appraises the available evidence for the use of targeted nanocarrier drug delivery systems in the treatment of RA and highlights the translational hurdles that hinder their clinical use. Methodology: A search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2015-2025) was conducted using the keywords RA, nanocarriers, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and microneedles. Result and Discussion: Liposomal and polymeric nanoparticle systems are emerging nanotechnologies that have demonstrated improved targeting and therapeutic outcomes in preclinical models. In addition, microneedle technologies show potential for less painful delivery through the skin. Conclusion: Despite encouraging results, inconsistent manufacturing reproducibility, limitations in large-scale production, and regulatory uncertainties, among others, remain factors that are slowing the transition to the clinic. Standardization of characterization procedures, validated preclinical models, and well-designed translational research are among the measures this review has identified as necessary to facilitate the transition of nanocarrier-based therapeutics to clinical application in RA.
Formulation and characterization of spray-dried clarithromycin microparticles with improved dissolution and potential for oral bioavailability Sagar Kamble; Ajay Salvi; Shivaji Patil; Yogesh Borhade
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1761

Abstract

Background: Clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, exhibits limited aqueous solubility, which restricts its dissolution and bioavailability. Enhancing its solubility through novel formulation strategies is essential to improve therapeutic efficacy. Spray drying with hydrophilic carriers is an effective approach for drug particle engineering to improve dissolution. Methodology: Clarithromycin microparticles were prepared by the spray drying technique using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and Kollicoat IR® as hydrophilic polymers. The formulations were prepared in different drug-to-polymer ratios. Physicochemical characterization was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) to study the crystalline-to-amorphous transition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess particle morphology. Dissolution studies were carried out and compared with the pure drug, physical mixtures, and marketed clarithromycin tablets. Results and Discussion: DSC and XRD analyses confirmed the transformation of clarithromycin from a crystalline to an amorphous state within the spray-dried microparticles. SEM images revealed uniform spherical particles with porous surfaces. The optimized spray-dried formulation (CH 1:1) achieved 85.42 ± 0.47% drug release within 10 min and 96.28 ± 1.13% at 60 min, compared to 57.54 ± 1.54% and 81.54 ± 1.87%, respectively, for the marketed tablet. This corresponds to an approximately 1.5-fold enhancement in early dissolution. Conclusion: Spray drying with HP-β-CD and Kollicoat IR® successfully enhanced the solubility and dissolution of clarithromycin. The approach demonstrates potential to develop effective immediate-release tablets, with markedly improved in-vitro dissolution compared with the marketed product, indicating potential for enhanced oral bioavailability.
AQbD enabled optimization of RP-HPLC method for the estimation of pioglitazone and vildagliptin and its forced degradation studies P V Devi Swapna; G. Saravanan
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1856

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is managed with combination therapy. Pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity by activating PPAR-γ, whereas vildagliptin increases incretin activity by inhibiting DPP-4. Their fixed-dose combination requires reliable analytical methods for quality control and stability assessment. This study aimed to develop a green, stability-indicating RP-HPLC method using the Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) approach. Methodology: A systematic AQbD strategy employing Central Composite Design (CCD) with 13 experimental runs was used to optimize critical analytical parameters. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent 1260 Infinity II HPLC system using a Phenomenex C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). Detection was carried out at 220 nm with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines, and greenness was evaluated using the AGREE, MoGAPI, and BAGI metrics. Results and Discussion: Vildagliptin and pioglitazone were well resolved with retention times of 2.21 min and 3.47 min, respectively. Validation results demonstrated excellent precision, accuracy, and reliability. The method exhibited acceptable greenness with a high BAGI score of 82.5, an AGREE score of 0.66, and a MoGAPI value of 74. Stress degradation studies confirmed its stability-indicating capability, with maximum degradation under alkaline and oxidative conditions, while acidic, thermal, and photolytic stresses showed minimal effects. Conclusion: The proposed AQbD-driven, eco-friendly RP-HPLC method is sensitive, stability-indicating, and regulatory-compliant, offering reduced analysis time, enhanced robustness, and improved environmental performance, making it a sustainable and efficient approach for routine estimation of pioglitazone and vildagliptin.
Development and evaluation of a Cassia tora-based herbal antacid suspension Shivani; Charit Kumar; Rakesh Redhu; Karan Jangra; Amit Lather
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1870

Abstract

Background: Synthetic antacids are frequently used to manage gastric hyperacidity; however, their potential for long-term adverse effects has catalyzed significant interest in developing safer herbal-based therapeutic alternatives. Cassia tora, traditionally used for gastrointestinal disorders, contains gastroprotective flavonoids, anthraquinones, and tannins. Methodology: To develop and evaluate a Cassia tora-based herbal antacid suspension, assessing its physicochemical stability, microbial safety, phytochemical profile, and acid-neutralizing capacity against a marketed antacid. A methanolic Cassia tora extract was formulated into a suspension with aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and magnesium trisilicate, using controlled flocculation and a structured vehicle. The evaluations included physicochemical properties (pH, viscosity, redispersibility), microbial safety, phytochemical screening, and a 90-day accelerated stability study (ICH guidelines). The acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) was determined via back titration and compared to that of the marketed antacid and the control. Results and Discussion: The suspension demonstrated acceptable stability over 90 days, with minimal changes in pH (8.86→8.82) and viscosity (1780→1738 cP), and retained easy redispersibility. The microbial counts remained within the pharmacopeial limits. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The ANC was 1.68 mEq, comparable to that of a marketed antacid (2.15 mEq) and significantly superior to that of the control (0.02 mEq). Conclusion: A stable, efficacious Cassia tora-based herbal antacid suspension was successfully developed, exhibiting physicochemical stability, microbial safety, and an ANC comparable to that of commercial formulations. This supports its potential as a natural adjunct, though further in vivo and clinical studies are needed to confirm therapeutic applicability.
Kaempferol-rich Thespesia lampas leaf extract mitigates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in wistar rats Shweta Shamrao Dhavane; Ravindra Bhimraj Laware
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1885

Abstract

Background: Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity (GIN) is a major limitation of aminoglycoside therapy and a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). The underlying mechanisms involve excessive oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, particularly the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Natural flavonoids such as kaempferol possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thespesia lampas, traditionally used in renal disorders, is rich in kaempferol, necessitating scientific validation of its nephroprotective potential. Methodology: ALE was characterized using HR-LCMS, confirming kaempferol as the major flavonoid (20.5 ± 2.8 mg/g extract; 2.05 ± 0.28% w/w). Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH assay, demonstrating potent free radical scavenging (IC₅₀ = 62.4 µg/mL) comparable to rutin standard (IC₅₀ = 48.6 µg/mL). Rats received ALE orally at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for 28 days, while nephrotoxicity was induced by gentamicin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) during the final 10 days. Renal function markers, oxidative stress parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), NF-κB (p65/p50) nuclear translocation, and renal histopathology were evaluated. Results and Discussion: Gentamicin caused significant renal dysfunction, oxidative imbalance, elevated inflammatory cytokines, and increased NF-κB activation. ALE treatment produced dose-dependent nephroprotection, with the 400 mg/kg dose markedly restoring renal biomarkers, improving antioxidant defenses, suppressing inflammatory mediators, and ameliorating histopathological damage. Conclusion: Kaempferol-rich Thespesia lampas ALE confers significant protection against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress and inhibiting NF-κB–mediated inflammation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for drug-induced renal injury.

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