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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Dimension
Published by Universitas Kristen Petra Surabaya
ISSN : 14109530     EISSN : 1979570X     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
The Civil Engineering Dimension (Dimensi Teknik Sipil) is a refereed journal, published twice a year, in March and September.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 493 Documents
 46   47   48   49   50 
Capillary Imbibition of Concrete Containing Cold Bonded Fly Ash-Based Lightweight Aggregate in a Salt Environment Puput Risdanareni; Mohammad Sulton; Nindyawati Nindyawati; Ditya Hafidz Rosyidi; Januarti Jaya Ekaputri; Rafiza Binti Abd. Razak; Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 1 (2026): MARCH 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.1.23-33

Abstract

Cold bonded lightweight aggregate generated from fly ash (FA LWA) has become an interesting approach to increase the consumption of fly ash and prevent over-mining of natural aggregate. However, using the cold-bonded hardening method could increase the number of open pores in LWA, making the concrete containing this LWA face an increased risk of degradation due to water ingress. Thus, in this research, the effect of using FA LWA in concrete on the mechanical and transport properties in a salt environment is being investigated. Three aggregate replacement ratios of 0, 50, and 100% were applied, while the salt environment was mimicked with NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions. The results show that the optimum replacement rate of FA LWA was 50%. Regarding the transport properties, exposing concrete to a salt environment (NaCl or Na2SO4) proved to slow down the capillary imbibition rate slightly.
Finite Element Analysis of Plastic Behavior in RC Beam Supports with Composite Steel Deck Slabs under Cyclic Loading Brihaspati Brihaspati; Ashar Saputra; Angga Fajar Setiawan; Djoko Sulistyo
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 1 (2026): MARCH 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.1.34-45

Abstract

The performance of beam supports is essential for seismic resilience, particularly under the Strong Column–Weak Beam (SCWB) principle. To improve construction efficiency, steel deck-based composite slabs are increasingly adopted as alternatives to conventional slabs. However, their impact on the plastic behavior of beam supports remains underexplored. This study evaluates the influence of steel deck slabs using finite element analysis in ABAQUS. Two beam-column joint models—conventional and modified—were subjected to cyclic loading according to FEMA 461. The models incorporated stiffness recovery, combined hardening for steel, and a cohesive zone model (CZM) for the concrete–steel deck interface. Results indicate that the steel deck model shows a wider hysteresis loop and 2.425% higher energy dissipation, but experiences earlier reinforcement yielding and greater stiffness degradation. Although ductility increases, plastic hinges form at nearly the same cycle. Overall, the steel deck system improves energy absorption and ductility but reduces elastic stiffness and accelerates inelastic behavior.
Assessment and Strengthening of Bolted Connections in the Mandomai Bowstring Bridge Constructed with Ulin Wood Shafira Khairunnisa Subchan; Ali Awaludin; Miqdad Khosyi Akbar; Radika Gandi Tama; Angga Fajar Setiawan; Angga Trisna Yudhistira; Inggar Septhia Irawati; Andreas Triwiyono
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 1 (2026): MARCH 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.1.101-110

Abstract

This study assessed and proposed a retrofit strategy for bolted timber connections in the Mandomai pedestrian bridge, constructed from Ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri). Numerical modeling, analytical evaluation using Eurocode 5 yield equations, and experimental validation were conducted. Axial forces from a global Midas Civil model under a 1.25 kN/m² live load showed three critical connections (S11, S13, S14) with demand-capacity ratios (DCR) exceeding 1.0. A retrofit using steel side plates and ASTM A325 bolts reduced DCRs to 0.79, 1.02, and 0.70, respectively. Experimental testing of limited full-scale double-shear wood-to-wood joints demonstrated an average ultimate capacity of 191 kN, which was 57.65% higher than the theoretical prediction, indicating the conservative nature of Eurocode 5 and the contribution of mechanisms such as the rope effect and frictional interlock. The results confirmed the retrofit’s effectiveness and highlighted the need to refine design provisions for dense tropical hardwoods.
Analyzing Student Mobility Patterns and Route Preferences: A GIS- and Mental Map-based Study at Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang, Indonesia Vita Fajriani Ridwan; Nobuhiko Matsumura; Sarif Sarif; Aisyah Zakariah; Erning Ertami Anton
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 1 (2026): MARCH 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.1.111-119

Abstract

Current understanding of students’ mobility patterns often overlooks the integration of perceptual experiences with spatial behavior, particularly in rapidly urbanizing Global South contexts where informal infrastructures and cognitive factors critically shape mobility. This study addresses this gap by analyzing route preference determinants at Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang using mental map sketches (n=165), questionnaires, and GIS-based spatial analysis. Key findings reveal: 1) dense morning commutes within 500m of campus versus afternoon dispersal into alternative routes up to 2km; 2) distance (r = 0.876, p < 0.01) and travel time (r = 0.699, p < 0.01) dominate choices, outweighing convenience (r = 0.196, p < 0.05); and 3) gendered behaviors, with 65% of alternative route users were males. The findings validate Hägerstrand’s Time-Geography model and recommend arterial corridor optimization and safety retrofits, advancing an equitable framework for campus mobility planning.
Enhancement of Point Cloud Data for Rock Slope Stability Analysis Aniza Albar; Mohd Mustaqim Mohd Nordin; Muhammad Zarith Sufi Shem Azman
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 2 (2026): SEPTEMBER 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.2.219-229

Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry offers a safe and efficient alternative to manual rock mass characterization in hazardous terrain. This study evaluates quality control measures, compares the discontinuity of accuracy data with and without Ground Control Points (GCPs), and performs kinematic a stability analysis of a sedimentary rock slope. Using a GPS-integrated drone and GNSS coordinates, a high-resolution 3D model was generated in Agisoft Metashape, and discontinuity orientations were extracted using CloudCompare. Results indicate that optimal UAV camera angles and an image overlap of 60%–80% are critical for achieving high model fidelity. Incorporating GCPs significantly improved accuracy; the mean percentage differences in dip direction decreased from 5.21%–22.01% (without GCPs) to 1.66%–10.06% (with GCPs). Comparative analysis with manual scanline surveys demonstrated strong agreement, successfully identifying stable conditions, as well as wedge and planar failures modes. These findings underscore the necessity of GCPs in UAV-based mapping for reliable kinematic rock slope assessment.
Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) using Local Clay with Clinker Content below 50% Edwin Mihardja; Antoni Antoni; Elbert G. Riady; Samuel V. Suhendro; Tri E. Susanto; Rizky T. Akbar; Bangkit Tegar T. Anuraga; Djwantoro Hardjito
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 1 (2026): MARCH 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.1.120-129

Abstract

This study examined the performance of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) produced with Indonesian clays containing low–medium kaolinite (20–30%) and clinker contents below 50%. Material characterization was carried out using XRF, XRD, and particle size analysis, followed by evaluation of fresh and mechanical properties. LC3 mixtures incorporating local clays exhibited good workability and required less superplasticizer than metakaolin-based controls, indicating favourable fresh behaviour despite reduced clinker content. A notable strength reduction was observed when clinker content dropped below 35%, reflecting insufficient portlandite required for pozzolanic reactions. The addition or substitution of Ca(OH)₂ did not improve strength and hindered calcined clay reactivity due to elevated pH level (12.5–13.5). Microstructural analysis confirmed that mixtures with higher kaolinite and clinker contents produced denser hydration products. The results demonstrated that Indonesian clays are suitable for LC3 development, with promising fresh properties and microstructural behaviour supporting further optimization and future durability studies.
Experimental Investigation on Seismic Performance of Precast Column-Foundation Connection using Combined Anchor and Pocket System Jaka Propika; Pamuda Pudjisuryadi; Jimmy Chandra
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 1 (2026): MARCH 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.1.69-82

Abstract

Connections between precast concrete elements play a crucial role in ensuring structural integrity and facilitating effective force transfer. Among various connection types, the column–foundation connection is the most critical component, as it is designed to resist the combined effects of axial load, bending moment, and shear force. In this study, the pocket connection was modified with anchored reinforcement (BPC) to improve seismic performance. An experimental program was conducted on three specimens: a monolithic cast-in-place connection (MC) as the control, a conventional pocket connection (PC), and the modified pocket connection (BPC). Each specimen was subjected to combined axial and cyclic loading to evaluate the seismic performance of the column–foundation connection. The results showed that the MC specimen demonstrated the best performance, while the PC specimen, although meeting the ACI 374.1-05 acceptance criteria, failed to achieve the required probable moment capacity. The BPC specimen demonstrated improvement in seismic performance compared to the PC and was considered suitable for use in precast structural systems designed for seismic area.
Density by Design: Evaluating Transit Hubs for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in an Emerging Indonesian Metropolis Kusuma R. Haratama; Ananda M. A. Farizi; Maleakhi C. Saputro; Lena C. Manggalasari; Phitchayathida Thipphaya
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 1 (2026): MARCH 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.1.54-68

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Indonesian cities has increased interest in Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as a strategy to promote compact, mixed-use, and transit-supportive urban forms. This study evaluates the TOD readiness of five major transit hubs in Surabaya—Purabaya Terminal, Joyoboyo Terminal, Gubeng Station, Surabaya Kota Station, and Pasar Turi Station—using a spatially explicit Built Environment Index (BEI). A Geographic Information System (GIS) approach was applied to analyze population density, employment density, land use mix, and accessibility within 400, 800, and 1,200 m service areas. These indicators were normalized and aggregated into the BEI under multiple weighting scenarios to reflect different planning priorities. The results identify Gubeng Station as the most TOD-ready hub, supported by high density, balanced job–to-population ratio, and strong land use integration, while Joyoboyo and Pasar Turi show limited TOD alignment. The proposed framework provides a replicable, data-driven tool to support TOD prioritization in emerging metropolitan contexts.
Pull-Out Strength of Rebar Embedded in Fiber-Reinforced High-Strength Concrete Utilizing Dimensional Analysis Felvic Vienes; Mark Leo Orantia; Resa Mae Sangco
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 2 (2026): SEPTEMBER 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.2.169-178

Abstract

Bond strength between reinforcement rebars and concrete has significant importance as this helps determine the structural integrity, durability, ductility, and design of a structural member. Ensuring adequate bond strength between the reinforcement and concrete enhances the safety of the reinforced concrete members when subjected to different loadings. Although fiber-reinforced concrete has been widely investigated, research on fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete remains limited, particularly with respect to rebar pull-out and bond behavior. In addition, various predictive approaches have been applied to evaluate pull-out and bond performance using regression analysis, artificial neural networks, and finite element modeling, limited research has utilized dimensional analysis. This study developed a predictive model for pull-out strength using the method of dimensional analysis. Experimental data from existing literature were utilized, and the model was validated against various datasets, showing predictive values close to actual results.
Optimising the Pioneer Shipping Route Considering Wave Variations Khairinnisa Zakwani; Febri Zukhruf; Taufiq Suryo Nugroho
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 2 (2026): SEPTEMBER 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.2.159-168

Abstract

Pioneer shipping is a government-subsidised maritime services that connect remote areas in the Indonesian Archipelago. This paper applied a genetic algorithm variant to optimise pioneer shipping routes while accounting for variability in wave conditions. The algorithm is implemented on a real shipping network in East Java comprising two main routes, and several improvement scenarios are evaluated, including optimisation of existing routes, route fractioning, and route merging. The optimisation results show that route lengths can be reduced by up to 51% compared with existing operations. The fractioning scenario offers substantial reductions in travel distance but requires an additional vessel to serve the newly created route. In contrast, the merging scenario improves efficiency by reducing the number of vessels required, albeit at the cost of longer travel distances and travel times. Accounting for wave height variability, the simulation results indicate that wave fluctuations can increase travel time by up to 23%.

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