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From Ritual to Classroom: The Transposition of Islamic and Local Culture in Early Childhood Arts Education Curriculum Arbi, Bahtiar; Jazuli, Muhammad; Wadiyo, Wadiyo; Cahyono, Agus; Adi, Brian Trinanda Kusuma
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 11 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2024.111-15

Purpose – This study explores the integration of Islamic values and Javanese cultural rituals in early childhood arts education within the Komunitas Lima Gunung in Central Java, Indonesia. It investigates how community-based rituals—such as Merti Dusun, Sungkem Tlompak, and Jaran Papat—serve as pedagogical spaces for the development of children’s aesthetic, spiritual, and socio-cognitive capacities. Addressing a gap in formal early childhood education, which often excludes local traditions and Islamic spiritual values, this study offers an alternative model rooted in cultural continuity and lived practice.Design/methods/approach – Employing a participatory ethnographic approach, the study involved in-depth interviews, direct observation, photo documentation, and ritual participation within seven community art centers. Data were interpreted using theoretical frameworks including Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), Funds of Knowledge, and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), to understand how children learn through culturally meaningful interaction.Findings – The study reveals that children’s engagement in ritual performance enhances their spiritual literacy, narrative cognition, and sense of belonging. These processes occur through embodied participation, intergenerational storytelling, symbolic aesthetics, and moral learning embedded in Islamic-Javanese rituals. The study also shows how the absence of formal educators is compensated by the community’s collective pedagogical roles.Research implications/limitations – This study is context-specific and based on a single ethno-regional setting. It does not measure long-term developmental outcomes or compare with other regions. However, it provides qualitative depth and cultural insight into the ways informal, non-institutional education functions effectively within Islamic and indigenous contexts.Practical implications – The findings highlight the need for integrating local Islamic cultural practices into early childhood curricula. The model suggests a framework for community-based religious-cultural education that promotes identity, empathy, and critical thinking through art. Originality/value – This research offers a rare ethnographic insight into how Islamic-Javanese rituals function as aesthetic and moral education for young children. It challenges dominant models of early childhood education by proposing a culturally embedded, spiritually rooted, and community-led pedagogy.Paper type Research paper

Strategies of Early Childhood Teachers in Implementing the Pancasila Student Profile through Differentiated Learning: A Case Study Fitriani, Dewi; Zulfikar, Teuku; Habiburrahim, Habiburrahim
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 11 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2025.111-11

Purpose – The COVID-19 pandemic has led to noticeable behavioural changes and negative character traits among Indonesian children, as evidenced by a decline in the national student character index. The Pancasila student profile, a framework for character and competency development within Indonesia's Merdeka Curriculum, aims to address these challenges. This study examines how the Pancasila student profile is implemented through differentiated learning in Early Childhood Education (ECE) Penggerak Schools in Banda Aceh, providing insights into effective strategies for holistic child development.Design/methods/approach – This qualitative case study was conducted in two ECE institutions (one public, one private) participating in the Penggerak School Program. Data were collected through interviews with two kindergarten teachers, classroom observations, and document analysis. Thematic analysis was applied to identify key implementation strategies.Findings – The study revealed six key strategies for integrating the Pancasila Student Profile into ECE Penggerak schools through differentiated learning: (1) internalizing Islamic values in learning materials, (2) fostering child-led activity choices, (3) employing diverse teaching methods, (4) utilizing varied learning media, (5) engaging parents and the community (Tri-Sentra Pendidikan), and (6) adapting project-based learning flow to school contexts.Research implications/limitations – While the study provides valuable insights, its findings are limited to two schools in Banda Aceh, restricting generalizability. The short duration (two weeks) and reliance on teacher perspectives may also affect depth. Future research should expand to diverse regions, incorporate longitudinal designs, and include parent/child viewpoints to strengthen validity.Practical implications – The findings suggest that ECE educators should adopt differentiated learning tailored to children's interests and readiness, strengthen parental involvement, integrate local and digital resources, and flexibly adapt project-based learning to align with school capacities.Originality/value –This study addresses a gap in research on differentiated learning in Indonesian ECE, particularly within the Penggerak school program framework. It offers a practical model for embedding national character values into early childhood curricula, supporting Indonesia's goals for holistic student development.Paper type Case Study

Hexis of the Body and the Project of Active Piety in Islamic Early Childhood Education in Solo Tanfidiyah, Nur; Sirait, Sangkot
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 11 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2025.111-12

Purpose – This study addresses the limited scholarly attention given to the role of the body in shaping religious piety within early childhood education, particularly in Islamic-based institutions. While most studies on piety emphasize cognitive, doctrinal, or socio-political dimensions, little is known about how bodily practices contribute to the internalization of religious values from an early age. Therefore, this research aims to reveal the significant role of the body in the project of piety within Islamic-based Early Childhood Education institutions, specifically Raudlatul Athfal (RA) Ummah 5. In teaching Islam, RA Ummah 5 emphasizes the importance of bodily discipline.Design/methods/approach – This research employed an ethnographic approach. Data collection was conducted through participatory observation to capture children’s activities during both classroom and outdoor learning processes. In addition, in-depth interviews were carried out with the RA principal and teachers, and relevant documents were gathered to strengthen the findings. Through the ethnographic approach, the study explored the specific cultural patterns practiced at RA Ummah 5. Data were analyzed using Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña’s framework, which includes data collection, display, reduction, and verification/conclusion drawing.Findings – The piety project developed at RA Ummah 5 cannot be linked to the market or radicalism; instead, the institution defines its own model of piety based on foundational texts (the Qur’an and Hadith) interpreted textually. This aligns with the ideology rooted in the practices of the Prophet and the third generation of Muslims after him. Bodily practices reflect a discursive Islamic tradition connected to the past and validated by the continuity of practices transmitted across generations. In other words, RA Ummah 5 seeks to construct a future Islam that mirrors the past, distancing itself from modernity by reviving and sustaining traditional Islamic practices.Research implications/limitations – This study is limited in scope as it focuses on a single institution with a small number of respondents. Future research should expand to include more diverse contexts and participants to provide deeper and more comprehensive insights. Researchers should also develop a broader understanding of the research setting to enhance data collection.Practical implications – The findings provide new insights for educators, suggesting that hexis can serve as a means of shaping and controlling children’s behavior to achieve specific educational visions. Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating how RA Ummah 5 constructs its own version of piety—nurturing a rabbani generation that is spiritually, emotionally, and intellectually intelligent. The form of piety developed through bodily hexis is neither dictated by the market nor aligned with radicalism, as often emphasized in prior studies. Instead, this research highlights how bodily hexis is strategically employed as a medium for transmitting and internalizing Islamic values in early childhood education, in accordance with the ideology constructed by the school.Paper type Research paper

Exploring Preschool Teachers' Perspectives on Pedagogical Integration of Coding in Early Childhood Classrooms Gusmawanti, Sari; Kurniati, Euis; Mariyana, Rita
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2025.112-10

Purpose – This study aims to explore preschool teachers’ perspectives on the pedagogical integration of coding in early childhood classrooms. As coding is increasingly introduced as part of early digital literacy, understanding teachers’ perspectives is essential for designing developmentally appropriate and context-sensitive practices in Indonesian early childhood education.Design/methods/approach – This study employed A qualitative descriptive design to capture teachers’ experiences, interpretations, and classroom considerations regarding coding integration. Five ECE (Early Childhood Education) teachers were selected through purposive sampling based on teaching experience, exposure to digital learning activities, and willingness to participate. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis through transcription, open coding, categorization, and theme development. Trustworthiness was strengthened through member checking, repeated reading of transcripts, and analytic memoing.Findings – The analysis generated eight interrelated themes. Three core findings emerged. First, teachers showed conceptual ambiguity in defining coding, indicating that coding is still understood unevenly in ECE settings. Second, teachers experienced pedagogical tension between digital learning demands and principles of child development, which led to a strong preference for unplugged and play-based coding activities. Third, structural constraints, including limited facilities, insufficient training, and the absence of clear curriculum guidance, restricted consistent implementation. Despite these constraints, teachers recognized coding as potentially beneficial for children’s logical thinking, creativity, problem-solving, and collaboration.Research implications/limitations – This study contributes empirical insight from a developing-country context in which coding in early childhood education remains underexplored. However, The small number of participants and the interview-based design limit broader transferability. Further studies involving more diverse settings, classroom observations, and comparative contexts are needed.Practical implications – The findings underline the need for sustained teacher professional development, accessible teaching resources, and contextual curriculum guidance for play-based coding integration. In low-resource contexts, unplugged coding can function as a realistic pedagogical entry point before the gradual use of digital tools.Originality/value – This study contributes to the discourse on early childhood coding education by foregrounding teachers’ perspectives in the Indonesian ECE context. It positions coding not merely as a technological innovation, but as a pedagogical practice negotiated through developmental considerations and structural limitations.Paper type Research paper

Assessing Scientific Thinking in Early Childhood: Cross-Sectional Evidence for a Six-Dimensional Hierarchical Structure in Indonesian Preschoolers Subhan, Subhan; Puad, Lalu Mohammad Abid Zainul; Listyowati, Anies
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Issue in Press
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2026.121-01

Purpose – Scientific thinking in early childhood remains understudied in non-Western contexts, with many existing models derived from Western samples and limited to two or three dimensions. This study examines a six-dimensional hierarchical framework proposing that domain-general cognitive capacities (Attention & Focus, Working Memory, Problem Solving) support domain-specific scientific competencies (Observation Skills, Prediction & Reasoning, Experimentation) in Indonesian preschoolers aged 4–6 years. Age-related patterns, gender differences, and institutional-type differences are also investigated.Design/methods/approach – Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 105 children (4–6 years) enrolled in secular and Islamic early childhood education institutions in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Scientific thinking was assessed using the Scientific Thinking Assessment for Early Childhood (STAEC), a 25-item teacher-rated instrument developed through expert review and pilot testing with 30 teachers. Analyses included descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlations, ANOVAs, and t-tests to evaluate interdimensional relationships and group differences.Findings – Results provided initial cross-sectional evidence consistent with a six-dimensional hierarchical organization of early scientific thinking. Domain-general capacities were strongly intercorrelated (r = .796–.831) and showed higher mean scores than domain-specific competencies, suggesting a foundational role. Working memory displayed the strongest associations with advanced competencies, particularly prediction & reasoning and experimentation. A significant age-related difference emerged only for observation skills, whereas other dimensions showed non-significant developmental trends. No gender differences were observed across any dimension, and no differences emerged across secular and Islamic institution types.Research implications/limitations – The cross-sectional design limits developmental and causal inferences. Teacher ratings may introduce rater bias and do not capture moment-to-moment reasoning processes. The single-region sample constrains generalizability; future research should use longitudinal, larger, multi-region, and multi-method designs.Practical implications – Early childhood programs should strengthen foundational cognitive capacities while providing explicit, developmentally appropriate support for prediction and experimentation, and maintain equal learning expectations across genders and educational settings.Originality/value – This study offers initial empirical support for a multidimensional hierarchical model of early scientific thinking in a non-Western context, including secular and Islamic early childhood education settings.Paper type Research paper

Parental Health Literacy and Nutritional Practices as Predictors of Stunting Prevention in Rural Indonesia: A Rasch Analysis Kurniawaty, Lia
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2025.112-09

Purpose – Stunting remains a critical threat to early childhood development, with impacts on both physical growth and long-term cognitive outcomes, yet prevention efforts remain uneven. This study examines the role of parental health literacy in translating nutritional awareness into consistent daily feeding practices to support stunting prevention.Design/methods/approach – This study used a descriptive survey design with Rasch analysis to examine parental health literacy and parental attention to children’s nutritional needs in the context of stunting prevention. The study involved 176 parents of young children in Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia, selected through random sampling. Questionnaire data were used as the main source of analysis, while observations and brief conversations with parents were used only as contextual support in interpreting the setting. Rasch modeling was employed to assess item functioning, reliability, separation, and the distribution of respondents and items on the same logit scale.Findings – The findings indicate that parents more readily endorsed general forms of nutritional concern than structured feeding practices requiring consistent regulation of meal portions and meal times. This suggests that parental health literacy functions as an enabling condition, but does not automatically translate into stable household practice. The Rasch results showed strong measurement performance, with person reliability of 0.93, item reliability of 0.99, Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94, person separation of 3.63, and item separation of 13.67. Taken together, the results point to a meaningful gap between nutritional awareness and the practical organization of everyday feeding routines, which is where prevention appears most vulnerable.Research implications/limitations – The findings indicate that the main challenge in stunting prevention lies not in parental knowledge alone but in the consistent enactment of household feeding routines, positioning health literacy within everyday caregiving practices and constraints. The study is limited by self-reported data and a cross-sectional design, which preclude causal inference and longitudinal verification of child growth outcomes.Practical implications – The results suggest that interventions should move beyond general nutrition awareness toward strengthening routine-based practices such as portion control, meal timing, and balanced diet planning. These insights inform policymakers, health educators, early childhood practitioners, and families in designing more actionable, context-sensitive prevention strategies at the household level.Originality/value – This study advances stunting research by analytically distinguishing parental health literacy from the practical regulation of children’s feeding routines. By applying Rasch analysis to map differential item difficulty, it reveals a critical gap between nutritional awareness and structured practice, offering a grounded perspective for family-based prevention in rural and Global South contexts.Paper type Research paper

Muslim Parental Involvement in Indonesian Islamic Primary Schools: Gendered Caregiving, Religious Responsibility, and Uneven School Participation Faoziah, Niswatin
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2025.112-06

Purpose – Current parental involvement research remains largely shaped by school-centred frameworks that give greater visibility to institutionally recognised forms of participation than to home-based educational labour. This study examines how Muslim parents in Indonesian Islamic primary schools understand and enact parental involvement, with particular attention to religious responsibility, gendered caregiving, and participation in school-based structures. Design/methods/approach – The study uses an interpretive qualitative multiple-case design based on in-depth interviews with 10 Muslim parents, comprising 6 mothers and 4 fathers, whose children attend a public madrasah ibtidaiyah, a private madrasah ibtidaiyah, and an integrated Islamic primary school in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Participants were selected purposively to capture varied parental experiences across different Islamic schooling contexts. Data were analysed thematically to identify recurring patterns in how parental roles, caregiving practices, and relations with school authority were understood and negotiated.Findings – The findings indicate that parental involvement was understood primarily as a religious and moral responsibility enacted through home-based educational labour, including academic support, character formation, and religious guidance. These responsibilities were strongly gendered, with mothers assuming the main role in children’s everyday educational care. Parents’ participation in formal school decision-making remained limited and largely consultative, but this did not necessarily indicate disengagement. Rather, much of their educational involvement took place outside school-recognised forms of participation. Research implications/limitations – Based on a small qualitative sample, the study offers a contextualised rather than generalisable account of Muslim parental involvement. Its findings suggest that parental involvement frameworks need more critical examination in global educational research, especially in Muslim societies and other culturally grounded, underrepresented settings where educational responsibility extends beyond school-recognised participation.Practical implications – The findings suggest that school leaders and teachers need more inclusive ways of recognising home-based caregiving as part of parental involvement, while also creating clearer and more meaningful avenues for parental participation in school life.Originality/value – This study provides contextual evidence from Indonesian Islamic primary schools, highlighting the limits of school-centred models in capturing religious, gendered, and home-based parental involvement. It contributes to global educational theory by supporting the pluralisation of parental involvement research, particularly by foregrounding Muslim societies, the Global South, and other underrepresented contexts.Paper type Research paper

Governing the Commodification of Abuse: Platform Liability and Double-Sanction Reform for CSAM in Indonesia Jamaludin, Ahmad; Sari, Ratu Arti Wulan; Saputra, Dandi Ditia
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2025.112-08

Purpose – This article examines how Indonesian digital law addresses Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) when abuse is circulated and monetized through platform-based infrastructures. It argues that the present regime addresses end users more directly than platform-enabled circulation and therefore misaligns liability with the digital organization of harm.Design/methods/approach – This article uses normative legal research with statute, case, conceptual, and comparative approaches. It analyzes Indonesian legislation, selected court decisions, enforcement records, and publicly available platform-policy materials, with functional comparison to the European Union’s Digital Services Act and the United Kingdom’s Online Safety Act. Mosco’s political economy of communication guides the conceptual analysis.Findings – The analysis identifies a bifurcated liability structure: individual offenders are addressed primarily through criminal sanctions, while platform accountability remains concentrated in administrative compliance and nominal fines. The DY case documents a direct linkage between paid access, platform infrastructure, and payment mechanisms in CSAM circulation. The analysis further finds that nominal sanctions are poorly aligned with platform scale and that digital access revocation remains legally unstable without explicit statutory grounding and proportionality safeguards.Research implications/limitations – This article is confined to publicly accessible legal and regulatory materials and adopts a doctrinal approach without empirical validation. Consequently, it does not interrogate how enforcement capacity, platform governance mechanisms, or digital access restrictions operate in practice or shape behavioural outcomes.Practical implications – The findings underscore the need to recalibrate child-protection regulation in digital environments through more differentiated sanctioning logics, enhanced audit and oversight capacity, and clearer doctrinal thresholds for platform liability. They further call for narrowly tailored, legally reviewable digital access restrictions that balance effective harm prevention with proportionality and due process guarantees.Originality/value – This article advances the legal scholarship on digital sexual exploitation by embedding a political economy perspective that foregrounds the structural role of platform infrastructures in organising harm. It introduces a theoretically grounded double-sanction framework that aligns turnover-based corporate liability with reviewable digital access revocation for repeat offenders, thereby reconfiguring the nexus between economic accountability and behavioural deterrence.Paper type Research paper

Unveiling Religious Moderation in Early Childhood Education in Indonesia: The Interplay of Agency and Hidden Curriculum in Kindergarten Q. Abellana, El Chamberlain; Angga Pratama, Ryan; Zineb, El Atmani; Fitri Nugraheni, An Nisaa
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2025.112-07

Purpose – This study investigates how religious moderation is cultivated in inclusive early childhood education through the interaction between agency and hidden curriculum, with particular attention to the roles of teachers, school leaders, parents, and children.Design/methods/approach – This study employed a qualitative case study design at TK Pedagogia Yogyakarta, an inclusive early childhood education institution in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, involving seven informants: one principal, four teachers, one parent, and one student. Data were collected through classroom and school observations, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis, and were analyzed using thematic analysis to examine how religious moderation was produced through everyday routines, interactions, and symbolic practices.Findings – The findings show that religious moderation was not formed primarily through formal instruction, but through the practical organization of school life. Teachers, school leaders, parents, and children collectively shaped inclusive dispositions through routines, relational practices, interfaith activities, and symbolic forms of participation embedded in the school culture. Values such as tolerance, balance, justice, cooperation, and respect for difference were internalized through repeated interaction, emotional safety, and dialogical learning. The hidden curriculum was central in mediating the institutional reproduction of moderation, enabling it to become socially embodied rather than merely declared as a normative ideal.Research implications/limitations – Based on a single inclusive institution under supportive conditions, the findings have limited transferability and do not fully capture power asymmetries, subtle exclusions, or children’s longer-term meaning-making. Future studies across diverse, culturally grounded contexts—particularly in Muslim societies—are needed to assess the stability, adaptability, and contestation of the identified mechanisms.Practical implications – Religious moderation in early childhood education cannot rely on curriculum alone; it depends on how pluralism is enacted through everyday pedagogy and institutional culture. Advancing this agenda requires integrated support in teacher preparation, relational climate, pedagogical resources, and family engagement to embed moderation as lived practice.Originality/value – This study shows that religious moderation is institutionally produced through the interaction of agency and the hidden curriculum, extending beyond formal curriculum discourse and foregrounding culturally grounded dynamics in Muslim and other underrepresented early childhood contexts.Paper type Research paper

Examining the Emergence of Computational Thinking through Unplugged Coding Games in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Multiple Case Study in Indonesia Fitriyah, Qonitah Faizatul; Asmawulan, Tri; Faza, Atika Tsania; Wafa, Khadijah; Susilo, Taufik Eko
Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Issue in Press
Publisher : Islamic Early Childhood Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/al-athfal.2026.121-02

Purpose – Computational Thinking (CT) is widely recognized as a key competency in 21st-century education; however, its implementation in early childhood settings remains predominantly associated with digital technologies, leaving its development in low-resource contexts underexplored. This study aims to examine how CT skills emerge through unplugged coding games in early childhood education and to identify the contextual factors shaping their implementation.Design/methods/approach – This study employed a qualitative multiple case study design across three early childhood education settings in Surakarta, Indonesia. Data were collected through six weeks of non-participatory classroom observations and semi-structured interviews with teachers. Observational data were analyzed using a computational thinking framework, while interview data were examined inductively to uncover enabling and constraining factors.Findings – Findings reveal that unplugged coding games, grounded in concrete materials and play-based activities, facilitate the emergence of core CT skills, including sequencing, decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction and problem-solving. These skills develop through embodied, collaborative, and iterative play processes, where children actively construct solutions within meaningful contexts. However, teachers tend to mediate these processes implicitly, often without explicitly recognizing or articulating them as CT practices, which may limit pedagogical intentionality.Research implications/limitations – The study is limited to three cases within a single regional context and a relatively short observation period, which may constrain the transferability of findings. Nevertheless, it contributes to the conceptualization of CT as a socially mediated and play-based learning process in early childhood, extending beyond technology-centric approaches.Practical implications – The findings highlight the feasibility of integrating CT into early childhood education through unplugged, play-based pedagogies, offering an accessible and contextually adaptable approach for low-resource settings.Originality/value – This study advances the CT literature by demonstrating that computational thinking can emerge through non-digital, play-based interactions in early childhood contexts, challenging dominant technology-driven paradigms and providing empirical evidence from the Global South to broaden theoretical and geographical representation in the field.Paper type Research paper

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