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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 24 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January" : 24 Documents clear
An Exploration of PPP Infrastructure Projects’ Risks in Supporting Sustainable Development and SDGs Hassan, Jinan Kata'a; Mahjoob, Ahmed Mohammed Raoof
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-010

Abstract

Iraq has initiated “Iraq Vision 2030” as a participation in the global efforts to attain sustainable development and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs). The private sector engagement in infrastructure development was adopted as a national goal. However, no serious accomplishment has been made. Accordingly, this research was conducted to explore risk factors affecting sustainable development in public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects. 116 risk factors were identified through literature review; for proper assessment, monitoring, controlling, and management, they were classified into two groups. The first group includes risk factors that may appear at a specific stage of the PPP project lifecycle. The second group includes risk factors that may appear at any time along the PPP project lifecycle. A field study has been implemented in two stages; the first stage is an open questionnaire and face-to-face interview with PPP experts to finalize and approve proposed risk lists. The second stage is a closed questionnaire; the mean value was used to rank and identify respondents’ agreement on rating the level of importance of these risk factors supported by nonparametric tests. Findings indicated that the critical-level risks form nearly two-thirds of the overall and first-group risks and more than two-thirds of the second-group risks. Financial and fiscal sustainability concerns form a serious challenge, as they came in at the top of the critical-level risk factors. Overall findings indicate the importance of legislating a PPP law that serves the achievement of “Iraq Vision 2030” national goals and the UN’s SDGs and provides a comprehensive framework that protects citizens’ rights, ensures their well-being, and supports sustainable development.
Unveiling the Barriers to Value Management Implementation in Building Projects: An Integrated EFA-SEM-ANN Analysis Approaches Zamil, Ahmad M.; Alhusban, Mohammad; Alharkan , Abdullah Abdulrahman M.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-021

Abstract

Value Management (VM) is a structured method for enhancing the effectiveness of building projects, yet adoption in Jordan remains limited. The study identifies the principal barriers to VM adoption in Jordan’s building sector and ranks them to inform policy and practice. A survey of 101 industry stakeholders captured 19 Likert-type indicators. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reduced the indicators to coherent barrier clusters; partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) then validated a reflective measurement model and tested links with VM adoption. An artificial neural network (ANN) with k-fold cross-validation quantified predictor importance and assessed out-of-sample error. EFA produced three clusters—standardization and organizational practices, workshop design and participation, and culture and industry environment—explaining approximately 73% of total variance. PLS-SEM supported reliability and convergent/ discriminant validity and indicated that workshop-related and standardization barriers exert the strongest adverse effects on VM adoption. ANN results corroborated these patterns and highlighted workshop dynamics as the most influential predictor. This work presents the first integrated EFA–SEM–ANN analysis of VM adoption barriers in Jordan. The multi-method evidence yields actionable priorities: institutionalize standardized VM procedures, strengthen VM workshop design and participation, and address organizational culture to accelerate VM uptake.
Adaptive Hydrodynamic Modeling for Sustainable Irrigation Management in Tidal Swamp Regions Edwar, Raden M.; Karamma, Riswal; Maricar, Farouk; Hatta, Mukhan P.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-015

Abstract

The Lalan River functions as the primary water source and plays an important role in supporting irrigation systems and water management in tidal swamp areas. However, water management in this region still faces challenges such as salinity intrusion and unstable water distribution, while conventional approaches applied have not fully considered the hydraulic characteristics and hydrodynamic conditions of the waters. This study aims to analyze the hydrodynamic characteristics of the Lalan River as the main water system in the tidal swamp irrigation area of D.I.R. Karang Agung Hilir, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, in order to design an effective water management strategy for agricultural irrigation. The research methods include bathymetry, tidal, current, and salinity measurements. Hydrodynamic modeling was applied to analyze aquatic phenomena, including flow dynamics and salinity distribution patterns in tidal swamp areas. The hydrodynamic model was calibrated and validated using field data with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value of 0.170 m to ensure the reliability of the simulation. The analysis results show that the application of a one-way flow system can significantly reduce salinity, from around 2–5 ppt in the old system to around 1–2 ppt during high tide and below 0.5 ppt during low tide, or a reduction of up to ±60%. This reduction allows river water to be used more effectively for agricultural irrigation. The novelty of this research lies in the adaptive hydrodynamic approach based on seasonal hydrological conditions as a foundation for designing sustainable water management systems in tidal swamp areas according to the hydrotopography of the region.
Reliability Design of a New Masonry Bridge: An Approach Based on RBDO and Rigid Block Analysis Fadel, Mohamed T.; Rguig, Mustapha; ElAroussi, Mohamed; Saadane, Rachid
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-018

Abstract

The objective of this study is to establish a reliability-based design framework for new masonry arch bridges, providing a rational alternative to the empirical rules that traditionally governed their construction. The proposed methodology integrates Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) with the rigid block limit analysis method to optimize key geometric parameters under uncertain loading conditions. The probabilistic formulation incorporates the variability of geometric and load parameters, which are identified as the dominant sources of uncertainty during the design phase of new masonry bridges. Two RBDO strategies are employed: the Performance Measure Approach (PMA) and Sequential Optimization with Reliability Assessment (SORA), both coupled with a linear programming formulation of equilibrium and yield constraints. The approach is applied to the reconstruction of the historical Dar El Makina bridge in Fes, Morocco, to determine the optimal geometric configuration that satisfies target reliability requirements. The results indicate that the optimized design achieves a 27% reduction in arch thickness and a 13% increase in rise compared to the existing structure, leading to a safer and more material-efficient configuration. Compared with classical empirical formulas, the proposed approach provides a rational and quantitative basis for the design of masonry bridges, combining structural safety, material efficiency, and heritage preservation.
Numerical Investigation of Oil Shale in Asphalt for Road Surfacing Using COMSOL Multiphysics Alouani, Mohamed-Amine; Saifaoui, Dennoun; Boulezhar, Abdelkader; Lakrad, Faouzi; Alouani, Mouaad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-05

Abstract

This study introduces a sustainable, performance-driven approach to asphalt pavement design by incorporating oil shale-modified bitumen into hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and evaluating four performance grade (PG) binders. The research provides a comprehensive evaluation of mechanical and rheological behaviors across varying thermal and loading conditions. A key innovation lies in the integration of oil shale, which significantly reduces voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), leading to improved aggregate contact and material densification. This microstructural enhancement directly translates into increased dynamic modulus (E*) and shear modulus (G*), reinforcing the mixture’s stiffness and deformation resistance without the need for costly chemical additives. The results demonstrate that oil shale improves the load-bearing capacity of asphalt mixtures, particularly under high-frequency loading where elastic responses are favored. Moreover, the optimized mixtures maintain a favorable balance between rigidity and flexibility, typically prone to compressive deformation, and benefit from oil shale integration through enhanced stress dissipation characteristics. The study offers a novel pathway for valorizing oil shale, a locally abundant, underutilized material, as a functional asphalt modifier. The findings validate its potential to extend pavement service life, optimize stiffness–temperature profiles, and reduce dependency on virgin bitumen. These results position oil shale as a viable, cost-effective, and environmentally advantageous additive for future-proof pavement engineering.
Spatial Prediction of Soil Index Properties Using GIS and Empirical Bayesian Kriging Al-Baghdadi, Waseem H.; Al-Mamoori, Sohaib K.; Al-Maliki, Laheab
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-07

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to assess the possible use of Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map and analyze geotechnical index properties in Thi Qar Province in southern Iraq. The aim of this objective is to describe the spatial variability of soil limits of the consistency and define areas with expansive soils, which may influence infrastructure development. Data on 550 boreholes and 862 observations per soil property, including Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL), and Plasticity Index (PI), were analyzed. To test the predictive accuracy of the EBK model and thus assure its statistical validation, RMSE, MSD, RMSSD, and correlation coefficients were used to test the model. The findings show that the LL was between 32% and 69%, the PL between 9% and 36%, and the PI between 1% and 39%, with most of the soils being CL and CH, which signifies moderate-high plasticity. The results indicate that there are good spatial patterns, and plasticity is more dense in the north and central areas. The originality of this work is the use of EBK to create detailed digital soil maps of a semi-arid area, where the available geotechnical data is sparse, which is used to form a dependable base to support engineering design, land-use planning, and regional geotechnical modelling.
High-Resolution Silt Distribution Mapping Using Ordinary Kriging From Borehole Data in a Geohazard-Prone Area Taharin, Mohammad Radzif; Abdul Taha, Nazaruddin; Amaludin, Adriana; Abdul Razak, Mohd Shaifuddin; Zulkifli , Muhammad Farid; Ming, Chow Wai
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-017

Abstract

Kundasang, Sabah, is one of the most geohazard-prone highland regions in Malaysia. Slope failures are frequently triggered by heavy rain. Silt-rich zones present a particular stability problem, since silt has low cohesion and drains faster than clay, which means that slopes can undergo rapid saturation and lose shear strength during sustained and intense rainfall. Previous research works in Kundasang have focused on landslide susceptibility through rainfall thresholds and GIS terrain analysis. However, depth-specific, high-resolution silt distribution maps have not yet been produced. This study addresses the research gap using geostatistical modeling of geotechnical data from boreholes to map silt distribution patterns. Soil samples from 70 boreholes were analyzed by classifying soil types down to 10 m depth in 2.5 m segments. Using Ordinary Kriging in ArcGIS 10.3, the best-fit semivariogram model for each depth was selected based on the lowest Root Mean Square Error values (ranging from 5.33 to 11.92). The findings reveal that high-silt zones (areas with over 30% silt content) cover around 40% of the study area and cluster mainly in western and northern Kundasang, particularly in the upper 7.5 m of soil. These correspond to areas previously documented as highly susceptible to rainfall-induced slope failures. The depth-specific silt distribution maps produced in this study provide important geotechnical inputs to enhance future landslide susceptibility assessments, improve slope stability analyses, and support risk-informed land-use planning for local authorities in geohazard-prone highland areas.
An Experimental Study on Web Hardening Technology Using Encasement by RPC and Lacing Reinforcement Bassim Jaffer, Yousif; Alshimmeri, Ahmad Jabbar Hussain
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-019

Abstract

Over the past ten years, cold-formed steel two-channel sections featuring edge-stiffened castellated cellular web apertures have been developed and are now widely used in New Zealand. Previous research on vertical compression has shown that using edge-stiffened web openings in these channel sections increases their vertical load capacity. Subsequent studies expanded to include hexagram web holes; however, the literature still lacks investigations on the effect of applied vertical pressure on web openings in two-channel sections with perforated webs. This research addresses that gap. The aim of this study is to evaluate the structural response of symmetrical castellated two-channel (2C) sections. Six specimens of castellated 2C beams made of cold-formed steel and encased in reactive powder concrete with diagonal reinforcement on both sides were examined. The concrete encasement and reinforcement enhanced the beam’s resistance to buckling, bending, and both horizontal and vertical shear, and also improved joint performance. Two concentrated loads were applied at the beam center to investigate the structural behavior of each specimen. The results showed that the presence of a joint gap enhanced load resistance. The ultimate load increased by 6.75% compared with the reference specimen SCB2C-rLG20% in G3, by 30.86% compared with SCB2C-rL in G2, and by 1064.73% compared with SCB2C/R1 in G1. The specimen with a 30% gap demonstrated the best load capacity and the highest ductility compared with the reference specimen and the other specimens.
Seepage Control in Zoned Earth Dams Using Lime–Fly Ash Treated Sandy Soil Madhloom, Ali M.; Al-Kifae, Abdulaziz A.; Khassaf, Saleh I.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-04

Abstract

Seepage control is a critical factor in ensuring the stability of earth dams, particularly those constructed with permeable soils. Uncontrolled seepage and increased pore pressures within the dam body are typically associated with instability, internal erosion, and potential failure. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of lime–fly ash mixtures in controlling seepage through earth dams constructed with sandy soil, using experimental modelling and numerical simulation. A physical model of a zoned earth dam was built using untreated sandy soil as the control model, along with treated models in which the sandy core was stabilized with progressively higher lime–fly ash proportions. The results of laboratory permeability tests demonstrated significant reductions in hydraulic conductivity with increasing additive content, resulting in delayed steady-state conditions and a reduction of up to 98.2% in seepage rate compared with the control model. Numerical simulations, validated against experimental results (coefficient of determination, R²>0.98), accurately reproduced phreatic lines and seepage rates and were further used to examine the influence of core slope geometry. The results showed that a core slope of 0.75:1 provided nearly equivalent hydraulic performance to that of the baseline 1:1 slope, offering a more cost-effective alternative. These findings highlight the potential of lime–fly ash–sand mixtures as sustainable and cost-efficient alternatives for dam cores, particularly in regions where clay resources are limited.
Mechanical Properties and Structural Behavior of Sustainable Ferrock Concrete for Green Construction Applications Elbialy, Samy; Alhoutary, I.; Gouda, Ahmed; Ibrahim, Amr M. N.; Ibrahim, Wael; Ibrahim, Amal Hassanin; Abd-Allah, Waleed
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-012

Abstract

This study aims to develop a sustainable alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by investigating the mechanical and structural properties of Ferrock concrete, an iron carbonate-based binder composed largely of industrial by-products. An experimental program was conducted, testing over 114 concrete cubes, 18 cylinders, and 6 full-scale reinforced concrete beams with Ferrock replacing OPC at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. The results demonstrate that a 15% replacement ratio yields a 25% increase in 28-day compressive strength, while splitting tensile strength improves consistently with Ferrock content. Most notably, reinforced beams with 20% Ferrock exhibited up to a 33% increase in flexural capacity, with failure modes shifting toward more ductile behavior and experimental capacities exceeding predictions from ACI 318, CSA A23.3, and Eurocode 2 by up to 62%. This research confirms that Ferrock is not only a carbon-negative material but also a technically superior partial replacement for OPC, offering enhanced strength, ductility, and structural performance for green construction applications.

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