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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,848 Documents
Analysis of GNSS-IMU Lidar Integration for Indoor Positioning Using Unscented Kalman Filter Amelia Nuri Ila, Qarina Putri; Cahyadi, Mokhamad N.; Asfihani, Tahiyatul; Suhandri, Hendy F.; Taufany, Fadlilatul
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-06

Abstract

Accurate navigation systems are important in various vehicle applications, both indoors and outdoors. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) are sensors that are often used in vehicle navigation systems. GNSS has the advantage of providing accurate position and speed information, IMU is able to make measurements without being affected by environmental conditions, and LiDAR sensors can model the environment; however, the limited signal on GNSS in indoor environments results in decreased position accuracy. The development of GNSS-IMU integration has been widely carried out, one of which is by adding a LiDAR sensor. In this study, an improvement will be made to the integration algorithm on Vision RTK2, which produces GNSS-IMU coordinate data, and Backpack Lidar, which can display 3D visualization on the traversed path using the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) method to improve navigation accuracy, especially in indoor environments. The results of the study showed that the UKF simulation and free outage conditions showed high accuracy with RMSE of 0.00308 m and 0.00175 m for the Easting and Northing positions and MAE of 0.00088 m and 0.00024 m. However, in outage conditions, the RMSE values were 4.0881 m and 8.6317 m, and MAE of 5.9871 m and 7.4182 m. The results of the 3D point cloud of the LiDAR model that had been georeferenced using the UKF fusion results and the KKH calculation results were validated using a rolling meter. Validation of point cloud processing from the 3D LiDAR model using a rolling meter and georeferencing with KKH calculations showed a small RMSE value, which was 0.3420 m, and 0.0354 m for the distance dimension with a rolling meter. 0.6358 m for georeferenced RMSE using UKF fusion data, and 0.0779 for distance dimension using roll meters. The small RMSE results indicate a high level of agreement between point cloud data and measurements using a rolling meter used as reference data. This study shows that the integration of GNSS-IMU sensors with LiDAR using the UKF method can improve the accuracy and reliability of indoor navigation systems.
Experimental Assessment of Ground Thermal Properties for Shallow Geothermal Energy Irshidat, Mahmoud; Qaiymah, Sufian; Al-Bodour, Wassel
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-013

Abstract

Geothermal energy, being clean and renewable on both large and small scales, has become a field of interest for researchers in several areas such as cooling-heating systems, geothermal piles, and geothermal electricity. The purpose of this study is to explore the ground thermal behavior and relevant thermal soil properties for key regions in Jordan. These regions represent either major cities or areas with optimal seasonal temperature variations suitable for such applications. Three key locations were investigated: Tabarbour-Amman, Shafa-Badran-Amman, and Mafraq. Geotechnical soil investigations were conducted using hollow stem auger drilling, with soil samples collected at each meter of depth. Each sample was tested in the laboratory for thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. Additionally, thermocouples were installed in each borehole, and the holes were backfilled with the soil cuttings produced during drilling. Seasonal temperature profiles were developed for each site based on the measurements from the thermocouples. Temperature variations were also analyzed using the measured thermal soil properties within a mathematical heat transfer model, with results showing good agreement with the recorded measurements. Thermal diffusivity ranged from 0.315 to 0.365 mm²/s near the ground surface, and from 0.135 to 0.257 mm²/s at a depth of six meters. Thermal conductivity ranged from 0.197 to 0.351 W/m·K near the surface to 0.468 to 0.875 W/m·K at six meters depth. Ground temperature varied from a maximum during the hot season at the surface to a minimum during the cold season at six meters depth. The extreme temperature difference (4.4 to 5.25 °C), along with the observed values of diffusivity and heat capacity, indicates significant potential for energy extraction in the form of heat, in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner.
Web-Crippling Behaviour of Cold-Formed Screw Fastened Rectangular Hollow Flange Z-Section Beams Under Two-Flange Load Cases Siva, Koppala; Visuvasam, Joseph Antony
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-07

Abstract

This study investigates to update the web-crippling coefficients of cold-formed screw-fastened hollow flange Z-section (SFHZ) beams under End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading conditions. As coefficients are available in AISI standards to estimate the web crippling capacity of Z-sections, experimental program is carried out on 48 number of SFHZ specimens. An extensive parametric study considering the effects of web slenderness, material strength, and support length is conducted for 240 finite element models. Both experimental results and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) were used to predict web-crippling capacities and verified with current AISI predictions. The findings reveal that existing specifications are un-conservative for both ETF and ITF load cases. The parameters such as web height-to-thickness, inside bend radius-to-thickness, and bearing length-to-thickness ratios are the key factors influencing the prediction of web crippling capacity of SFHZ sections. As a result, the study proposes updated web-crippling coefficients that offer improved accuracy in predicting SFHZ section performance under two-flange loading conditions.
Shear Performance of ULCC and PCC: Experimental and Numerical Insights Using DIC and FEM Tajunnisa, Yuyun; Mansur, Moh Safii; Suprobo, Priyo; Apsari, Auliagitta K.; Sutrisno, Wahyuniarsih
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-011

Abstract

This study investigates the shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams constructed with high-calcium fly ash-based Ultra-Low Carbon Concrete (ULCC) as a sustainable alternative to conventional Portland Cement Concrete (PCC). The objective is to assess ULCC’s structural performance under shear and its potential as a low-carbon substitute. Using a dry-mix method with dry activators, six beams (five ULCC, one PCC) of identical dimensions (150 × 250 × 1800 mm) were tested under four-point bending, with variations in shear reinforcement, flexural reinforcement, and shear span-to-depth (a/d) ratios. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was employed to monitor crack propagation and strain development, while Finite Element Modeling (FEM) provided numerical validation. Results show that increasing shear reinforcement enhanced capacity by 12.05%, whereas higher (a/d) ratios decreased it by 22.63%; increased flexural reinforcement improved shear resistance by 31.27%. FEM closely matched experimental outcomes, with a load-deflection ratio of 1.01. ULCC outperformed PCC in shear capacity and exceeded ACI 318-19 predictions. The integration of DIC and FEM offers a comprehensive analysis framework, and the findings demonstrate ULCC’s viability as a structurally efficient, environmentally sustainable alternative for shear-critical applications.
Effects of H₂SO₄, HCl, and MgSO₄ Attack on Porcelain-Based Geopolymer Concrete Klingsad, Rada; Israngkura Na Ayudhya, Borvorn
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-09

Abstract

This study examined the durability of porcelain-based geopolymer concrete when exposed to strong acids, chlorides, and sulfates. Specimens prepared with a 14M NaOH solution and initially cured at 105°C for 24 hours were submerged in acidic and alkaline solutions for varying durations—3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, and 90 days. Compressive and splitting tensile strength tests were conducted to assess material performance. The results showed that immersion in H₂SO₄, HCl, and MgSO₄ solutions led to weight loss and reductions in both compressive and splitting tensile strengths. Strength deterioration was more pronounced in the early stages, with a peak weight loss rate of 15.32 g/day. After 90 days in 20% H₂SO₄, 20% HCl, and 20% MgSO₄ solutions, the residual compressive strengths were measured at 2.80, 14.19, and 3.29 N/mm², respectively, while splitting tensile strengths were recorded at 0.40, 1.21, and 0.51 N/mm². The ratio of splitting tensile strength to compressive strength (fsp/f’c) was influenced by molar concentration and immersion duration. Experimental findings revealed that a high molarity NaOH solution and elevated curing temperature enhanced resistance to HCl attack more effectively than H₂SO₄ and MgSO₄. Moreover, the experimental data closely aligned with the ACI 318 design code, though it tended to overestimate tensile strength.
Soil Erosion Risk and Mitigation Strategies in Steep and Complex Forest Ecosystems Thanh, Phung Trung; Freeshah, Mohamed; Osama, Nahed; Chien, Le Hung; Thom, Tran Thi; Elshewy, Mohamed A.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-015

Abstract

The soil erosion risk on the slopes in Luong Son District, Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam, was determined to inform sustainable land management and conservation planning. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies were integrated with the universal soil loss equation (USLE) model to generate thematic maps of rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), topographic factors (LS), and vegetation cover. These maps were combined to produce a comprehensive soil erosion risk map. The results showed that 65.09% of the district (23,747.61 hectares), mainly flat and midland areas, had no erosion risk. Light, moderate, and severe erosion affected 19.95%, 7.61%, and 7.35% of the region, respectively. Higher erosion risk is concentrated in mid-level mountainous and limestone regions, characterized by steep slopes and sparse vegetation. These findings highlight the influence of slope gradient and length on erosion severity and spatial patterns. Remote sensing, GIS, and USLE were integrated to spatially assess soil erosion, providing a scientific basis for targeted interventions, such as reforestation and terrace farming. This study contributes to gaps in the literature by comprehensively analyzing spatial soil erosion risk and providing practical recommendations for mitigating soil erosion in vulnerable landscapes and supporting sustainable land use planning under climate change pressures.
Innovative Advancements in Construction: The Sustainable Promise of Aerated Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and River Sand Larik, Maroosha; Kumar, Aneel; Ali, Tauha Hussain; Larik, Rimsha
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-019

Abstract

Aerated Concrete, or lightweight concrete, is primarily used in construction work for non-load-bearing structures and is typically produced with cement as a primary binding material. Cement production accounts for 7 to 8% of the environmental CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the dumping of industrial waste and the consumption of aggregates disrupt the environment and ecosystem. This research aims at developing sustainable AC by partially substituting cement with FA and hill sand with IRS while maintaining the fundamental properties of aerated concrete. The study was conducted to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the materials and the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete. Variations of fly ash, i.e., 10%-70%, were incorporated as a CRM to get optimum FA usage in terms of density and compressive strength. Optimum FA was incorporated as CRM and IRS as sand replacement, used in four variations, i.e., 10% - 25%. Specimens were cured using the conventional curing method and autoclaving for NAAC and AAC, considering both manufacturing processes, CO2 emissions and time limitations in respective curing methods. Conventional curing was performed at 7, 14, and 28 days, while autoclaving was performed at various pressures, i.e., 0.5 bar, 1 bar, and 1.5 bar. The optimum compressive strength of AAC and NAAC was achieved when 20% of the IRS and 50% of FA were replaced with hill sand and cement, respectively, for both AAC and NAAC. Additionally, approximately 32% and 39.3% of CO2 emissions were reduced with 50% FA and 20% river sand replacement with cement for AAC and NAAC specimens. Although AAC demonstrated slightly lower water absorption due to densification through autoclaving, NAAC performed satisfactorily in offering a more cost-effective and energy-efficient alternative.
Factors Affecting Properties of Cellular Lightweight Clay Improved with Fly Ash Geopolymer and Cement Thumrongvut, Jaksada; Audomrak, Thanasak; Wonglakorn, Nattiya; Tabyang, Wisitsak; Tiyasangthong, Sermsak; Suksiripattanapong, Cherdsak
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-05

Abstract

This research investigated the unit weight and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of cellular lightweight high-calcium fly ash geopolymer and cement-stabilized soft Bangkok clay (CLFAG-OPC stabilized SC) as potential lightweight embankments and backfill materials. The investigated parameters included the soft clay:fly ash (SC:FA) ratio (50:50 to 90:10), ordinary Portland cement (OPC) content (0%-3%), water content (1.5LL-3.0LL), liquid alkaline content (L) (0.6FA to 1.5FA), NS:NH ratio (0.5-3), NH concentration (8 M), air foam content (Ac) (0%-150% by SC volume), and curing time (7-90 days). The results indicated that the SC:FA ratio, OPC content, water content, NS:NH ratio, L content, and Ac significantly influenced both the unit weight and UCS of samples. Increasing water content, L content, and Ac generally reduced unit weight, except when influenced by FA content, OPC content, and the NS:NH ratio. The optimal composition for maximum UCS was achieved with an SC:FA ratio of 50:50, OPC content of 3%, water content of 2.0LL, NS:NH ratio of 1, L content of 0.6FA, and 0% Ac. A predictive equation for unit weight was proposed using phase diagrams. Additionally, mix design charts were shown to be valuable tools for calculating the unit weight and UCS, demonstrating their effectiveness for lightweight embankment and backfill applications.
Experimental and Numerical Modeling for the Impact of Freezing Temperatures Reduction on the Mechanical Properties of Frozen Sand Hasan, Wisam R.; Karim, Hussein H.; Al-Wakel, Saad F.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-023

Abstract

Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is an approach that uses heat extraction to congeal in situ soil to improve soil quality temporarily. This technology is ecologically sustainable and has minimal adverse effects on soil and groundwater. AGF is widely used in subterranean construction, providing temporary support and groundwater sealing. Nevertheless, precisely simulating the mechanical characteristics of frozen soils with dependable constitutive models presents significant challenges for scientists and engineers. Frozen soil, consisting of ice, liquid water, solid particles, and pore air, is a distinctive geological substance with heightened sensitivity to temperature and external influences. Experimental studies have shown that the mechanical properties of frozen soils are significantly influenced by temperature, confining pressure, strain rate, stress path, and stress level. Numerical simulation offers a superior approach for forecasting soil qualities, particularly in artificial frozen soil technologies for excavations like tunnels and mines. This research examines the impact of varying freezing temperatures and pressures on soil characteristics. This research employs experiments and numerical analysis using Mohr-Coulomb and hardening soil models. The experimental results indicated that the elastic modulus almost increases linearly by a rate of 90000 kN/m² with 1ºC drops below 0ºC. The unconfined compressive strength increased by 2068 kN/m² for each 1°C decrease from 0 to -2°C. Within the temperature range of -2°C to -10°C, the rate of increase is 529 kN/m². The apparent cohesion increased by 238.75 kN/m² for each 1°C decrease from 0 to -2°C. Within the temperature range of -2°C to -10°C, the rate of increase is 66.25 kN/m². A nonlinear association between temperature decrease and tensile stress rise was observed. Numerical analysis shows that as confined pressure increases and temperature decreases, materials can either get stronger or weaker; the Mohr-Coulomb and HS models show stress-strain curve behavior that matches what was found in experiments.
The Use of Electronic Initiation Systems for Wall Control Blasting at an Open Pit Mine Abil, Oraz; Bakhtybayev, Nurbol; Bakhtybayeva, Asel
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-010

Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of electronic initiation systems (EIS) for wall control blasting in open-pit mining, with a specific focus on their influence on ground vibrations and rock fragmentation. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate whether EIS can achieve comparable or superior results in fragmentation quality while reducing seismic impact compared to non-electric initiation systems (NEIS). Experiments were conducted at an open-pit gold mine. During the experiments, EIS and NEIS were used. There was assessed seismicity of each blast during the experiments. Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) was measured at multiple points near the pit benches, and fragmentation of the blasted rock mass was analyzed through visual inspection and image analysis techniques. A statistical evaluation of the collected data revealed that EIS provided similar fragmentation outcomes while significantly reducing PPV values. Due to the ability to precisely time blasts and allow for optimized delay sequences and energy distribution, EIS can reduce blast vibrations. These findings suggest that EIS is a viable and efficient solution for wall control blasting, particularly in cases where pre-splitting or other conventional techniques cannot be applied due to geological or operational conditions. In this study, for the first time,the PPV was measured at the closest distance (6.57 m to the blasted block). The authors tried to find out the combination of two controversial outcomes of blasting work, rock fragmentation and ground vibrations, in this study.

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