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Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research
Published by Universitas Padjadjaran
ISSN : 25277332     EISSN : 26140020     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research (PCPR) is an international, peer-reviewed journal, publishing original research, review, case reports, and commentaries on all aspects of pharmacology and clinical pharmacy. The journal aims to contribute to the scientific committee by publishing the high quality articles. It is published 3 times a year to provide a forum for pharmacologists, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals to share best practice, encouraging networking, and a more collaborative approach in pharmacology and clinical pharmacy.
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Articles 207 Documents
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Cost Analysis of Haemodialysis Patients in Government Tertiary Care Centre – A Pharmacoeconomic Study Manjula MJ; Deepak P; Suresh R M; Raghu N
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 6, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i2.32069

Abstract

The progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in India is rapidly increasing. Over 25 million of people suffering from ESRD, especially in rural areas. Many of these patients are not undergoing dialysis due to the factors such as lack of awareness, fewer treatment options, unaffordability prices due to low income, and minor reimbursement for chronic illness. The cost of hemodialysis in private hospitals is around 12.000 INR (Indian Rupee) per person monthly and 140.000 INR per year, which seem too expensive for middle and lower-middle-class of patients. Hence our study was aimed to analyze the healthcare cost of hemodialysis in government tertiary health care centers by analyzing the direct and indirect cost from the patient perspective. Sixty patients who underwent dialysis in Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital were included in this study. The demographic details, past and present medical history, cost per session of dialysis, laboratory examination, money spent on travel, and the working days lost were calculated. Out of 60 patient (male: 47; female: 17), 53 patients aged 18-65 years old. They belonged to lower-middle (38.33%), middle (23.33%), lower (21.66%), and upper-middle-class (8%). The average direct medical cost of each patient in one session of dialysis was 481.5 INR and indirect medical costs were 557.33 INR. Based on our observation, we conclude that the patients are having satisfactory outcomes, comparatively at low cost in our government dialysis unit. Government should encourage and also cover the mobile dialysis centers under government health schemes, by which the indirect medical cost can be reduced. 
Effectiveness of Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) in the Adult Population in the Ashanti Region of Ghana Kwaku G. Oppong; Eric Boakye-Gyasi; Kwesi B. Mensah; Ralph Obeng; Akua A. Abruquah; Eric Woode
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 6, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i2.31829

Abstract

  AIDS is the late stage of infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Even though the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) for the management of HIV/ AIDS has been in existence in Ghana since 2003, there is still limited data on their effectiveness. This study therefore sort to ascertain the effectiveness of HAART used at Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) Centres in the Ashanti region of Ghana by assessing its effects on immunological and haematological markers as well as some significant indicators such as body temperature and blood pressure changes. The study was a retrospective cross sectional study which reviewed medical record folders of 156 HIV infected patients who had attended the selected ART centres in the Ashanti region of Ghana between 2010 and 2014. About 49% of the study population had a significant rise in their CD4 counts after six months strict adherence to specific HAART regimen. HAART effectively reduced viral loads and increased CD4 counts in most of the patients whose medical record folders were reviewed. Socioeconomic factors, formal education and lack of health literacy had a significant effect on adherence to the HAART regimen, however; marital status of patients did not have any significant effect on adherence, CD4 counts and the haemoglobin concentration of patients. Based on results obtained from this study, HAART could be considered as effective in the adult population in the Ashanti region of Ghana provided there is a high level of adherence. Immunological and haematological markers for the assessment of effectiveness could also improve with high adherence recommended HAART regimen 
Antidiabetic Activity of Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) Leaves Ethanol Extract on the Male Mice Induced Alloxan Monohydrate Madyawati Latief; Putri M. Sari; Liddini T. Fatwa; Indra L. Tarigan; H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 6, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i2.31666

Abstract

  Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) is an alternative natural ingredient that can be used as an antidiabetic containing several secondary metabolites which are thought to reduce blood glucose levels by inhibiting the action of the α-glucokinase enzyme and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and being able to regenerate β-cells, damaged pancreas so that insulin deficiency can be overcome. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of P. canescens leaves ethanol extract on antidiabetic activity and to determine the effect of various doses of sungkai leaf ethanol extract as antidiabetic. The scientific research method used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) and data analysis used in this study is the one way ANOVA, following by the Duncan test. Blood glucose measurement in treated mice was carried out 3 times. Mice were devided into five groups, three mice in each group, and each group was administered different dosages of sungkai extract (T1 = extract 175 mg/kg body weight; T2 = extract 350 mg/kg body weight; T3 = extract 700 mg/ kg body weight). First, the mice were acclimatized for six days and the injection of treatment was started at day 7. Blood glucose levels, urine volume, body weight and daily drinking of mice was carried out before induction (day 0), after induction (day 8) and after the end of treatment for 10 days (day 18), was carried out using the Point of Care Test (POCT) method using the Easy Touch GCU. The results showed that the ethanol extract of sungkai leaves had the potential to reduce blood glucose levels in mice. The ethanol extract of sungkai leaves at a dose of 350 mg/kg body weight has the most optimal potential to reduce blood glucose levels, urine volume, daily drinking, and body weight. 
A Comparative Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Daily Dosing versus Alternate-Day Atorvastatin Therapy in Patients with Dyslipidemia Allen J. Rodrigues; Syed S. Farookh; Laxminarayana Kamath; Raveendra K.R
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 6, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i2.32412

Abstract

  Dyslipidemia is a well-recognized risk factor for the development of diseases associated with atherosclerosis, including coronary artery disease and stroke. Statins are the first choice hypolipidemic drug which are the most effective and best tolerated agents for treating dyslipidemia. Atorvastatin confers an HMG-CoA reductase inhibition up to 20-30 hours which makes it even effective on the next day. The present study is randomized open labeled study done at Victoria Hospital - Bangalore to compare efficacy and safety of daily dosing versus alternate-day atorvastatin therapy in patients with dyslipidemia. A total of 86 patients with dyslipidemia were randomized into 2 groups. Group A received 10 mg of atorvastatin daily (DS) and group B received 10 mg of atorvastatin on alternate day (AS) for six weeks. Among the 86 patients included in the study, mean age of the participants in the AS group was 53.12 ± 10.32 whereas that in the DS group was 52.26 ± 11.13. LDL-C decreased by 25.3% versus 22.4% (CI 0.95, P = 0.35) on daily and alternate-day dosing, respectively. Also 12.5% versus 15% (CI 0.95, P= 0.83) improvement was seen with HDL-C. Both dosage regimens provided reductions in total cholesterol (20.7% versus 20.2%) and triglyceride (20.7% versus 21.2%). There was no statistically significant difference in reduction in lipid parameters between two groups. Adverse effects were found less occurred in alternate day therapy than daily therapy. Gastrointestinal disturbances and myalgia were most commonly reported in both groups. Hence this study concludes alternate-day atorvastatin is as effective as daily atorvastatin in dyslipidemia. 
A Comparative Study of Fluticasone Alone and Fluticasone with Azelastine Nasal Spray in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Fidelis G. Dass A; Sahana G N; Nalini GK; Ragavendra Prasad KU
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 6, No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i3.33204

Abstract

In India, 20-30% of the population suffers from allergic rhinitis. Its prevalence increasing over the past many years and often adversely affects the quality of life. Little importance is given to allergic rhinitis and patients fail to correlate the ill-health to symptoms of allergic rhinitis in India. Studies have shown that patients with allergic rhinitis adversely affect the behavior, work performance, and lifestyle of patients. Hence this study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of fluticasone alone and in combination with azelastine. A total of 60 patients were randomly assigned into two groups (30 patients each), where the first group received fluticasone and the other group received fluticasone + azelastine. Drugs were administered as nasal spray and improvement were assessed using Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) and Quality of life was assessed using Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) at baseline and at 2 weeks. Descriptive statistics and student’s t-test was used to analyze data. Both the groups had statistical improvement in TNSS and RQLQ scores when compared to baseline within the groups (p < 0.0001). Comparison of overall TNSS between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001), though total RQLQ scores were insignificant (< 0.02) when compared between two groups. It was observed that both drugs were safe and efficacious. By these results, we conclude that the combination therapy showed better improvement in TNSS when compared to fluticasone alone. Azelastine due to antihistaminic properties and fluticasone anti-inflammatory effect showed synergistic anti-inflammatory effect and improvement in quality of life
Treatment Pattern of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pediatric with Epilepsy Dwajani S; Meghana KS; Krithika S; Adarsh E
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 6, No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i3.33413

Abstract

Studying drug utilization helps to develop twin concepts for therapeutic formulation and essential drug lists. The main preference of using Antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy is that patients can be seizure-free for their lifetime. Treating children with epilepsy remains a major challenge, despite having several AEDs. Hence, we aimed to study drug utilization patterns among pediatric patients with epilepsy. This prospective study was conducted on 150 patients lesser than 18 years of age, receiving antiepileptic drugs. A specially designed case record form was used to collect the data on socioeconomic status, disease data, and treatment details. The majority of the children were females (60.6%), ages ranged from day 1 to 4 years (56.6%). About 35.33% were skilled laborers followed by 32.23% semi-skilled. Around 49.3% of patients belonged to the lower-middle-class family and 41.33% were diagnosed to have generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). The majority of the children were on monotherapy (81.33%) while 18.66% were on dual therapy or polytherapy. Regarding the usage of antiepileptic drugs, we found that 70.66% of children were on older AEDs like sodium valproate (27.33%) followed by clobazam (31.33%). Levetiracetam was the only new antiepileptic drug that was prescribed in 10% of patients. Monotherapy is considered as best modality, due to its low cost, safety profile, and lesser drug interactions. It can also improve drug treatment compliance and adherence. Along with older AEDs, there has been an increase in the utilization of newer AEDs, which help to broaden the therapeutic option towards the management of childhood epilepsy with a better safety profile.
Antibacterial Activities of Ethanol Extract of Jernang Resin (Daemonorops draco Blume) Muhaimin Muhaimin; Indra L. Tarigan; Dyah M. Devy; Diah R. Gusti
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 6, No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i3.31166

Abstract

The resin compound is obtained from Jernang (Daemonorops draco blume), a plant that grows in the tropical rainforests of Indonesia. This study was undertaken to determine the antibacterial ability of ethanol extract of Jernang resin against both Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus mutans. The crude extract was prepared by soxhlet extraction in ethanol, is then fractionated vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) with increasing solvent polarity starting from n-hexane (100%); n-hexane: ethyl acetate (80:20); ethyl acetate: methanol (40:60) up to methanol (100%) by. The antibacterial activity were evaluated using the disc diffusion method, these were compared with that of standards chloramphenicol as positive control and DMSO as a negative control. Determination of the antibacterial activity, we verified the diameter of inhibition of growth zone against Salmonella typhi at the variation of the extract concentration were 0.00mm/10ppm, 9.03mm/50ppm, 8.4mm/100ppm, 11.73mm/500ppm. These were compared with that of standards chloramphenicol (21.03mm/300ppm) and DMSO (0.00mm/300ppm). On the other hands, the diameter of inhibition of growth zone against Streptococcus mutans at the variation of the extract concentration were 9.33mm/50ppm, 9.83mm/75ppm, 10.67mm/100ppm, 11.5mm/125ppm, and 13.33mm/150ppm. These were compared with that of standards chloramphenicol (25.7mm/300ppm) and DMSO (0.00mm/300ppm). The ethanol extract of Jernang Resin exhibited antibacterial effects on Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus mutans, but these effects were less than chloramphenicol. The antibacterial effect increased with an increase in the concentration of the extract.
A Pharmacoeconomic Comparison of Cost Variation among Hypolipidemic Drugs Available in Indian Market Meghna Shinde; Anjali Kushwah
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 6, No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i3.32488

Abstract

Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerotic coronary and cerebrovascular disorders affecting a large Indian population. The cost of various hypolipidemic drugs that are used for the prevention and treatment of these afflictions largely varies in the Indian pharmaceutical market. Our study aimed to evaluate the cost variation of different brands of hypolipidemic drugs and to compare the branded prices with their corresponding generic and ceiling prices. The costs of various drugs were procured from the latest issue of the “Drug Today” from October to November 2020 edition which is a directory of all the drugs available in India published quarterly every year by Lorina Publications (India) Inc. Cost ratio, percent cost variation, and daily defined dose (DDD) were calculated. We also compared the branded prices of drugs with their generic and ceiling prices available on the official website.A total of 9 single hypolipidemic drugs and 9 fixed-dose combinations (FDC) showed a wide per cent cost variation. The highest percentage of cost variation was atorvastatin 80 mg (3284%) whereas fenofibrate showed the lowest percent cost variation (0.91%). The cost ratio was also found higher in 2 from 6 drugs. Among FDCs, atorvastatin 10mg + ezetimibe 10 mg (484%) showed a higher cost variation and rosuvastatin 20 mg + fenofibrate 160mg (0.6%) showed a minimum variation. The maximum cost variation from branded prices compared to generic prices was found in simvastatin 20 mg (544%) and atorvastatin 10 mg (155%). In summary, our study showed a wide variation in the cost of hypolipidemic drugs available in the Indian market which provides an insight to the prescriber, gives drug price control authorities to minimize the financial burden on the patient, and improves their compliance
A Comparative Study of Tolerability of Losartan versus Atenolol in Essential Hypertension and Their Effect on Lipid Profile Amrutha Torvi; Prashanth D; Soujanya S; Lingraj Patil
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 6, No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i3.32831

Abstract

Hypertension is a vascular disease entity that is a common problem occurring worldwide, characterized by sustained elevated blood pressure. Losartan and atenolol are two medications that are commonly used in hypertensive patients. However, the mechanism of tolerability their effect on lipid profile is not clearly described. Thus, the aims of this study were to study the tolerability of losartan with atenolol in patients with hypertension and the changes in lipid profile on treatment. This research was a prospective, open-label, parallel-group, comparative study conducted in the medicine out-patient department (OPD), where 100 patients aged 40-60 years with newly diagnosed mild and moderate hypertension. We classified patients randomly into two groups, losartan, and atenolol (50 patients of each). Patients were recruited for a period of 6 months and were called for follow-up visits at the third and sixth months. In this study mean age of the patients was 52.72 years. Our study observed that baseline systolic (P=0.704), as well as diastolic blood pressure (BP) (P=0.324), was comparable between both groups. Both systolic (P=0.125), as well as diastolic BP (P=0.108) at 6-months, was comparable between both groups. It was observed that mean total cholesterol levels were comparable between both groups at baseline (P=0.665). Moreover, adverse effects were observed more commonly in group atenolol, headache being the most common followed by dizziness and palpitation. Our study observed that both losartan and atenolol are equally effective in long- term reduction of blood pressure. Additionally, losartan also significantly improved lipid profile. 
Vitamin D Status and its Correlation with Disease Severity among Patients Presented with Major Depressive Disorders in a Tertiary Health Care Hospital in South India Thekkuttuparambil A Ajith; Shiny John; S Achu
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i1.35041

Abstract

Vitamin D level has a significant inverse correlation with depressive symptoms. The associa- tion of vitamin D level with unipolar or bipolar disorders are inconclusive among Indians. This study was aimed to find the severity of major depressive disorders and their correlation with vitamin D status. A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients (15-65 years old) diagnosed clinically with a major depressive disorder with a known serum 25 (OH) D levels. Mild, moderate, and severe depressive disorders were categorized into groups like vitamin D sufficient (≥75 nmol/L), insufficient (51-74 nmol/L), and deficient (<50 nmol/L). The data were analyzed for correlation. A total of 83 patients (33 males and 50 females) were included. Among the total, only four patients (4.8%) had bipolar disorder, while 79 patients (95.1%) had the unipolar disorder. Three bipolar patients and 68 unipolar patients had 25(OH)D levels below normal. Correlation analysis between the severity of disease and 25(OH)D level found a non-linear negative correlation in males (r= -0.07595, p= 0.7123) and positive correlation in females (r= 0.04234, p= 0.7823). However, correlation of age with 25(OH)D level was positive in males (r= 0.4151, p= 0.035) and negative in females (r= -0.1553, p= 0.3085). A negative correlation was found between the severity of the unipolar disorder and serum 25(OH)D levels in males. Therefore, male patients presented with the unipolar depressive disorder may consider vitamin D supplementation 

Page 13 of 21 | Total Record : 207

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