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Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research
Published by Universitas Padjadjaran
ISSN : 25277332     EISSN : 26140020     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research (PCPR) is an international, peer-reviewed journal, publishing original research, review, case reports, and commentaries on all aspects of pharmacology and clinical pharmacy. The journal aims to contribute to the scientific committee by publishing the high quality articles. It is published 3 times a year to provide a forum for pharmacologists, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals to share best practice, encouraging networking, and a more collaborative approach in pharmacology and clinical pharmacy.
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Articles 207 Documents
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Microbial Isolates and their Resistance Patterns at an Indian Teaching Hosptial - A Retrospective Study Poojitha A; Sultana Gouhar; Bindu Madhavi V; N.Hanisha Gupta; Qamar U.B Siddiqui; Mustafa Afzal; Mohammed A. Ghufran
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i1.35446

Abstract

Rapidly rising antibiotic resistance is a challenge to comprehensive patient care in all branches of medical science. A retrospective observational study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns in a tertiary care hospital for six months. The data was collected from laboratory test reports and patient case files using a structured data collection form. A total of 200 cases having a positive culture report were included in the study.  Of these, 186 cases were identified to have gram-negative infections, and 14 had gram-positive infections. Escherichia coli (E. Coli) (47%) was the predominant isolate among gram-negative organisms, followed by Klebsiella (24.5%), Pseudomonas (7.55%), Enterobacter (6.5%), and Citrobacter (4.5%). All Gram-positive organisms E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter have shown maximum resistance of 92.55%, 95.91%, 93.33%, and 76.92%, respectively, Ampicillin. E.coli has shown the least resistance to carbapenems (7.44%). Klebsiella demonstrated minimum reistance of 10.2% to cefotaxime, cefazolin and levofloxacin. Pseudomonas was completely sensitive to piperacillin-tazobactam. Enterobacter showed least resistance to gentamicin (3.07%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (3.07%). The primary gram-positive isolate, Enterococcus spp. (5.5%) mainly was resistant to ciprofloxacin (90.90%), followed by levofloxacin (81.81%), tetracycline (81.81%), and gentamicin (72.72%). E. coli was the most resistant organism in the present study. The study results would contribute to the development of an antibiogram at the study site.
Audit of Antibiotic Prescription in Suspected Neonatal Sepsis at an Indian Tertiary Care Hospital Geetha S; Deepa Patil; Raghu Prasada M S; Sathisha Aithal
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i1.35588

Abstract

Neonatal sepsis is one of the most typical causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Rational use of antibacterial is a priority to prevent the emergence of resistance and to reduce the burden of treatment failure. This study was a prospective, cross-sectional study that collected data from 148 records of clinically suspected neonatal sepsis in a tertiary care hospital between January to December 2017. The isolated organisms, prescribing patterns, approval status, and list of antibacterial in WHO Essential Medicines List/NLEM were analyzed and presented as percentages, mean and standard deviations using appropriate tables and graphs. Of the 430 antibacterials examined, single-drug formulations were most commonly prescribed [400(93.02%)]; 298(69.30%) and 427(99.30%) were approved by DCGI and USFDA, respectively; 275(63.95%) antibacterials were included in both WHO and NLEM. The most common isolated organisms were gram-negative (64.1%). The most common class of antibacterial prescribed was beta-lactams (ATC class: J01D and J01C) [251(58.37%)] followed by aminoglycosides (ATC class: J01G) [124(28.84%)] irrespective of culture and sensitivity and their generic names prescribed almost 50% (216) of drugs. Regarding outcome, 87.16% of cases recovered well. In conclusion, the rationality of antibacterial drug usage in suspected cases of neonatal sepsis was followed the majority of times, leading to better patient care and outcome.
Medication Adherence And Its Associated Factor: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Patients with Schizophrenia Noor U Saba; Sushma Muraraiah
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i1.35121

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a chronic severe psychiatric disorder. Antipsychotic medications are a highly efficacious modality of treating patients with schizophrenia. Non-adherence to antipsychotic medication is a critical problem leading to increased relapse rate, hospitalization rate, and health care costs. Non-adherence is caused by multi-factors and might be varied within the globe. Assessing non-adherence and influencing factors would help in framing preventive strategies. This cross-sectional study involved 100 patients with schizophrenia fulfilling inclusion criteria. Patients’ demographics, clinical parameters, and prescribed drugs were collected. Medication adherence was assessed using the MARS scale (medication adherence rating scale) and symptom severity by PANSS (positive and negative symptom scale). Statistical analysis was done to identify the potential predictors of non-adherence to antipsychotic medication. The correlation of medication adherence with severity of illness was tested. Males were significantly associated with decreased likelihood of being non-adherent with odds ratio of 0.095 (0.014, 0.667) p value of 0.018. An increase in positive and cognitive scores was significantly associated with higher odds of being non-adherent with OR of 1.188 (1.044, 1.325) p-value 0.009 and OR 1.258 (1.073, 1.475) p value 0.005. From this study, non-adherence to medication was noted in 45% of the study population. Thus, strategies need to be framed for regular monitoring and follow-up of female patients on antipsychotics and patients with high PANSS. These steps could reduce the frequency of non-adherence among patients with schizophrenia.
Evaluation of Warfarin Use in Cardiac Clinic Outpatients Norisca A. Putriana; Taofik Rusdiana; Tina Rostinawati; Mohammad R. Akbar; Dika P. Destiani
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i1.39666

Abstract

The use of warfarin was monitored using the International Normalized Ratio (INR) value. This study aims to determine the relationship between the patient’s demographic variables and INR, as well as the therapy result and differences in their INR value. A cross-sectional study was used with retrospective observational data collected by tracing secondary information of medical records from outpatients with heart disease on warfarin therapy at Dr. Hasan Sadikin hospital Bandung between 2016 to 2020. Subsequently, the difference in patients’ INR value was analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test based on dosage. At the same time, the relationship between demographic variables and INR was examined using the Chi-square test and Spearman correlation. The INR examination results in 192 subjects showed 124 patients (64.6%) reached the target with an average value of 2.37 ± 0.21 and a warfarin dose of 19.31 ± 6.25 mg weekly, while 68 (35.4%) had an average of 1.82 ± 0.73 and a dose of 20.24 ± 6.24 mg weekly. Subsequently, the difference test with Mann Whitney (p = 0.004) showed a variation in the INR value based on the warfarin dose. The Spearman correlation analysis results indicated a relationship between BMI (p = 0.009), daily (0.010), and weekly dose (0.008) on the INR value with the correlation coefficient of 0.188; 0.186; and 0.192;  indicating a negative association with very weak correlation strength. This study showed that a majority of patients reached the INR value of 2-3, and the demographic variables associated with this ratio were BMI and warfarin dose. The decision to increase and decrease the warfarin dose is determined by INR value and BMI.
Variation in Response to Pharmacological Intervention with Risperidone and the Role of Adjuvant Medications in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Sharanabasayyaswamy Hiremath; Srinivas L. Devendrappa
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i2.38401

Abstract

Non-genetic traits as predictors of variation in response to pharmacological interventions in ASD need to be identified for better management. This review aims to identify these non-genetic traits and the role of adjuvant medications in ASD. Electronic database searches in PUBMED and Cochrane libraries were conducted using MeSH search terms "Autism" and "Risperidone." Randomized or cross-over trials comparing the efficacy of ‘risperidone plus placebo’ vs. ‘risperidone plus adjuvant medications’ using Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community Version (ABC-CV) scores in ASD patients of any age group were included in the analysis. The quantity of reduced irritability (ABC-I) sub-score was the primary outcome measure analyzed.In contrast, the reduction in remaining ABC-CV sub-scores at the end of 10 weeks were the secondary outcome measures analyzed. All the outcome measures were estimated by calculating the Mean Difference (MD) values and their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) by both fixed and random effect models using Revman 5.4.1 software. A total of 13 trials were found to be eligible and included in the quantitative synthesis of efficacy. A small but significant decrease in the ABC irritability sub-score was evident in the ‘risperidone plus adjuvants’ group (MD: -3.19, 95% CI:-3.82, -2.56, N=658). The meta-analysis results attributed the highest decrease in ABC-irritability sub-scores to adjuvant topiramate. There is a possibility of bias and minimal impact of adjuvants in alleviating irritability symptoms of ASD. Baseline severity of irritability symptoms and the dose/medication regimen appear to be possible non-genetic traits responsible for variation in response to pharmacological intervention.
The Efficacy and Safety of Adding Olanzapine to Triple Drugs Regimen to Prevent Chemotherapy-induced Nausea and Vomiting: A systematic Review and Meta-analysis of RCTs Sharanabasayyaswamy B. Hiremath; Srinivas L. Devendrappa
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i2.37936

Abstract

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a complication of highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) agents. The present meta-analysis was conducted to quantify and analyze the efficacy and safety of adding olanzapine to a Neurokinin Receptor Antagonist (NKRA) based triple-drug regimen in preventing HEC-induced CINV. Electronic database searches in PUBMED and Cochrane library was conducted using MeSH search terms “olanzapine” and “chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.” Randomized or cross-over trials comparing the efficacy of “olanzapine + NKRA based triple-drug regimen” vs. “placebo + NKRA based triple-drug regimen” in patients of age > 18 years with any malignancy receiving HEC were considered under inclusion criteria. Complete Response (CR) for the delayed (25–120 h) phase of CINV in patients receiving HEC agents was the primary outcome measure analyzed. Outcome measures were estimated by calculating the Risk Difference (RD) values and their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). The Mantel-Haenszel method and both fixed and random effect models were used in the analysis by Revman 5.4.1 soft- ware. An additional 14% (RD: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.19) of patients treated with olanzapine + triple-drug regimen had a statistically significant higher CR in the delayed phase when compared to placebo + NKRA-based triple-drug regimen. Adding olanzapine at 10mg to the triple-drug regimen significantly improves delayed phase CR rates by 16% and delayed phase ‘no significant nausea’ rates by 30%. Results need to be interpreted cautiously in the background of response variations and limited trials included in our analysis
Cost Variation Study of Various Brands of Oral Fluoroquinolones Available in India: An Economic Perspective Pallav Hetawal; Sapna More; Kamayani Gupta; Pooja S. Mishra
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i2.37669

Abstract

Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibacterial for treating respiratory tract, intra-abdominal, urinary tract, pelvic, joint, bone, soft tissue, and skin infections. The economic burden on patients affects compliance in developing countries like India. Therefore, the prices of drugs should be controlled effectively. Hence, this study was done to assess the cost variation of branded oral fluoroquinolones available in India compared with generic counterparts. The maximum and minimum cost of oral fluoroquinolones (INR per 10 tablets) of the same strength and dosage form manufactured by different companies was obtained from Drug Today April to July 2021 Volume 1, MIMS, and 1mg.com. The cost ratio and the percentage cost variation of individual drug brands were calculated. Prices of generic fluoroquinolones from the Jan Aushadhi scheme (JAS) were compared with branded drugs. Of 11 different oral fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin 500 mg had the highest percentage variation of 11.100%, and three formulations marketed by a few manufacturers have a percentage reduction of less than 100%. Of 23 different combinations available as 33 different dosages, the highest cost variations were observed in Norfloxacin 400 mg plus tinidazole 600 mg combination (1317%). When compared, some generic fluoroquinolones available under JAS were not cheaper than the minimum cost of their branded counterparts. Wide variation in the cost of the different brands of the same oral fluoroquinolones manufactured by other companies was observed. This adds to the economic burden for the patients. Hence, stakeholders should aim to decrease the cost variation among different brands while maintaining therapeutic efficacy 
Study of Cost-effectiveness and Safety of 0.2% Olopatadine in Comparison with Combination of 0.1% Olopatadine and 0.4% Ketorolac Eye Drops in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis among Rural Population Adhiti Todime; Narendar Koyagura; Krisna C. Pasula; Prasanna Vedula; Baswaraj Munge; Prashanth K. Patnaik
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i2.37692

Abstract

The study aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness and safety of 0.2% Olopatadine with a combination of 0.1% Olopatadine and 0.4% Ketorolac eye drops in Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) among the rural population. This was a randomized, open-label, prospective study conducted on 129 patients who were diagnosed with VKC. All the patients were randomly allotted to 2 treatment groups. Group 1 received 0.2% Olopatadine eye drops/single drops/three times a day. Group 2 treated with a combination of 0.1% Olopatadine and 0.4% Ketorolac eye drops/single drops/two times a day for four weeks. The patients were advised to follow up during the study period in the second and fourth weeks. During the follow-ups, post-intervention cure rate, adverse drug reactions (ADR) monitoring, and cost-effectiveness of both the drugs were evaluated. A statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction of clinical symptoms was observed in both groups after four weeks of treatment. In 0.2% Olopatadine intervention, 9 cases of ADR were reported out of the 62 patients. Furthermore, treatment with a combination of 0.1% Olopatadine and 0.4% Ketorolac has shown 12 cases from 58 having ADR. Our study revealed that the 0.2% Olopatadine eye drops were a comparatively affordable choice since the cost was less. Therefore, 0.2% Olopatadine is considered a better drug choice in the given scenario of the rural population regarding their safety and cost-effectiveness. 
Investigating Anti-diabetic Effects of Autoclaved Curcuma longa Linn (turmeric) Extracts using Mouse Tissues in vitro Abeer F.R. Alanazi; Esra&#039;a AL-Omari; Abdallah Y. Naser; Norah M. Algahtani; Jim McFarlane
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i2.38706

Abstract

Curcumin, the active compound found in turmeric, is believed to delay the development of diabetes through several mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate if an aqueous extract of turmeric can improve glucose uptake and uric acid in mouse tissues in vitro, after inclusion of turmeric in the diet for four weeks. Fourteen adult male Swiss mice were divided into three groups. The first group was the control (n=6) that was given clean water, the second group of mice (n=4) was given 5% autoclaved turmeric extract in drinking water, and the third group (n=4) was given 5% non-autoclaved turmeric extract in drinking water. After four weeks, the cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and liver tissues were dissected and used for analysis.  The results showed that the aqueous 5% turmeric extract reduced glucose in cardiac tissues while the plasma glucose was not changed. Cardiac muscle, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle showed glucose absorption after the 5% turmeric treatment. This research shows that turmeric did improve glucose uptake in most tissues, although it was not significant due to the limitations of this study. Tissues may need to be cultured longer and media processed quicker to prevent evaporation. Turmeric continues to show great potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and may present an alternative way of treating diabetes.
An Evaluation of Causality, Severity, and Preventability of Adverse Drug Reactions Reported by Undergraduate Medical Students in a Tertiary Care Hospital Mohammad Y. Bhat; Samina Farhat; Urfan Nabi
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 7, No 3 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v7i3.40945

Abstract

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have become a major clinical problem that causes mortality and morbidity, besides causing an additional burden on the total cost of patient treatment worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to assess ADRs’ causality, severity, and prevent- ability and sensitize undergraduate medical students to reduce underreporting cases. A ret- rospective observational study in J&K tertiary teaching hospital in India. We conducted the study after sensitizing the students about pharmacovigilance and guiding them to submit individual case safety reports (ICSRs) of ADRs during their clinical stages. The study was conducted for ten months, from May 2020 to February 2021, as a part of their internal assess- ment, followed by evaluating the data using simple descriptive statistics. We analyzed a total of 124 reports over the stipulated time. The most common ADRs reported were related to skin and appendages, and antibiotics accounted for a maximum number of cases. Causality assessment showed that most ADRs were possible (61.1%) and probable (38.8%). Severity and preventability assessment revealed that most reported ADRs were moderate (67.9%) and mild (32.0%), while most ADRs were preventable, with only 30.0% of them not preventable. Students reported valuable and clinically relevant ADRs. This study will foster the culture of reporting and analyzing the impact of ADRs among undergraduate students. Furthermore, since most ADRs in this study were preventable, managing such ADRs through therapeutic intervention would benefit better patient care.

Page 14 of 21 | Total Record : 207

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