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JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
ISSN : 14108917     EISSN : 25979914     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Engineering
urnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi (p-ISSN: 1410-8917) and e-ISSN: 2597-9914) is published by Department of Chemistry, Diponegoro University. This journal is published four times per year and publishes research, review and short communication in field of Chemistry.
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Articles 850 Documents
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The Effect of Fe Pillaring and Mg Intercalating into Bentonite Structure Dian Maruto Widjonarko; Edi Pramono; Sentot Budi Rahardjo; Sayekti Wahyuningsih; Teguh Endah Saraswati
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 2 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 2 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.2.101-110

Abstract

Bentonite clay particles, measuring less than 2 μm, comprise stacked layers of tetrahedral and octahedral units in a 2:1 configuration (T-O-T). These negatively charged layers were subsequently neutralized with cations. However, the exchange or modification of the cation affects its structure and properties. This study investigates the effect of Fe-ion pillaring on the bentonite layer and the intercalation of Mg ions into Fe-pillared bentonite via ion exchange. The materials were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) to observe surface morphology and elemental composition, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) to observe average size and size distribution of particle, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the active site and layer structure, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine their structural and compositional changes. The results confirm the pillaring treatment effect on a higher average particle size of 469.3 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.495, compared to natural bentonite (414.8 nm and 0.586 nm, respectively). Meanwhile, the intercalating treatment showed a lower average particle size of 433.4 nm and a PDI value of 0.613. FTIR identified the silanol and siloxane functional groups, as well as the aluminosilicate layer. Pillaring by Fe2O3 increased the basal spacing of bentonite from 13.6 Å to 17.35 Å, as indicated by the shift of characteristic bentonite peaks to lower 2θ angles. However, intercalation by MgO into Fe-pillared bentonite actually slightly decreased the basal spacing to 15.16 Å. Meanwhile, Mg intercalation occurred within the interlayer of the aluminosilicate layer, resulting in a peak shift toward higher 2θ angles and an increase in crystallinity to 58.924%, compared with Fe-pillared bentonite (45.376%). This phenomenon is likely related to the presence of the Mg metal intercalant, which has basic properties and can attract the aluminosilicate sheets.
Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, Toxicity, and Recent Developments of Cisplatin as Anticancer Agent: A Comprehensive Review Lisdawati Pabisa; Ahyar Ahmad; Harnaningsih Karim
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 3 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 3 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.3.227-244

Abstract

Cisplatin is among the most potent chemotherapy agents used to treat a range of cancers, including those affecting the ovaries, testes, lungs, and bladder. Its primary mode of operation involves creating cross-links in DNA, which blocks cell division and gene expression, ultimately leading to programmed cell death. Unfortunately, its therapeutic benefits are frequently undermined by harmful side effects and the development of resistance in cancer cells. This research seeks to delve deeply into cisplatin’s mechanisms, covering how it enters cells, gets activated internally, and interacts with DNA and key proteins. Additionally, it explores advancements in nanoparticle-based cisplatin delivery systems and platinum (Pt[IV]) compounds designed to enhance systemic absorption and reduce overall toxicity. Drawing on a review of 166 studies across five key databases, modifications to drug-delivery methods have shown notable improvements in cisplatin’s performance across different cancer types. As a result, innovative formulations and tactics to tackle resistance could broaden cisplatin’s role as a more targeted and safer cancer-fighting drug. This review was conducted using a structured literature search without a formal risk-of-bias assessment.
Optimization of Chitin Extraction and Conversion to Chitosan from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Pupae for Sustainable Biopolymer Production Purwantiningsih Sugita; Muhammad Qurthubi Ash Shidiqqi; Kurniawanti Kurniawanti; Dewi Apri Astuti
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 4 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 4 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.4.265-275

Abstract

Chitin and its derivative, chitosan, are natural polysaccharides with wide industrial applications due to their biodegradability and multifunctional biological activities. The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) represents a promising alternative source of chitin beyond conventional crustacean shells. However, studies on the optimization of chitin isolation from BSF pupae exuviae remain limited. This study aims to optimize the demineralization and deproteinization stages of chitin isolation and conversion to chitosan using a Box–Behnken design in Design-Expert 13. The effects of acid/base concentration, immersion time, and temperature were statistically evaluated to maximize chitin yield. The optimized conditions (3 M HCl, 1 M NaOH, 25°C, 1 h) resulted in a predicted chitin yield of 52.12%, which was experimentally validated to produce 50.83%. The isolated chitin had a low ash content (1.21%), indicating effective mineral removal and confirming its relatively high purity. The isolated chitin was subsequently deacetylated to chitosan, yielding 36% product with a degree of deacetylation (DD) of 53%. FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the formation of partially deacetylated chitosan with a crystallinity index of 57%. It is concluded that the Box–Behnken optimization effectively enhanced process efficiency and enabled the systematic identification of optimal extraction conditions from BSF pupae shells, demonstrating their strong potential as a sustainable, non-crustacean source of chitin and chitosan for future biopolymer and green-material applications.
The Potential of Sonication Residue of Hydrilla verticillata Modified with Citric Acid as a Biosorbent for Cadmium Metal Ahmad Ghanaim Fasya; Dewi Sinta Megawati; Dewi Yuliani; Marsannada Marsannada; Jihan Rizky Wandira; Srikandi Amanda Putri
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 4 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 4 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.4.306-313

Abstract

The increase in the number of industries in this era has an impact on water-related environmental problems, particularly heavy-metal waste, including cadmium. This study aims to determine the ability and optimal conditions of the sonication residue biosorbent Hydrilla verticillata. Biosorbents were obtained from sonication residues, then demineralized with 0.4 M HNO3 and modified with 1 M citric acid. Pure and modified biosorbents were subjected to adsorption tests at varying pH levels (5-9), contact times of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes, and initial concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm. All adsorption experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the results are presented as mean values. This approach ensures the reliability of the adsorption performance evaluation. The resulting solution was then digested, analyzed using the AAS instrument, and characterized using the FTIR instrument. The results of the research were the successful modification of the biosorbent, marked by a change in color from brownish green to brown and a rough texture, and the detection of the IR spectrum of the C=O group at 1728.21 cm−1. The optimum conditions were obtained with the modified biosorbent: pH 7 (93.6%), contact time 105 minutes (98.3%), and initial concentration 10 ppm (98.7%).
Determination of the Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. and Spatholobus ferrugineus (Zoll. and Moritzi) Benth Against Breast Cancer Cells: An In Silico Study Erwi Putri Setyaningsih; Aditya Helmiansyah; Herdini Herdini; Deyana Citra Insani Sitorus
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 4 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 4 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.4.276-287

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with subtypes expressing hormone receptors such as the Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), and HER2 being primary therapeutic targets. This study explores the potential of natural compounds as inhibitors for these key proteins. This research aimed to evaluate the potential of bioactive compounds from sappanwood (Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod.), namely Brazilin and its derivative Brazilein, and from the stem of Spatholobus ferrugineus (Zoll. and Moritzi) Benth Variabilin, Medicarpin, and its derivative Vestitol, (-)- as candidate inhibitors against the target proteins of breast cancer (ERα, ERβ, PR, and HER2) using a molecular docking methodology. The analysis was performed by comparing the docking scores and interaction patterns of the test compounds against their native ligands and a reference ligand (lapatinib for HER2). Furthermore, in silico predictions of their pharmacokinetic (ADMET) profiles and drug-likeness were conducted. The docking results showed that Variabilin exhibited the highest binding affinity for HER2 among the test compounds and demonstrated a high predicted binding affinity for the antagonist conformations of both ERα and ERβ. The other test compounds also showed potential as ERα and ERβ inhibitors; however, none of the five compounds showed potential as PR antagonists. The ADMET analysis predicted that the majority of the compounds possess an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile. Variabilin shows favorable docking to the HER2 kinase site and to ER LBDs. Functional activity requires experimental confirmation.
Effect of UV Curing Temperature on the Preparation and Properties of PMMA-Diacrylate RM82 Composite Membranes and Test of Water/Methanol Uptake Afrizal Afrizal; Yusmaniar Yusmaniar; Ramadhani Riparro; Imam Hanafi
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 4 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 4 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.4.245-251

Abstract

A composite membrane of Polymethylmethacrylate-reactive mesogen RM82 (PMMA-Diacrylate RM82) was prepared by UV curing at 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150°C. FTIR spectroscopy revealed peaks at 1086 cm−1 and 1147 cm−1, indicating the presence of ester functional groups (C-O). An ether functional group (C-O-C) was observed at 1250 cm−1, while aromatic structures were identified at 1605 cm−1. XRD diffractograms showed high-intensity peaks at 2θ angles of 19.13°, 43.62°, and 72.42°, demonstrating that the membrane retained strong crystalline properties. SEM results showed a regular surface morphology with layered structures, whereas the membrane cured at 120°C exhibited an irregular morphology with coarse fragments. POM textures generally displayed sharp, elongated fibrous patterns. Water uptake was relatively low, with a maximum value of 34.2%, while methanol uptake ranged from 9.28% to 40.5%. The conductivity values of the composite membranes ranged from 3.01 × 10−7 to 4.24 × 10−7 S/cm. Conductivity consistently increased with higher UV curing temperatures and membrane thickness. This trend suggests that UV curing temperature enhances electrical conductivity by altering the molecular structure to create more effective conduction pathways.
Development of Bacterial Cellulose Membrane from Sulfation SCOBY Kombucha for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Applications Sauli Safitri; Khairuddin Khairuddin; Ni Ketut Sumarni
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 4 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 4 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.4.288-295

Abstract

Electrolyte membranes are critical components in determining the performance of PEMFC systems. The use of commercial membranes remains constrained by high production costs, thereby necessitating the development of biomaterial-based alternatives. Cellulose derived from SCOBY Kombucha presents a promising candidate for electrolyte membranes, yet its intrinsic proton conductivity is insufficient and requires chemical enhancement. This study aimed to optimize the sulfation process to improve the electrochemical properties of SCOBY-based cellulose membranes. Variations in reaction time and sulfuric acid concentration were investigated, followed by characterization of the modified membranes through proton conductivity, ion-exchange capacity, swelling degree, mechanical properties, thermal stability, FTIR, and SEM-EDX analyses. The optimum condition was achieved at 2 hours and 2 M, yielding a proton conductivity of 5.44×10−2 S/cm−1, an ion-exchange capacity of 3.58 meq/g, and a swelling degree of 111%, while exhibiting moderate mechanical strength and good thermal stability. FTIR and SEM-EDX confirmed successful incorporation of sulfonic acid groups. Overall, the modification produced a membrane with enhanced proton conductivity and ion-exchange capacity, although further mechanical reinforcement is required for practical PEMFC applications.
Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Salicylaldehyde–Chitosan Schiff Base and Its Antibacterial Assay Umi Shofiyatun Ni’mah; Kamilia Hijriani Zain; Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana; Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono; Ismiyarto Ismiyarto
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 4 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 4 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.4.252-264

Abstract

Antibacterial materials are essential for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, and chitosan has received considerable attention due to its intrinsic antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, the limited hydrophilicity and moderate mechanical strength of pristine chitosan restrict its broader application. In this study, chitosan was chemically modified through Schiff base formation with salicylaldehyde, followed by modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG), to enhance its physicochemical properties while maintaining detectable antibacterial performance. The objectives of this research were to synthesize Salicylaldehyde–chitosan Schiff base and PEG-modified Salicylaldehyde–chitosan Schiff base, to characterize their structural and physical properties, and to evaluate their antibacterial performance. The molecular weight of chitosan was determined by viscometry, and the degree of deacetylation was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The chitosan used exhibited a molecular weight of 147,926 g/mol and a degree of deacetylation of 67%. Schiff base formation was carried out by refluxing chitosan with salicylaldehyde at 60°C for 3 hours, using various molar ratios. The highest degree of substitution (68.75%) and yield (41.08%) were obtained, with the moderate yield attributed to incomplete conversion and material loss during purification steps. Structural confirmation was achieved through FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy by the appearance of characteristic imine (C=N) absorption bands. Subsequent modification with PEG at room temperature for 24 hours yielded 40.49%. The PEG-modified material exhibited significantly enhanced hydrophilicity, as indicated by a swelling ratio of 333.33% and a reduced contact angle of 63.04°. Antibacterial activity evaluated by the disc diffusion method showed inhibition zones of 9 mm against Escherichia coli and 10 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, which are modestly higher than those of the solvent control under the tested conditions. These results suggest that PEG modification improves the hydrophilicity of the chitosan-based Schiff base material while maintaining measurable antibacterial activity, indicating potential for further development in antimicrobial and biomedical materials.
Detection of Adulteration in Coffee Products Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis Sonny Widiarto; La Zakaria; Safitri Haurotul Jamalat; Dian Septiani Pratama; Irwan Saputra
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 4 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 4 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.4.296-305

Abstract

Food fraud, particularly in coffee, is increasingly prevalent worldwide and poses significant risks to consumers. This study aimed to analyze the purity of coffee products in the Bandar Lampung market and evaluate the validity of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometric methods. The research methodology includes preparing reference standards, coffee sampling from various sellers in Bandar Lampung, establishing calibration and validation sets, performing FTIR analysis, and data processing using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) with Minitab software. A total of five coffee samples collected from the Bandar Lampung market were analyzed, and this work should be considered a preliminary investigation due to the limited sample size. PCA was employed as an exploratory tool to classify coffee types and identify potential adulterants. The PCA results indicated that samples A, B, and C clustered closely with the robusta coffee standard, while samples D and E showed slight deviation, exhibiting spectral characteristics associated with corn powder. These findings are consistent with the regional context of Lampung, one of the major coffee-producing regions in Indonesia, where robusta is predominantly cultivated. In addition, PCA suggests that corn is the dominant adulterant compared to rice. Based on these observations, the quantitative analysis was performed using a PLS model developed from robusta coffee and corn adulterant mixtures. The model demonstrated high apparent internal performance under the present experimental conditions (R2 > 0.999), with relatively low calibration and prediction errors. However, these results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of samples and calibration design, which may increase the risk of overfitting. The estimates are therefore specific to the studied mixtures and experimental conditions. Predictions from the PLS model indicate that robusta coffee content in the sampled products ranges from approximately 71.7% to 98.2%, reflecting variability in the composition of the analyzed samples. The developed model is intended for quantifying corn adulteration in coffee samples and demonstrates the potential of FTIR-chemometric approaches for rapid coffee authentication.
The Characteristic and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) Synthesized using Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruits and Leaves Extract Selvina Koesyamin; Tagor Marsillam Siregar; Antonius Herry Cahyana
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 5 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 5 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.5.354-360

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have gained considerable attention due to their unique properties, including high chemical stability, excellent sensing ability, and antibacterial activity. Biological synthesis of ZnO-NPs is a promising approach because of its sustainability and the availability of diverse natural reducing agents. Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), traditionally used as a medicinal plant for over 2,000 years in Polynesia, contains phenolics and flavonoids that act as natural reducing agents. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different plant parts (fruits and leaves) and solvent polarities (deionized water, ethyl acetate, and hexane) on the reducing ability of the extracts, as measured by ZnO-NP yield and free radical scavenging activity. The characteristics of ZnO-NPs after calcination were also evaluated. Solvent polarity significantly influenced reducing power and antioxidant activity, while no notable differences were observed between fruits and leaves. Fruit extracts prepared with ethyl acetate (semi-polar solvent) produced the highest ZnO-NPs yield (2.88 ± 0.11 mg), the strongest free radical scavenging activity (10.63 ± 0.65% inhibition/mg ZnO-NPs), and nanoparticles averaging 115.9 nm in size. Calcination at 100°C, conducted to eliminate residual moisture and stabilize the particles, resulted in an increase in the mean particle size from 115.9 nm to 313.6 nm. Morinda citrifolia-mediated ZnO-NPs could be utilized as effective bioactive additives in the development of active food packaging systems to prevent oxidative degradation.

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