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Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 25490273     EISSN : 25490273     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Public Health
Background: Increased blood pressure for a long time can increase the risk of kidney failure, co­ronary heart disease, brain damage, and other di­seases. In 2019, it is estimated that hyper­tens­ion is experienced by 1.13 billion people in the world with most (two thirds) living in low and mid­­dle income countries. Other study also shows that the police and military are at risk of develop­ing hypertension due to a number of factors such as low know­led­ge about healthy and nutritious food, co-workers who are smokers, and consum­ing alco­hol. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for hypertension in the police and military in the world using meta analysis. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-ana­lysis and systematic review. The articles used we­re obtained from Google Scholar, Springer Link, Pro­­Quest, and Science Direct databases. Selected arti­cles published from 2000 to 2020. Keywords to search for articles are as follows: hypertension po­lice personnel and military, or hypertension po­lice personnel and military. The articles studi­ed are 3 full text articles with cross sectional stu­dy designs and 1 full text articles with case cont­rol study design. Articles are col­lect­ed using PRI­S­­­MA diagrams, and analy­zed us­ing the Re­vi­ew Ma­nager application 5.3. Results: Overweight (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.00; p= 0.04), alcohol consumption (aOR­=­ 1.­55; 95% CI= 1.12 to 2.12; p= 0.007), ciga­rette con­­­­sumption (aOR= 1.45 ; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.97; p= 0.020) is a risk factor for hyper­­­tension in the po­­­lice and military. Conclusion: Overweight, alcohol consump­tion, and cigarette consump­tion, are risk fac­tors for hypertension in po­lice and military personnel.
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Articles 530 Documents
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Risk of Hypertension in Adolescents with Over Nutritional Status in Pangkalpinang, Indonesia Yusrizal, Mirza; Indarto, Dono; Akhyar, Muhammad
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 1, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Adolescents are the changes of children to be adults. Gender, family history of disease, age, sodium intake and physical activity affect the pravelence of hypertensionAdolescences are the time change from children into adults. Gender, family history of disease, body mass index or BMI according to age, sodium intake and physical activity affect the prevalence of hypertension in adulthood.  Hypertension disorders in teenagers most will settle on adulthood. This study aimed to analyze risk factors of hypertension in adolescent aged 15-17 years with over nutritional status.Subject and Methods: This was an observational analytic study with cross sectional design. This was conducted in Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung Indonesia. A total of 120 students in grade X-XI in four high schools were selected by fixed-exposure sampling. BMI measurement used antropometri. Physical activity questionnaire used International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Sodium intake was measured with a food frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured by using a sphygmomanometer. Data analysis was using a multiple linear regression.Results:  Gender and nutritional status more positively associated with hypertension, (B = 5.77; p = 0.017) and (B = 4.85; p = 0.001), while sodium intake,  family disease history and physical activity have a negative relationship, (B = 0.01; p = < 0.076),  (B =-1.73; p = 0.481) and (B = >-0.01; p = 0.592). Multiple linear analysis obtained adjusted R2 = 0356 (35.6%).Conclusions: Young men have a higher average blood pressure than women of 5.77 mmHg. Any increase of 1 kg/m2 equivalent BMI will raise the blood pressure of 4.85 mmHg. Adolescents with more nutritional status can increase knowledge about hypertension, as well as regulate eating habits according to needs of physical growth and development.Keywords: hypertension, adolescent, gender, family history of disease, BMI, sodium intake, physical activity.Correspondence: Mirza Yusrizal. Health Department of Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung, Indonesia. Email: mirzayusrizal@yahoo.co.idJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2016), 1(1): 27-36https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.01.04 
Individual and Environmental Risk Factors of Tuberculosis: A New Evidence from Ponorogo, East Java Sayidah, Diana; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: For centuries, TB has been linked anecdotally with environmental risk factors that go hand-in-hand with poverty: indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke, malnutrition, over­crowded living conditions, and excessive alcohol use. But to date, there is no empirical evidence from East Java, Indonesia, to support these anecdotal evidences. The purpose of this study was to provide new evidence on the individual and environmental risk factors of tuberculosis in Po­no­ro­go, East Java.Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted in Ponorogo, East Java, from April to May 2018. A sample of 200 study subjects was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was tuberculosis. The independent variables were age, gen­der, education, nutritional status, dwelling density, smoking, and alcohol drinking. Data on tuberculosis infection status were obtained from the medical record at District Health Office Po­no­­rogo. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic re­gres­sion on Stata 13.Results: Age ≥ 44 years (b= 3.18; 95% CI= 1.66 to 4.69; p<0.001), nutritional status (b= 1.42; 95% CI= 0.02 to 2.82; p=0.046), dwelling density ≥ 5 (b= 1.87; 95% CI= 0.37 to 3.36; p=0.014), smoking (b= 2.23; 95% CI= 0.61 to 3.85; p=0.007), and alcohol drinking (b= 2.83; 95% CI= 1.38 to 4.27; p<0.001) were associated with increased risk of tuberculosis. Higher education (b= -2.56; 95% CI= -4.16 to -0.96; p=0.002) and female (b= -1.36; 95% CI= -2.92 to -0.20; p=0.087) were associated with decreased risk of tuberculosis.Conclusion: Age, nutritional status, dwelling density, smoking, alcohol drinking, education, and female, are shown in this study to be the risk factors of tuberculosis.Keywords: tuberculosis, individual factor, environmental factorCorrespondence: Diana Sayidah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: dianasayidah13@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282234721294.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(3): 353-360https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.03.06
Knowledge, Attitude, Sexual Behavior, Family Support, and Their Associations with HIV/AIDS Status in Housewives Laksana, Budi; Demartoto, Argyo; Indarto, Dono
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Approximately 36.7 million people in the world were infected by HIV and 2.1 million new cases occured in 2015. A total of 191,073 HIV cases were reported in Indonesia in 2016, including 77,940 AIDS cases, and 13,247 deaths. Housewives ranked highest among HIV/AIDS patients in Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitude, sexual behavior, family support, and their associations with HIV status in housewives using PRECEDE PROCEED model.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at Toroh community health center, Grobogan, Central Java, in July, 2017. A total sample of 129 housewives were selected for this study using exhaustive sampling technique. The dependent variable was HIV status. The independent variables were knowledge, attitude, sexual behavior, and family support. The data was measured by a set of questionnaire and analyzed using path analysis.Results: HIV status was directly and positively associated with risky sexual behavior (b= 4.48; 95% CI= 2.30 to 6.65; p<0.001). Risky sexual behavior was associated with attitude (b= -1.27; 95% CI = -0.03 to -2.51; p<0.045) and family support (b= -1.86; 95% CI= -0.69 to -3.03; p<0.002). Attitude was associated with knowledge (b= 2.06; 95% CI = 0.86 to 3.25; p<0.001).Conclusion: HIV status is directly and positively associated with risky sexual behavior. HIV status is indirectly associated with attitude, knowledge, and family support.Keywords: HIV, AIDS, risky sexual behavior, housewives, PRECEDE PROCEED modelCorrespondence: Budi Laksana. Diploma III Program in Midwifery Muhammadiyah, Madiun, East Java. Email: lakortikosteroid@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285655612000.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(2): 154-163https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.02.06
Socioeconomic, Environmental, and Behavioral Determinants of Leprosy in Kediri, East Java Rahmah, Anindita Hasniati; Dharmawan, Ruben; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Leprosy remains a major public health problem in the world, particularly in developing countries. Leprosy can be so progressive that damages skin, nerve, extremity, and eye organs of the affected patients. Cumulative incidence of leprosy amounted to 200,000 cases worldwide, with the highest incidences occuring in India, Brazil, and Indonesia. This study sought to examine the social economic, environmental, and behavioral determinants of leprosy in Kediri, East Java, using path analysis approach.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted at Leprosy Hospital, Kediri, East Java, from November to December 2017. A total sample of 150 study subjects consisting of 75 leprosy patients and 75 non-diseased subjects were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was leprosy. The independent variables were personal hygiene, education, employment status, family income, dwelling density, humidity, and migration. Data on leprosy diagnosis was taken from medical record. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of leprosy increased with poorer personal hygiene (b= -1.20; 95% CI= -1.92 to -0.49; p=0.001), higher humidity (b= 0.73; 95% CI= 0.33 to 1.43; p=0.040), and migration (b= 0.94; 95% CI= 0.14 to 1.74; p= 0.022). Being employed status increased family income (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.72 to 2.11; p< 0.001). Low family income  increased the likelihood of migration (b= -14; 95% CI= -1.71 to -3.19; p= 0.007) and dwelling density (b= -1.02; 95% CI= -1.71 to -0.32; p=0.004). Higher education level increased the likelihood of being employed (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.72 to 2.11; p< 0.001) and better personal hygiene (b= 1.15; 95% CI= 0.44 to 1.85; p= 0.001). Dwelling density increased the likelihood of humidity (b= 4.29; 95% CI= 3.22 to 5.37; p< 0.001).Conclusion: Migration, higher humidity, and poorer personal hygiene directly increase the risk of leprosy. Education, employment status, family income, and dwelling density indirectly affect the risk of leprosy. Keywords: Leprosy, social economic, environmental, personal hygieneCorrespondence: Anindita Hasniati Rahmah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: aninditarahma22@gmail.com.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(2): 253-262https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.02.05 
Factors Affecting the Success of Multi Drug Resistance (MDR-TB) Tuberculosis Treatment in Residential Surakarta Widyasrini, Elisabeth Ria; Probandari, Ari N; -, Reviono
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health concern. The new challenge in TB control is the development of TB multi drug resistance (MDR-TB). Indonesia ranks 8th highest in the incidence of MDR-TB with 8,900 MDR-TB cases in 2004. A case was defined as MDR-TB if the Mycobacterium tuberculosis was resistant to rifampicin dan isoniazid. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the success of multi drug resistance (MDR-TB) tuberculosis treatment.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using case control design. The study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, in October 2014. The case population were MDR-TB patients visiting Dr. Moewardi Hospital for TB treatment from 2011 to October 2014. A sample of 84 TB cases consisting of 26 patients who dropped out, defaulted, or died, and 58 patients who successfully completed TB treatment, were selected for this study. The independent variables were sex, age, marital status, nutrional status, education, employment status, drug side effect, family support, and distance to health facility. The dependent variable was success of treatment. The data were collected by direct interview, questionnaire, and medical record. Logistic regression was employed for data analysis.Results: Age (OR= 0.93; 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.97; p=0.004) and drug side effect (OR= 6.84; 95% CI = 2.50 to 18.74; p<0.001) affected the success of TB treatment and statistically significant. Sex (OR= 0.66; 95% CI = 0.17 to 2.58; p=0.556), education (OR=0.90; 95% CI = 0.52 to 1.58; p=0.724), employment status (OR= 0.87; 95% CI = 0.59 to 1.28; p=0.485) affected the success of TB treatment but statistically not significant.Conclusion: Success of TB treatment is affected by age and drug side effect.Keywords: success of treatment, tuberculosis, multi drug resistance.Correspondence: Elisabeth Ria Widyasrini. Public Health Center, Klaten, Central Java. Email: lisabalkesmasklaten@gmail.com, mobile: +628990833108.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(1): 45-57https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.01.05 
Effects of Sexual Behavior, Family Support, Peer Support, Stigma, and Discrimination on Quality of Life Among Gay Community in Tulungagung, East Java Ekasari, Dily; Demartoto, Argyo; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Stigma and discrimination that are experienced by gay community have long been documented to occur in Indonesia, including Tulungagung District, East Java. Gay community often experience stigma, discrimination, and rejection by the society and health personnel. Stigma and discrimination may worsen the quality of life among gay community. This study aimed to examine the effects of sexual behavior, family support, family income, peer support, stigma, and discrimination on quality of life among gay community in Tulungagung, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in Pelangi Gay Community, Tulungagung District, from October to November, 2017. A total sample of 181 gays was selected by stratified random sampling. The exogenous variables were sexual behavior, family income, peer support, stigma, and discrimination. The endogenous variables were family support and quality of life. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Better quality of life was positively affected by safe sexual behavior (b= 1.32; 95% CI= 0.18 to 2.46; p= 0.023) and strong family support (b= 1.47; 95% CI= 0.42 to 2.51; p= 0.006). Strong family support was positively affected by family income (b= 1.62; 95% CI= 0.97 to 2.27; p= 0.001). Better quality of life was positively affected by participation in peer support program (b= 2.84; 95% CI= 1.77 to 3.91; p= 0.001), freedom of stigma (b= 1.11; 95% CI= -0.04 to 2.26; p= 0.060), and freedom of discrimination (b= 1.43; 95% CI= 0.37 to 2.48; p= 0.008).Conclusion: Safe sexual behavior and strong family support have direct positive effect on the quality of life among gay community. Stigma and discrimination have indirect effect on lower quality of life among gay community.Keyword: quality of life, sexual behavior, family support, stigma, discrimination, gayCorrespondence: Dily Ekasari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: dilyekasari89@gmail.com.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(1): 50-59https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.01.04 
Path Analysis on the Relationship Between Bio-psychosocial Factors During Gestational Period and Birthweight, Stimulation and Development in Children Aged 1-3 Years in Salatiga Veftisia, Vistra; Tamtomo, Didik; Akhyar, Muhammad
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 1, No 3 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Bio-psychosocial condition during gestational period, such as maternal nutritional status, stress, education, and family income, may have significant impact on fetal growth and development. The purpose of this study was to determine relationship between bio-psychosocial factors during gestational period and birthweight, and the relationship between stimulation and development in children aged 1-3 years.Subjectsand Method: This was an analytic and observational study with case control design. A sample of 120 children aged 1-3 years was selected by fixed disease sampling with case: control ratio= 1:2. The exogenous variables were gestational maternal education and current maternal education. The endogenous variables were gestational family income, gestational maternal stress, current family income, maternal nutritional status,  birthweight, stimulation, and child development. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis on STATA 13.Results:Birthweight ≥ 2.500 gram(b= 0.96; 95%CI= –0.15-1.94; p=0.054) and stimulation (b= 0.43; 95% CI=– 0.30-0.89; p=0.067) had direct positive effect on child development. Gestational maternal education, family income, maternal stress, maternal nutritional status, had indirect effect on child development through birthweight.Maternal education and family income had indirect effect on child development through stimulation.Conclusion: Birthweight ≥ 2.500 gram and stimulation have direct positive effect on child development.Keywords: bio-psychosocial, gestational period, birthweight, stimulation, developmentCorrespondence: Vistra Veftisia. Faculty of Health Sciences, Ngudi Waluyo University, Ungaran, Central Java. Email: chan_viez@yahoo.comJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2016), 1(3): 154-163https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.03.02
Risk Factors of Gonorrhoea Among Female Indirect Sex Workers Nugrahaeni, Anita; Sofro, Muchlis AU; Shaluhiyah, Zahroh; Suryosaputro, Antono; Widjanarko, Bagoes
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 3 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Gonorrhoea is one of sexually transmitted infections (STI) with high incidence, besides chlamydia, syphilis, and trichomoniasis. STIs are spread predominantly by sexual context including vaginal, anal, and oral. STIs have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health worldwide. STIs can increase the risk of HIV acquisition three fold or more. This study aimed to determine the risk factors of gonorrhoea among female indirect sex workers.Subjects and Method: This was a case control study carried out in Wonosobo district, Central Java, from April to May 2017. A sample of 84 female indirect sex workers were selected for this study consisting of 42 cases of gonorrhea and 42 control. The dependent variable was gonorrhoea. The independent variables were sex combination and condom use. Data on gonorrhoea was collected from STI clinic. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed using logistic regression.Results: The risk of gonorrhoea among female indirect sex workers increased with sex combination practice (OR=3.17; p=0.027; 95% CI= 1.14 to 8.82) and absence of condom use (OR= 8.04; 95% CI= 2.30 to 28.12; p=0.001).Conclusion: The risk of gonorrhoea among female indirect sex workers increases with sex combination practice and absence of condom use.Keywords : gonorrhoea, sex combination, condom use, female, indirect sex workersCorrespondence: Anita Nugrahaeni. Masters Program in Epidemiology, Diponegoro University, Jl. Imam Bardjo SH No. 5, Semarang, Central Java. Email: nitaozora@gmail.com. Mobile: 081335980666.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(3): 216-224https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.03.03
Maternal Employment Status, Ethnicity, Food Intake, and Their Effects on Teenage Obesity, in Surakarta Susanti, Rahmah Purwaningsih Febri; Murti, Bhisma; Indarto, Dono
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 1, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Obesity is one of the main causesof premature death in adulthood. The prevalence of teenage obesity in Indonesia hasbeen increasing from 1.4% in 2007 to 7.3%. It is hypothesized that the risk of obesity is influenced by lifestyle and socio-economic status. This study aimed to determine the effect of maternal job status, ethnicity, and food intake, on the risk of obesity in teenagers.Subjects and Method: This was an analytical observational using case-control design. This study was conducted in Surakarta, in September – November 2016. A total of 120 teenagers were selected for the study, consisting of 41obese teenagers aged 16-18 years old and 79 normal weight teenagers, using fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was obesity. The independent variables were maternal employment status, ethnicity, carbohydrate intake, fat intake, and energy intake. The data were collected using a set of questionnaires. Food intake was measured by 24 hour food recall. The data were analyzed using path analysis model.Results: Energy intake had positive, significant, and direct effect on the risk of teenage obesity (b = 6.75; 95%CI = 4.36 to 9.14; p = <0.001). Working mother indirectly had positive and significant effect on teenage obesity, via fat intake (b=0.77; 95% CI = 0.03 to 1.52; p=0.040). Fat intake indirectly had positive and significant effect on teenage obesity, via energy intake (b=4.16; 95%CI=1.95 to 6.38; p=0.001). Likewise, carbohydrateintake had positive and significant effect on teenage obesity, via energy intake(b = 3.31; 95% CI= 1.73 to 4.88; p = 0.001). Ethnicity (Chinese versus Javanese) did not have significant effect on teenage obesity (b =-1.14; 95% CI =-3.56 to 1.28; p = 0.355).Conclusion: Energy intake has direct effect on the risk of teenage obesity. Fat intake, carbohydrate intake, and maternal employment status, have indirect effect on the risk of teenage obesity.Keywords: maternal employment status, ethnicity,food intake, obesity, teenager.Correspondence: Rahmah Purwaningsih Febri Susanti. Master Program in Public Health Sebelas Maret University. Email: rahmahpfs77@gmail.comJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2016), 1(2): 75-85https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.02.01
Does Circadian Rhythm and Environment Factor Affect the Risk of Breast Cancer? A New Evidence from Kediri, East Java Ningtyas, Anindiya; Mudigdo, Ambar; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

 Background:  Disruption of sleep patterns, and thereby the internal body clock, of shift workers directly influences their physiology and the rate of cancer development. Studies have shown that working night shifts three or more times per month elevates the risk of breast cancer in humans. Disrupted expression of circadian genes can alter breast biology and may promote cancer. This study aimed to examine the effects of circadian rhythm and environment factor on the risk of breast cancer in Kediri, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was a case-control study conducted in Kediri, East Java, from April to May 2018. A sample of 200 women was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was breast cancer. The independent variables were work schedule, sleep duration, room light, room temperature, chemical exposure, and air pollution. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression.Results: Circadian rhythm and environment factor affected the risk of breast cancer. The risk of breast cancer increased with irregular shift work schedule (OR= 5.82; 95% CI= 2.26 to 14.95; p<0.001), sleep duration <5 hours (OR= 6.32; 95% CI= 2.59 to 15.39; p<0.001), room light (OR= 7.03; 95% CI= 2.39 to 20.65; p<0.001), warm room temperature (OR= 13.48; 95% CI= 5.26 to 34.53; p<0.001), air pollution (OR= 8.21; 95% CI= 3.19 to 21.11; p<0.001), and chemical exposure (OR= 2.90; 95% CI= 1.22 to 6.84; p= 0.015).Conclusion: The risk of breast cancer increased with irregular shift work schedule, sleep duration <5 hours, room light, warm room temperature, air pollution, and chemical exposure.Keywords: breast cancer, circadian rhythm, environment factorCorrespondence: Anindiya Ningtyas. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: Anindyaningtyas.an@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282232189898. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2019), 4(1): 20-29https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.01.03

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