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HUBUNGAN JARAK TRANSPOR POLEN, UKURAN BUTIR SEDIMEN DAN KUANTITAS POLEN DALAM SEDIMEN RESEN DELTA MAHAKAM WINANTRIS WINANTRIS
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 3, No 1 (2013)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

DAYA DUKUNG DAN PEMANFAATAN PERAIRAN DANAU TELUK KOTA JAMBI UNTUK BUDIDAYA IKAN DI KARAMBA JARING APUNG (KJA) BERBASIS MASYARAKAT - Carrying Capacity and Utilization of Teluk Lake, Jambi City for Community-based Fish Culture on Floating Net Cage Janu Dwi Kristianto; Sunardi Sunardi; Johan Iskandar
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 4, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

AbstrakDanau merupakan salah satu bentuk ekosistem yang menempati daerah yang relatif kecil pada permukaan bumi dibandingkan dengan habitat laut dan daratan. Bagi manusia kepentingannya jauh lebih berarti dibandingkan dengan luas daerahnya. Sejak tahun 1985 Danau Teluk di Kota Jambi mulai digunakan sebagai lokasi budidaya ikan dengan karamba jaring apung (KJA) dengan jumlah KJA yang beroperasi pada tahun 2012 mencapai + 878 unit dari 64 pembudidaya ikan dan akan meningkat terkait penetapan Propinsi Jambi sebagai salah satu kawasan minapolitan perikanan budidaya guna peningkatan produksi perikanan. Pemanfaatan Danau Teluk sebagai media untuk budidaya ikan di KJA diperlukan upaya untuk mendorong pengelolaan terhadap sumberdaya milik umum ini agar terus bekelanjutan. Kajian mengenai dukung perairan dan pemanfaatan daya Danau Teluk Kota Jambi untuk budidaya ikan sistem KJA bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya dukung Danau Teluk yang digunakan untuk kegiatan budidaya ikan di KJA, bagaimana deskripsi pemanfaatan danau untuk budidaya ikan di KJAyang selama ini dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat sekitar dan merumuskan pola pemanfaatan Danau Teluk untuk budidaya ikan di KJA yang berbasis masyarakat secara berkelanjutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya dukung perairan Danau Teluk Kota Jambi untuk budidaya ikan di KJA adalah sebesar 517,617 ton ikan per tahun dengan estimasi jumlah pakan di KJA yang diberikan pada ikan sebanyak 931,710 ton pakan ikan per tahun dengan asumsi kadar total P yang masuk ke perairan danau melalui limbah ikan sebanyak 20 kg P/ ton ikan. Jumlah ideal unit KJA yang seharusnya beroperasi di Danau Teluk berdasarkan penghitungan daya dukung danau sebanyak 862, 695 unit ~ 862 unit. Saat ini jumlah KJA yang beroperasi adalah sebanyak 878 unit sehingga perlu dilakukan pengurangan jumlah sebanyak 16 unit. Pemanfaatan Danau Teluk untuk budidaya ikan oleh masyarakat dilakukan secara sederhana dan jumlah KJA yang terdapat ternyata sudah sedikit melebihi daya dukung perairan jika dilihat dari konsentasi Total P yang ada di perairan. Peningkatan jumlah KJA yang ada di danau perlu mendapat perhatian dari pemerintah dan masyarakat setempat. Pola pemanfaatan danau untuk budidaya ikan berbasis masyarakat yang direkomendasikan adalah dengan mengeluarkan ijin usaha budidaya ikan agar kegiatan budidaya ikan dapat terkendali dan tidak merusak lingkungan, menggunakan pola pemeliharaan ikan dengan jaring ganda sehingga biaya operasional lebih efisien dan produksi ikan dapat ditingkatkan, membuat manajemen pakan dalam penerapan budidaya ikan dalam KJA, meningkatkan SDM pembudidaya ikan dan mengaktifkan kembali kelompok pembudidaya ikan sehingga koordinasi antar pembudidaya, pemerintah dan stakeholder terkait dapat terjalin serta pengaturan tata ruang KJA.Kata Kunci : pemanfaatan danau, daya dukung, Danau Teluk, budidaya ikan KJA, berbasis masyarakatAbstracLake is one of ecosytem form than occupies a relative small area on the surface of the earth as compared to sea and land habitats. For humans, utilization is more important than the expanse of lands. Since 1985, Teluk Lake began to be used as the location of fish cultivation with floating net cage culture (FNCC). The number of FNCC in 2012 reached ± 878 unit of 64 fish farmers and it will increase related to determination of Jambi Province as one of Minapolitan fishery cultivation in order to increase fish production. Utilization of Teluk Lake as media for fish cultivation on floating cage is necessary to encourage the management of common resources is to be kept sustainable. Studies on carrying capacity and utilization of Teluk Lake Jambi City for community-based fish cultivation on FNCC aims to know how the use of this lake that have been implemented by the local community and to find out patterns of Teluk Lake utilization to fish culture in floating cage sustainable community-based and to find out how the carrying capacity Teluk lake that used to fish farming activities in floating cage. Methods used in this study is qualitative and quantitative methods with a descriptive approach. 1Result showed that carrying capacity of Teluk lake for fish farming in FNCC is equal 517,617 tons of fish per year with estimate amount of feed given to fish in floating cage is as many as 931,710 ton per year assuming total P were entered into the lake through fish waste as much 20 k P/ton of fish. Ideal number of floating cage based on lake carrying capacity accounting should be 862,695 unit ~ 862 unit. Operating floating cage currently is 878 unit so that it is necessary reduction in the amount of 16 unit and if they want to add a new one, it should be an improvement or replacement of existing floating cage at lake. Utilization of Teluk Lake for fish farming is done simple by local communities and number of existing floating cage already slightly exceed the carrying capacity of lake if related from existing concentration of total P in water. The increasing amount of floating cages in lake should be attend from goverment and local communities, so it is necessary to manage the use of lake for fish cultivation. Pattern of lake utilization for fish farming based- community ist recommended to issue a business licence, in order to control fish farming activity, and not damage the environment, using growt out pattern by double nets so that more efficient operating cost and fish production can be increased, making management of feed in fish farming at floating cage, develop capability of human resouces, activate again POKDAKAN so coordination between farmers, goverment and stakeholder can be build and layout arrangement FNCC. Keywords : Lake utilization, carrying capacity,Teluk Lake, fish culture on floating cage,community based

KEKERABATAN 22 KLON BAWANG MERAH BERDASARKAN MARKA MIKROSATELIT (Genetic Relationship off 22 Shallot Clones Base on Microsatelit Marker) Joko Pinilih; Meddy Rachmadi; Murdaningsih HK; Warid Ali Qosim
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 5, No 3 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

AbstrakBawang merah merupakan komoditas sayuran penting di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mempelajari hubungan kekerabatan 22 klon bawang merah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Balai Besar Penelitian Biteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian di Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober sampai dengan bulan Desember 2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tingkat kemiripan genetik (genetic similarity) dari 22 genotipe yang diuji berkisar antara 0,75 – 0,99, hal ini berarti diantara ke-22 genotipe mempunyai kekerabatan yang dekat.AbstractShallot is important vegetable crops in Indonesia. The aim of research to study genetic relationship of 22 clones shallot with microsatellite molecular markers. Research was conducted at the Research Institute Biotechnology and Agricultural Genetic Resources in Bogor. The study was conducted in October to December, 2013. The results of research showed the genetic similarity of 22 genotypes were closely relationship obout 0.75 to 0.99.

Studi Korosi Baja Karbon dalam Larutan Klorida yang Mengandung Hidrogen Sulfida dengan Menggunakan Metode Weight Loss Agus Solehudin
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 1, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/ijas.v1i2.1865

In this study, the influence of temperature and H2S concentration on corrosion rate of API 5LX65 carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl solution, pH 4 and rotation speed of 50 rpm during 24 hours have been studied by using weight loss method. The experimental results of carbon steel corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution containing 500 mg/l H2S at 25, 50, 80, and 97oC showed that steel corrosion rate increases with temperature rise from 25oC to 80oC and decreases at temperature of 97oC. While the experimental results of carbon steel corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution at 80oC with H2S concentration varied from 10 to 750 mg / l, showed that steel corrosion rate raises with increasing concentration of H2S from 10 to 500 mg / l, and declines at H2S concentration of 750 mg / l. Combined observation using SEM, EDS and XRD showed that the layer of corrosion product is formed. Results of XRD analysis on corroded specimens at 80oC during 24 hours, showed that the corrosion product film consists of iron sulfide (FeS). The surface morphology of these specimens shows the occurrence of pitting attack.****Pada penelitian ini, telah dipelajari pengaruh temperatur dan konsentrasi H2S terhadap laju korosi baja karbon API 5LX65 yang direndam selama 24 jam dalam larutan NaCl 3,5% menggunakan metoda kehilangan berat dengan temperatur dan konsentrasi H2S bervariasi pada pH 4 dan laju putar 50 rpm. Hasil percobaan korosi baja karbon dalam larutan NaCl 3,5% yang mengandung H2S 500 mg/l pada temperatur 25, 50, 80, dan 97oC, menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya temperatur dari 25 oC sampai 80oC dan menurun kembali pada temperatur 97oC. Sedangkan hasil percobaan korosi baja karbon dalam larutan NaCl 3,5% dan pH 4 selama 24 jam, laju putar 50 rpm, dan temperatur 80oC, pada berbagai konsentrasi H2S dari 10 sampai 750 mg/l menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi H2S dari 10 s/d 500 mg/l, dan menurun kembali pada konsentrasi 750 mg/l. Gabungan pengamatan SEM, EDS dan XRD menunjukkan terbentuknya lapisan produk korosi. Hasil analisa XRD spesimen uji yang dikorosikan pada temperatur 80oC selama 24 jam menunjukkan bahwa lapisan produk korosi mengandung besi sulfida (FeS). Morfologi permukaan spesimen ini memperlihatkan adanya korosi sumuran.

TEKTONIK DAN JALUR VULKANIK BUSUR BELAKANG BAWEANMURIA SEBAGAI PENGONTROL PEMBENTUKAN CEKUNGAN PATI DAN POTENSI HIDROKARBON Ediar Usman
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 2, No 3 (2012)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

are situated on the southeast border of the granite chalk belt of L. Jawa, and increasingly far from the recent subduction. From interpretation of seismic data of Pre-Tertiary rocks and Palaeogene and Neogene sediment, a tectonic direction was obtained, of the same direction as the Muria – Bawean back arc volcanic belt, namely Southwest – Northeast, or what is known as Pola Meratus. The development of the Palaeogene and Neogene tectonic in line with the aforementioned Plistosen-Holosen volcanic belt, points to the research area as an unstable tectonic and volcanically active from Palaeogene to Holosen. Other evidence of the Muria – Bawean back arc volcanic belt is the chemical composition of the five volcanic rock samples in area G. Muria shows genesis of Calc-Alkaline-Shoshonite magma. Total alkaline content is roughly between 3,08 - 13,92% including in the Andesit – Dasit group, and SiO2 is between 59 – 69,82% characterised medium-acidic. Results of microscopic analysis of the five rock samples show plagioclase mineral content, K-feldspar, hornblende, firoksen and glass dominant in all samples. Fomation of the aforementioned Palaeogene-Neogene (Pola Meratus) tectonic and Muria – Bawean back arc volcanic belt split the East JavaNorth basin in two, namely Pati Basin in the West and East Java North Basin in te East. The aforementioned tectonic and volcanic influence caused sub-basin orientation at Pati Basin and the East Java North Basin heading Southwest – Northeast. This condition has led to a new understanding of basin formatin and sub-basin orientation. Basic formation of a basin and sub-basin is not only based on the process of Palaeogene geology, but influenced by Neogene volcanism and tectonics. Similarities in the tectonic, volcanic and historical process of the formation of Pati Basin and the East Java North Basin show that the two basins have a petroleum system and the same prospectively high hydrocarbon content, so that if a more detailed exploration of Pati Basin is undertaken, it is predicted that hydrocarbon will be obtainable, as at the East Java North Basin, which is currently in production.

MODEL DINAMIKA SISTEM PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI SPESIFIK WILAYAH DALAM PENANGANAN PASCA PANEN NANAS (Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Subang) - Model System Dynamics Of Development Specific Technology Region In Post-harvest Handling Pineapple (Case Study In Subang District) Agus Triyono; Nurpilihan Bafdal Bafdal; Tomy Perdana; Akmadi Abbas
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 5, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

AbstrakIndikator keberhasilan di usaha kecil dan menenggah (UKM) adalah peningkatan nilai tambah dan pendapatan. Kemampuan UKM pengolahan nanas pada produksi dodol yang mempunyai nilai tambah rendah. Diperlukan kajian dengan metoda permodelan sistem dinamik untuk mengkaji permasalahan yang terjadi pada pengembangan teknologi spesifik wilayah. Hasil kajian menemukan faktor pengungkit (leverage) dalam peningkatan adopsi teknologi spesifik wilayah di UKM dalam memproduksi produk olahan nanas baru, seperti; (1) Peningkatan penguasaan (adopsi) teknologi yang sesuai, termasuk sarana produksi, melalui kebijakan dalam alokasi dana riset, dan hasil simulasi skenario yaitu peningkatan alokasi dana riset pengembangan teknologi, maka pendapatan pengusaha UKM naik hampir 100 %, (2) Peningkatan akses permodalan, dan hasil simulasi skenario yaitu peningkatan anggaran peminjaman untuk pengembangan UKM, maka pendapatan pengusaha UKM meningkat naik 14 %, (3) Peningkatan kemampuan SDM termasuk kesiapan pengelola UKM, dan hasil simulasi skenaro, yaitu peningkatan kemampuan SDM melalui pelatihan, maka pendapatan pengelola UKM meningkat naik 13.35 %, Kata kunci : Adopsi Teknologi, Komoditi Nanas, Sistem Dinamik, UKM Pengolahan nanas,AbstractIndicators of success in small businesses and medium (SMEs) is the increase in value-added and revenue. Pineapple processing ability levels SMEs still dodol products that have low added value. Necessary to study the dynamic system modeling method to study the problems that occurred in specific technology region development. Results of the study found the factors lever (leverage) in the increased adoption of specific technologies region of SMEs in the new pineapple producing products, such as; (1) Increased adoption of appropriate technology, including the equipment of production, through policies in the allocation of research funding, and the results of the simulation scenario is an increase in the allocation of research funding technological development, the revenue of SMEs rose by nearly 100%, (2) Improved access to capital , and the simulation scenario results are an increase in the budget allocation for the development of SMEs, the SME entrepreneurs increased revenue rose 14%, (3) Increasing the capability of Human Resources including the readiness of SME intrepreuneurs, and simulation scenario results, which improve human resource capacity through training, the intrepreneurs of SMEs increased revenue up 13 %.Keywords: Technology Adoptiony, CVomodity Pineapple, SMEs Pineapple Processing, Dynamic Systems

Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol dan Spinasterol Daun Senggugu (Clerodendron Serratum L.) terhadap Kualitas Sperma Mencit (Mus Musculus L.) Desak Made Malini
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 3, No 3 (2013)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

AbstrakTumbuhan senggugu (C. serratum L.) termasuk famili verbenaceae, merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang cukup dikenal dimasyarakat sebagai tanaman obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak daun senggugu (C. serratum L.) terhadap kualitas sperma mencit (Mus musculus). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang menggunakan rancangan percobaan dengan pola Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua kelompok kontrol dan lima kelompok perlakuan dengan lama perlakuan 9 dan 18 hari. Setiap kelompok menggunakan 6 ekor mencit, sehingga jumlah mencit keseluruhan adalah 42 ekor. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah, motilitas, abnormalitas dan viabilitas sperma mencit. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan Anava dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dilihat dari hasil daun senggugu (C. serratum L.) dapat menurunkan kualitas mencit.Kata kunci : senggugu, mencit dan kulaitas sperma.AbstractPlant senggugu (C.serratum L.) belongs to the family Verbenaceae, which has been recogniced by the public as a medicinal plant. One of them is that it can be used as a drug antifertility in men. The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of ethanol extract and spinasterol of Senggugu ©.Serratum L.) leaves to the sperm quality of mouse (M. musculus) The study is conducted using complete random with 7X2 factor repeated 6 times. The treatment given to the ethanol extract is 250 mg/kg body weight, 500 mg/kg body weight and 1000 mg/kg body weight, as with spinasterol the amount is 26 mg/kg body weight and 52 mg/kg body weight, and as its controlling agent distilled water and DMSO solution is used. The treatment is given orally once a day within 9and 18 days as much as 0,5 ml. Cauda epididymal sperm suspension was used to measure the quality of the sperm of mice. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan test. Based on observation and statistical analysis it has been found that theethanol and spinasterol extract treatment of senggugu leaves using a diffrent dosage has shown a significant effects to the parameters being studied namely increased abnormality of sperm and decreased in number of sperm, percentage of motolityand viability sperm.Keyword : Clerodendron serattum, senggugu, Mus musculus, Spermatozoa, Ethanol extract, Spinasterol

Peningkatan Imunitas Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) terhadap Serangan Streptococciasis Menggunakan Ekstrak Sargassum sp Ike Rustikawati
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 1, No 1 (2011)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Tilapia farming might increase the level of prevalence of streptococciasi. Immunostimulants can be used to enable non specific immune response. In addition defense mechanisms. Sargassum sp. including brown algae, has not ben known effectiveness as immunostimulan of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The aim of this work was to obtain effective concentration of Sargassum sp extract in increasing the body defense of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against streptococciasis. Research carried out experimentally by using a complete randomized design. There were five treatments and each treatment was repeated three times. The result concluded that application of Sargassum extract by injection was effective in inreasing the immunity of Nila fish against streptococciasis caused by the bacteria of Streptococcus innane. Observing on leucocyte difference parameters, phagocytic index and antibody titer the best application of Sargassum extract was at a dosage of 75 ug/g, leading to the highest survival level of 82.22 percents.

PENGARUH LIKOPEN TERHADAP KUALITAS DAN KADAR MALONDIALDEHID SPERMATOZOA YANG DIPAJANKAN PADA ZALIR PERITONEUM WANITA DENGAN ENDOMETRIOSIS Nanang W. Astarto
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 4, No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

FORMULASI, EVALUASI, SERTA UJI SITOTOKSIK TERHADAP SEL KANKER MCF-7 DARI SISTEM NANOPARTIKEL POLIMERIK POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE DENGAN ZAT AKTIF KURKUMIN (Formulation of Polymeric Nanoparticles System Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Containing Curcumin as Active Ingredient, Its Evaluation and Cytotoxicity Test on MCF-7 Cancer Cells) Yenni Puspita Tanjung
Indonesian Journal of Applied Sciences Vol 3, No 3 (2013)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

AbstrakDalam beberapa tahun terakhir pengembangan sistem pembawa obat inovatif telah banyak dilakukan untuk mengatasi buruknya kelarutan suatu zat aktif. Salah satu contoh yang banyak mendapat perhatian adalah sistem pembawa obat berbasis nanopartikel. Pada penelitian ini dibuat suatu sistem nanopartikel dengan menggunakan pembawa polimer polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). Polyvinyl pyrrolidone dapat digunakan sebagai solubilizer dan telah terbukti kemampuannya dalam meningkatkan disolusi dari obat yang memiliki kelarutan rendah. Zat aktif yang digunakan adalah kurkumin. Kurkumin penerapannya terbatas karena tidak larut dalam air, sedangkan potensinya sangat baik sebagai obat pada beberapa penyakit termasuk kanker. Formula dibuat dengan memvariasikan jumlah PVP dimana kurkumin banding PVP adalah (1:2), (1:6), dan (1:10). Prosedur pembuatan sistem nanopartikelnya adalah dengan melarutkan PVP ke dalam larutan PVA 0,1% sedangkan kurkumin dilarutkan dengan etanol. Selanjutnya dilakukan proses homogenisasi, sonikasi, dan pengadukan mekanik serta penguapan pelarut. Sistem nanopartikel ini dikarakterisasi ukuran partikelnya dengan alat PSA. Persentase enkapsulasi ditetapkan dengan HPLC. Formulasi yang menghasilkan sistem nanopartikel polimerik dengan ukuran partikel terkecil yaitu 31,6 nm adalah formula X (Kurkumin 50 mg, PVP 500 mg, etanol 25 ml, dan larutan PVA 0,1% 75 ml) dengan proses homogenisasi kecepatan 17.000 rpm selama 12 menit 30 detik, sonikasi selama 30 menit, pengadukan mekanik selama 2 jam dan penguapan pelarut. Persen enkapsulasi kurkumin dari formula X adalah 98%. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji sitotoksik menggunakan sel kanker MCF-7 dimana hasilnya adalah kurkumin nanopartikel (IC50 1,7 ppm) memiliki efek sitotoksik yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kurkumin non nanopartikel (IC50 11,7 ppm). Untuk pengujian cellular uptake menghasilkan kurkumin nanopartikel memiliki kemampuan cellular uptake yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kurkumin non nanopartikel. Kata kunci : nanopartikel, kurkumin, ukuran partikel, sitotoksik.AbstractIn the last few years, an innovative development of drug carrier system has been done to overcome poor solubility of active ingredients. An interesting example of it is drug delivery system based nanoparticle. In this research a nanoparticle system was made by using a polymers polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), which can be used as solubilizer and has proven its ability to improve dissolution of low solubility drugs. Curcumin is used as active ingredient. This compound is not dissolved in water, while its potential is very good as medicine in some diseases including cancer. The formula were prepared with various amount of PVP where curcumin comparation PVP were (1:2), (1:6), and (1:10). Nanoparticle system was created by dissolving PVP into PVA 0.1% solution, while curcumin was dissolved in ethanol. The procedure was continued with homogenizing, sonicating, mechanical stirring and solvent evaporating. Particle size the system were characterized by PSA. Encapsulation efficiency of curcumin was measured by HPLC. The best nanoparticle formula with (particle size 31.6 nm) was formula X (contained curcumin 50 mg, PVP 500 mg, ethanol 25 ml, and solution PVA 0.1 % 75 ml) which was made by homogenization speed 17,000 rpm for 12 minutes 30 seconds, sonication 30 minutes, stirring mechanics 2 hours, percent encapsulation of curcumin 98%. Both the cellular uptake ability and the cytotoxicity of this nanoparticle curcumin on MCF-7 cancer cells was better than non-nanoparticle system, with IC50 1.7 ppm and IC50 11.7 ppm, respectively. Key words : nanoparticle, curcumin, Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP), cytotoxic.

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