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Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Published by Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies
ISSN : 25805657     EISSN : 26217341     DOI : -
Core Subject : Economy, Science, Social,
Economics, Econometrics & Finance Energy Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Jurnal ICMES is published by the independent research institute, Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies (ICMES). This journal seeks to publish balanced writings that enlightens the public and provides appropriate information about the Middle East in various aspects ranging from politics, economics, military, energy, culture, and history.
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 92 Documents
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Lebanon: Arfan Johan Wihananto; Yon Machmudi
Jurnal ICMES Vol 5 No 2 (2021): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v5i2.105

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the efforts of the Lebanese government to position the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) as the primary defence force in ensuring the country's sovereignty. The LAF, as a regular military institution, competes with the power of Hezbollah, so that this phenomenon becomes a challenge for the Lebanese government domestically and internationally in fighting for public legitimacy, apart from issues of collusion and dependence on the existence of internal actors and external interventions. This article also provides recommendations for solutions based on observations during the author's assignment to Operation World Peace in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in 2010 and 2018. This article is expected to contribute to the development of empirical and academic literature on the political situation in Lebanon. It also offers lessons from a country with a heterogeneous demographic background faced with conflict and power dynamics.
Peran Perempuan Tunisia dalam Politik Pasca-Arab Spring Melalui Telaah State Feminism Ayu Maulida Alkholid; Firmanda Taufiq
Jurnal ICMES Vol 5 No 2 (2021): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v5i2.106

Abstract

Tunisia is one of the Arab countries hit by political upheaval in the Arab Spring era. The country is considered successful through a relatively stable political transition from authoritarianism to democracy. In this process, Tunisian women have a significant role. This paper aims to describe the feminist movement, which was spearheaded by both the state and women, plays an essential role in the political constellation of Tunisia. Tunisian women had an important role in inviting and mobilizing the masses when the Arab Spring erupted. Post-Arab Spring, they were effectively involved in the political process, including drafting laws in parliament. The law ratified in 2014 is seen as more guaranteeing gender justice. This research was conducted with a qualitative method that utilizes literature studies and implements the concept of state feminism. The results of this study conclude that state feminism has changed the pattern of the political system to be more accommodating to the interests and rights of women and seek to create gender justice in Tunisia.
Pengaruh Budaya Strategis pada Kepemimpinan dan Revolusi Islam Iran Prabaswari Prabaswari
Jurnal ICMES Vol 5 No 2 (2021): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v5i2.107

Abstract

The Islamic Revolution in Iran, led by Ayatollah Imam Khomeini, was a world-shaking movement. Khomeini is both a spiritual leader of the ulama and a well-respected political figure in Iran. The Iran-Iraq war and US economic sanctions for reasons relating to the nuclear program have brought Khomeini's leadership model to the test. Despite these obstacles, Iran has managed to establish a constitutional government that provides the religious elite extraordinary powers so that they may control internal politics as well as external forces that threaten the regime's survival. This study finds that the Islamic Republic of Iran's achievement in building an effective government is due to Iran's ability to convert the flexible Iranian Persian and Shia Islam culture into a strategic culture. This study uses the method of analysis of the study of literature and strategic culture theory, in relation to foreign policy decision making.
Kebijakan Luar Negeri U-turn Yordania Terhadap Suriah Pasca-Perang Melawan Terorisme Dyah Purbo Arum Larasati
Jurnal ICMES Vol 5 No 2 (2021): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v5i2.111

Abstract

Jordan is one of the Arab countries that played an essential role in the war in Syria. The battle began with anti-government demonstrations in Syria in 2011, then turned into an armed conflict after forming armed militias affiliated with Al Qaeda, and continued with the establishment of ISIS in 2013. Currently, Syria has won the war against terrorism, although terrorist militias still control a relatively small area in Syria. Since 2021, Arab countries that initially supported armed militias have taken foreign policy's u-turn, namely returning to normalization efforts with Syria. This study aims to explain the reasons for the normalization of diplomatic relations carried out by Jordan towards Syria. This study uses Robert D. Putnam's two-level games theory and is carried out qualitatively by collecting data through literature studies and interviews with humanitarian activists in Syria. This study finds that Jordan's foreign policy's u-turn towards Syria has two goals. First, it wants to improve its domestic problems, namely the economic downturn, one of which occurred due to the influx of refugees, security issues, water availability. Second, Jordan wants to achieve international targets, whereas Jordan, a Western ally, wants to reduce Iran's influence in the Middle East region.
Implementasi Demokratisasi Sudan Kurniawan, Aucky Adi; Zahidi, Muhammad Syaprin
Jurnal ICMES Vol 6 No 1 (2022): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v6i1.112

Abstract

The Sudanese people's demands led to the fall of Omar Bashir's administration, which had ruled the country for 30 years. Various ethnic conflicts, worsening economic conditions, and the South Sudan referendum were all elements that contributed to the Sudanese people's discontent with Omar Bashir's administration. The role and participation of practically all Sudanese people in mass actions with diverse demands that resulted in the regime's fall were the catalyst for democratization in Sudan, eventually forcing Omar Bashir to step down in 2019. This research used a qualitative approach to explore the situation of democracy in Sudan, as well as the role of the Sudanese people as a whole, in the midst of decades of internal conflict. The theory of democracy and the concept of civil society were used to analyze this situation. The involvement of the Sudanese people in bringing about improvements in the implementation of democracy and the people's ambitions to make Sudan a better and just country was found to be highly essential in this study.
Berpikir Sistem Pada Masifnya Gerakan Feminisme Nurdyawati, Tika Tazkya
Jurnal ICMES Vol 6 No 1 (2022): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v6i1.119

Abstract

Abstract The equality agenda that is developing massively in the Western world is often transmitted gradually to the Middle East Region. In its early stages, feminism entered into a scientific methodology, paradigm, and concern. Then, feminism spread multidimensionally to the political realm. In the contemporary era, feminism exists as a movement facilitated by digitization. There are two camps as actors who are at war with each other in narratives: 1) Muslim feminists, and 2). Muslim counter-feminist. This article aims to explore the roots of the differences in the premises of the two camps which are equally legitimized by religious references. This article uses a qualitative method with a systems thinking framework attached to the mental model of the Causal Loop Diagram. This research refers to the theory of the narrative’s ability to mobilize public opinion and produce war virtually. The findings of this article find that there are different interpretation schemes between the two camps in religious understanding.
Konflik Palestina-Israel Pada Masa Intifada II dalam Perspektif Konstruktivisme dan Strategi Politik Sari, Amalia Tri Puspita
Jurnal ICMES Vol 6 No 1 (2022): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v6i1.120

Abstract

Abstract The Palestinian-Israeli conflict has occurred since 1948 and continues to persist; until now, it has not ended. There were times when the conflict escalated, including in the period 2000-2005 known as the Intifada II. That period became a historic event in the 21st century, especially in the Middle East. Before the Second Intifada, there was the First Intifada (1987-1993) which became a symbol of the first physically planned resistance carried out by the Palestinian people after many attempts to resolve the conflict diplomatically. After the First Intifada, efforts were made to resolve the dispute through the Oslo Agreement. Still, Israel did not fulfill some of the promises made to the Palestinians, and the continued occupation and repression of the Palestinian people had triggered a more significant conflict until the Second Intifada (2000-2005) erupted. This article aims to map the variables involved in this conflict so that it is known which variables play a role in escalating and prolonging the conflict. The relationship between these variables is constructed based on systems thinking and visualized in a Causal Loop Diagram. Furthermore, the authors analyze this phenomenon with the perspective of constructivism and the concept of political strategy in conflict resolution. The finding of this study is that external actor, namely the United States, has taken the form of a Gradualism strategy through conflict manipulation so that the conflict becomes prolonged.
Lebanon Pasca Ledakan Beirut Tahun 2020 Kusumawandira, Irawanti Ayu
Jurnal ICMES Vol 6 No 1 (2022): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v6i1.126

Abstract

The Beirut Explosion tragedy in 2020 occurred at a time when Lebanon was experiencing a multifaceted crisis such as economic, political, and health crisis. The impact of this tragedy placed the Lebanese people in a great humanitarian crisis. This article aims to identify the threat to human security that emerged as a result of the tragedy and to see how the international community provided humanitarian aid to Lebanon. By using qualitative research methods and literature study, the authors found that all dimensions of human security have been threatened. These dimensions include food security, political security, economic security, health security, environmental security, personal security, and community security. The international community consists of state actors, international organizations such as UN agencies, companies, and individuals who work together to provide humanitarian assistance to Lebanese citizens. The existence of assistance and aid such as the provision of health facilities, education, housing, food, and cash in the long term from each party has been able to play a role in minimizing threats to the human security dimension in Lebanon.
Resistensi dalam Literasi Rohmatika, Idha Ismalia; Sulaeman, Otong
Jurnal ICMES Vol 6 No 1 (2022): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v6i1.129

Abstract

Palestine is the only nation in the world still experiencing physical occupation. In 1948, Israel was founded on the land of the Palestinian people by expelling the population and occupying the land they left behind. In facing the colonial situation, the Palestinians carried out resistance in various ways, including cultural resistance, and one of the models was artistic imitation or mimicry. This article aims to find the pattern of mimicry that occurs in Palestine using the postcolonial approach of Edward Said and the mimicry theory introduced by Homi Bhabha. This article concludes that some Palestinians consciously imitate Jewish and Israeli culture and literacy. The imitation effort was carried out as part of a strategy to gain independence.
Kepentingan Nasional Suriah Dalam Upaya Penyelesaian Konflik Bersenjata di Idlib, Suriah dari tahun 2016-2017 Abadi, Fany Anggun; Muhammad, Ali; Mukti, Takdir Ali
Jurnal ICMES Vol 6 No 2 (2022): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v6i2.130

Abstract

Abstract The fighting in Idlib in 2016-2017 under bashar Al-Assad's rule and how it affected Syria's national interests. The civil conflict in Syria resulting from the Arab spring is almost entering its 10th year, leaving Idlib as the last door bar. The involvement of foreign actors gives an indication of the complexity of the conflict in Syria. the author gets a formulation of the problem in the form of: National Interest in Efforts to Resolve Armed Conflict in Idlib, Syria from 2016-2017. The purpose of this study is to find out the relevance of the fighting in Idlib to Syria's national security. This research was conducted using a qualitative method using a descriptive analysis approach and secondary data collection techniques obtained through literature studies in this case sourced from books, as well as journal articles. Furthermore, the concept of national interest is positioned as an analytical tool in the battle of Idlib, where one of the aspects contained in it is about national security. Based on the analysis using this concept, researchers found that the fighting that took place in Idlib would largely determine the continuity of the Syrian conflict, especially in the field of the country's national security. Keywords : Idlib, UN Security Council, Armed Conflict

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