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Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies

jurnalICMES
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Published by Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

ISSN : 25805657 EISSN : 26217341 DOI : -

Core Subject : Economy, Science, Social,

Economics, Econometrics & Finance Energy Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

Jurnal ICMES is published by the independent research institute, Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies (ICMES). This journal seeks to publish balanced writings that enlightens the public and provides appropriate information about the Middle East in various aspects ranging from politics, economics, military, energy, culture, and history.

Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum

Articles 92 Documents

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Security Dilemma dalam Ketegangan AS-Iran Pasca Serangan Kapal Tanker di Teluk Oman Salsabila, Fenny Rizka; Yulianti, Dina
Jurnal ICMES Vol 3 No 2 (2019): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

This article aims to examine the tensions that occurred between the US and Iran, especially after the explosion of two tankers in the Gulf of Oman on June 13, 2019. The US accused Iran of being the perpetrators of the attack and took various actions in response, including increasing its military posture in the region. This article answers questions about the root of this tension in terms of the security dilemma concept of Booth and Wheeler (2008). The research was conducted qualitatively using data from mass media, documents, and journal articles. The findings of this research are that the US and Iran each interpret the other party as an enemy but the response given is different. The US gave a confrontational response by bringing forward its economic and military strength, while Iran in addition to giving signals (words) of resistance also gave a signal of reassurance or guarantee that it was prioritizing diplomacy and cooperation.

Responsibility to Protect dalam Kasus Genosida oleh ISIL terhadap Yazidi-Irak melalui Intervensi Militer Amerika Serikat Putri, Dewi Agha; Sidik, Hasan
Jurnal ICMES Vol 4 No 1 (2020): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

This article aims to explain the military intervention carried out by the United States in response to the genocide carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) against Yazidi community in Iraq. The researchers use the concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), which refers to a report from the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty to see the procedure for procuring military intervention in the R2P framework in detail. This article found that besides several collateral damages, military intervention carried out by the United States was following the procedures set out by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The United States’ intervention was done by the Iraqi government's approval, which had previously requested assistance from the United States. This intervention can be seen as Iraqi collective self-defense as stated in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations or intervention based on approval as stipulated in Article 20 of the Responsibility of States for International Wrongful Acts 2001. This research was conducted qualitatively using sources in the form of a variety of documents and mass media reports.

Upaya Tiongkok untuk Menghidupkan Kembali Jalur Sutra dalam Perspektif Balance of Power Al Hasyim, M Musa
Jurnal ICMES Vol 4 No 1 (2020): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

China has regenerated the ancient Silk Road through the BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) scheme throughout the Middle East. The Chinese presence in the region has as well as the new hegemony, slowly shifting the position of the United States and its allies in the Middle East. The escalation of the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia does not make China supporting or denying both of them because China keeps the concept of non-intervention in the BRI scheme. The purpose of this study is to analyze the future of the Silk Road BRI by China in the Middle East by using the Balance of Power perspective, especially the Regional Security Complex overview. By conducting an in-depth literature study, the author finds that China is neither eternal friend nor a constant enemy of any Middle East countries. China relation with the countries of the region depends on the future situation. China can have good relations with Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Palestine at the same time. However, the relationship can change if the United States and some Middle East countries are making new alignment to obstruct China’s hegemony.

Kebijakan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat Terhadap Iran Selama Pandemi Covid-19 Assri, Bahy Chemy Ayatuddin
Jurnal ICMES Vol 4 No 1 (2020): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

This paper aims to analyze the United States' (US) foreign policy towards Iran during the Covid-19 pandemic. Before the pandemic era, the US had imposed sanctions on Iran, including an oil export embargo. The Covid-19 pandemic made Iran increasingly squeezed by the economic burden and again demanded the US to stop its embargo. However, the US did not revoke sanctions and even tightened the sanctions by putting several companies on the blacklist for business with Iran. The analysis in this article uses the realism approach, which considers that the actions of each country are always related to the aspects of survival and self-help that give rise to the security dilemma. This research is qualitative, and the data used are secondary in the form of documents and mass media articles. This article finds that the extension of the US’ embargo on Iran is a form of US survival in order to prevent the emergence of new nuclear power in the region, which is seen as a threat to the US.

Geopolitik dalam Studi Perbatasan Suriah-Turki Alatas, Muhammad Baqir Idrus
Jurnal ICMES Vol 4 No 1 (2020): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Peperangan yang terjadi di Suriah dari tahun 2011 hingga 2019 melahirkan berbagai persoalan serius pada perbatasan. Sebagai negara tetangga, dapat dikatakan kalau Turki menjadi kawasan yang paling terkena imbas akibat konflik di Suriah. Jutaan pengungsi datang memenuhi sejumlah kota di Turki, namun sebagian penduduk setempat tidak nyaman dengan keberadaan mereka, sehingga menimbulkan beraneka ragam problem. Selain itu, kehadiran milisi etnis Kurdi di sekitar perbatasan semakin membahayakan otoritas Turki yang khawatir atas eksistensi kekuasaannya. Terkait persoalan tersebut, penelitian ini berupaya menelisik lebih jauh bagaimana pemerintahan Turki menyikapi beragam perkara yang muncul dari perbatasan. Dengan memanfaatkan khazanah studi pustaka, penyelidikan ini fokus terhadap peristiwa Serangan Rojava 2019 yang menjadi sinyal baru akan perubahan peta geopolitik di Timur Tengah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan betapa pentingnya Suriah Utara bagi Turki yang bersikeras mempertahakan “zona aman” tersebut. Walaupun begitu, kesepakatan antara Rusia-Turki yang menghentikan operasi militer di Rojava justru mengungkapkan upaya Erdogan–selaku presiden Turki- untuk menyembunyikan wajahnya akibat kegagalan mengaktualisasikan ambisi politiknya.

Strategi Pemerintahan Erdogan dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Politik dan Militer Suku Kurdi 2015-2019 Nabiyyin, M. Hafizh
Jurnal ICMES Vol 4 No 1 (2020): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

In 2015, the conflict between the Turkish government and the Kurds - especially the members of Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - again escalated. The escalation of the conflict between the two sides occurred due to the banning of PKK militants based in Turkey to help defend the City of Kobane in Syria - which is the Syrian Kurdish region - from the invasion of ISIS fighters. Consequently, cities in Turkey were targeted by sporadic attacks carried out by PKK militias. The spirit of independence and forming a self-governing territory from Turkey re-emerged. Derived on Barry Buzan's security perspective, this is a form of military and political threat to Turkey. Therefore, this paper intends to elaborate on the strategies adopted by the Turkish government in overcoming the threats of the Kurds using the theory of the International Society. The author concludes that the Turkish government adopted several policies to maintain territorial integrity and legitimacy of its sovereignty: (1) establishing cooperation with state and non-state actors; (2) conducting internal and external military operations; and (3) repressing pro-Kurdish journalists and politicians.

Overview of Securitization in the Dynamics of Relations between Saudi Arabia and the Muslim Brotherhood Post-Arab Spring Kalbuadi, Rifan
Jurnal ICMES Vol 4 No 2 (2020): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v4i2.79

In March 2014, Saudi Arabia, through a royal decree, designated the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) as a terrorist organization. This decision has influenced the geopolitical dynamics of the Middle East to this day as Saudi Arabia is one of the strongest actors in the region. The designation of MB as a terrorist organization was a response from the Saudi government to MB's involvement in the Arab Spring 2011 and the Saudi allegations of MB's involvement in the removal of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and various anti-government protests that spread in several Middle Eastern countries. The Saudis did not always see MB as a threat. There was a time when the relationship between the two had occurred in harmony so that in this case, there had been a shift in perception. This paper analyzes this phenomenon using the theory of securitization by including the components of securitization as a framework for analysis. The author argues that the strengthening of MB on the political scene of the Middle East with its efforts to implement modernist Muslim ideology and offer democracy through a revolution is the cause of the shift in the perception of Saudi Arabia towards MB.

Kristen Koptik Mesir Masyhur, Ahmad
Jurnal ICMES Vol 4 No 2 (2020): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v4i2.80

The number of Coptic Christians in Egypt continues to decline. This article aims to analyze the main factors causing discrimination faced by Coptic Christians in their homeland and analyze the impact of this discrimination on Coptic Christians. In this study, researchers used Lewis A. Coser's conflict theory to analyze the main problems that exist. This research resulted in the finding that there were factors that triggered discrimination against Coptic Christians. These factors come from two sides, namely from government and non-government. Besides, this study finds, discrimination also had a positive impact, such as the strengthening of their group solidarity, the stronger their identity as natives of the Pyramid country, and the more proud they were to maintain their identity as Coptic Christians.

Normalisasi Hubungan Uni Emirat Arab dengan Israel Wicaksono, Raden Mas Try Ananto Djoko
Jurnal ICMES Vol 4 No 2 (2020): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v4i2.86

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Israel have signed a normalization agreement called Abraham Accord on September 15, 2020. This agreement indicates that previously both countries had a reasonably good relationship and a series of cooperation. This study aims to see the UAE's interests toward Israel and how other Muslim countries respond to the agreement, which will impact their solidarity for Palestine's independence. In this research, the writer uses realism perspective, which includes the concept of national interest, the theory of balance of power, and the concept of normalization. The results showed that the UAE has an interest in expanding cooperation with Israel in various fields, especially in the political, economic, and security. The UAE made this policy because they feel threatened by Iran and because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This policy received positive response from Egypt, Jordan, Bahrain, and Sudan; and negative feedbacks from Oman, Iran, Turkey, and Qatar. Especially for Palestine itself, this agreement is a severe blow to the country's sovereignty struggle.

Perbedaan Persepsi Turki dan North Atlantic Treaty Organization Terhadap Ancaman Terorisme Simbolon, Alvin Christopher
Jurnal ICMES Vol 4 No 2 (2020): Jurnal ICMES: The Journal of Middle East Studies
Publisher : Indonesia Center for Middle East Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35748/jurnalicmes.v4i2.87

This paper aims to describe the attitudes and policies taken by Turkey in dealing with the People's Protection Units (YPG); a Kurdish militia organization in Syria, which is seen as a terrorism threat to Turkey, but not to NATO. The lack of literature describing the dynamics of Turkey-NATO relations in terms of threat perception, especially those closely related to the YPG threat, is a gap that will be filled by the researcher in this paper. This paper argues that Turkey has taken actions and attitudes that tend to violate the boundaries of norms and values in the NATO alliance. Turkey played its part unilaterally in facing the YPG. This research uses the analytical framework of Intra-Alliance Opposition by Oya Dursun Ozkanca, which consists of three processes in the alliance. It describes when state tools are used in the alliance and for what purposes. It is hoped that this article will contribute to the development of the empirical and scientific literature on the Intra-Alliance Opposition using a case study of Turkey's foreign policy.

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Husnul Amilin

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