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Menara Perkebunan
Published by Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit
ISSN : 01259318     EISSN : 18583768     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Menara Perkebunan as a communication medium for research in estate crops published articles covering original research result on the pre- and post-harvest biotechnology of estate crops. The contents of the articles should be directed for solving the problems of production and/or processing of estate crops of smallholder, private plantations and state-owned estates, based on the three dedications of plantation. Analyses of innovative research methods and techniques in biotechnology, which are important for advancing agricultural research. Critical scientific reviews of research result in agricultural and estate biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 541 Documents
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Aktivitas enzim ligninolitik Pleurotus ostreatus pada media yang mengandung TKKS dan aplikasinya untuk dekolorisasi zat warna (Activity of ligninolytic enzyme of Pleurotus ostreatus on media containing OPEFB and their application for dyes decolorization) Firda DIMAWARNITA; TRI - PANJI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 1 (2019): April, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (268.331 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i1.328

Abstract

Ligninolytic enzymes are known as extracellular enzymes produced by the white rot fungi class of basidiomycetes. One of the most well-known fungi of the white rot fungus isPleurotus ostreatus. The aim of this study to calculate the activity of ligninolytic enzymes in the growth media of Pleurotus ostreatusand their application in decolorization of dye colour. The ligninolytic enzyme extract obtained was used to decolorize bluedyes (MethyleneBlue)and red dyes(Congo Red). The highest laccase enzyme activity was in the first month of 0.35 U/mL with E1 media composition; the highest manganese peroxidase (MnP) enzyme activity was in the fourth month at 31.818 U / mL with E4 media composition; and the highest lignin peroxidase (LiP) enzyme activity was in the fifth month at 0.269 U / mL with E1 media composition. The enzyme extract obtained was then applied to decolorize red and blue dyes. Decolorization of dyes was measured using spectrophotometry with a blue wavelength of 470 nm and red 685 nm. The highest reduction in decolorization of blue dye and red dye was 12 hours with concentration of enzyme addition of 0.5%. Based on these results, ligninolytic enzymes potentiallyto be developed as bioactive agents for detergents.[Keywords: decolorization, laccase, mangan peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, spectrofotometry] AbstrakEnzim ligninolitik dikenal sebagai enzim ekstraseluler yang dihasilkan oleh jamur pelapuk putih golongan basidiomycetes. Salah satu jamur dari golongan jamur pelapuk putih yang banyak dikenal adalah Pleurotus ostreatus. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghitung aktivitas enzim ligninolitik pada media pertumbuhan jamur tiram  (Pleurotus ostreatus) dan aplikasinya dalam dekolorisasi zat warna.  Ekstrak enzim ligninolitik yang didapatkan kemudian dimanfaatkan untuk dekolorisasi zat warna biru(Methylene Blue)dan merah (Congo Red). Aktivitas enzim lakase tertinggi ada pada bulan pertama sebesar 0,35 U/mL dengan komposisi media E1; aktivitas enzim mangan peroksidase (MnP) tertinggi ada pada bulan keempat sebesar 31,818 U/mL dengan komposisi media E4; dan aktivitas enzim lignin peroksidase (LiP) tertinggi ada pada bulan kelima sebesar 0,269 U/mL dengan komposisi media E1. Ekstrak enzim yang didapat kemudian diaplikasikan untuk dekolorisasi zat warna merah dan biru. Dekolorisasi zat warna diukur menggunakan spektrofotometri dengan panjang gelombang biru pada 470 nm dan merah pada 685 nm. Penurunan dekolorisasi zat warna birudan zat warna merahtertinggi selama 12jam dengan konsentraasi penambahan enzim sebesar 0,5%.Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, enzim ligninolitik sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai agen bioaktif untuk deterjen.[Kata kunci: dekolorisasi, lakase, mangan peroksidase, lignin peroksidase,  spektrofotometri]
Back matter 2019 no 1 Masna Maya Sinta
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 1 (2019): April, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (87.492 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i1.334

Abstract

Pemurnian alfa-selulosa dari baglog bekas jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) menggunakan NaOH dan hidrolisis sulfat (Purification of alpha-cellulose from ex-baglog of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using NaOH and sulfate hydrolysis) Hyakansa HANIF; TRI - PANJI; Firda DIMAWARNITA; I Made ARTIKA
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 1 (2019): April, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (397.833 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i1.325

Abstract

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) are the largest cellulose waste produced by oil palm plantations. Each processing of one ton of Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) will produce OPEFB as much as 22-23% or 220-230 kg. OPEFB waste has not been utilized optimally by most palm oil mills and communities. It was reported that OPEFB contains 32.57% cellulose, 27.70% hemicellulose, and 26.49% lignin. The purity of cellulose component in OPEFB can be increased by delignification and hydrolysis of OPEFB. This research aims to produce alpha-cellulose from OPEFB with the highest purity level. The stages of the process include biologically delignification using white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), chemical delignification using 17,5% NaOH solution, and combination of treatment using solution of 17,5% NaOH and hydrolysis using 10% H2SO4solution. The analysis was carried out using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The best result of alpha-cellulose purity was by the treatment of delignified NaOH baglog resulting in 97.43% alpha-cellulose content, 4.47% pentosan hemicellulose level, and undetectable lignin levels.The results of FT-IR spectrum from alpha-cellulose obtained from OPEFB has shown functional groups contained in alpha-cellulose polymers including O-H groups at wave number 3289 cm-1, C-H groups at wave number 2901 cm-1, and functional groups C-O at wave number 1372 cm-1.[Key words: hydrolysis, FT-IR, mushroom, bleaching, waste]  Abstrak Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) adalah limbah terbesar yang dihasilkan oleh perkebunan kelapa sawit. Setiap pengolahan satu ton tandan buah segar (TBS) akan dihasilkan TKKS sebanyak 22-23% atau 220-230 kg. Limbah TKKS belum dimanfaatkan secara optimaloleh sebagian besar pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS) dan masyarakat. Dari hasil analisis kimiakomposisi selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin pada TKKSsecara berturut-turut ialah ; 32,57%, 27,70%, 26,49%. Kandungan komponen selulosa dalam TKKSdapat ditingkatkan kemurniannya dengan cara delignifikasi dan hidrolisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan pemurnian alfa–selulosa dari TKKS dengan tingkat kemurnian tertinggi.Tahapan pembuatan alfa-selulosameliputi delignifikasi secara biologis menggunakan jamur tiramputih(Pleurotus ostreatus), delignifikasi secara kimia menggunakan larutan NaOH 17,5%, dan kombinasi perlakuan menggunakan NaOH 17,5% dan larutanH2SO410%. Analisis dilakukan menggunakanFourier Transform Infrared Spektroscopy (FT-IR). Hasil pemurnian alfa-selulosa terbaik ialah melalui sisa baglog terdelignifikasi NaOH menghasilkan kadar alfa-selulosa 97.43%, kadar pentosan hemiselulosa 4.47%, serta kadar lignin tidak terdeteksi. Hasil spektrumFT-IR darialfa–selulosayang diperoleh dari TKKStelahmenunjukkan gugus-gugus fungsi yangterdapat di dalam polimeralfa–selulosadiantaranyagugus O-H pada bilangan gelombang 3289 cm-1,  gugus C-H pada bilangangelombang2901cm-1, dan gugus fungsi C-O pada bilangan gelombang 1372 cm-1. [Kata kunci: hidrolisis, FT-IR, jamur, pemutihan, limbah]
Peningkatan hasil dan penekanan kejadian penyakit pada jagung manis (Zea mays var. Bonanza) dengan pemanfaatan biostimulan berbahan kitosan Sri WAHYUNI; Ciptadi Achmad YUSUP; Deden Dewantara ERIS; Soekarno Mismana PUTRA; Agustin Sri MULYATNI; . SISWANTO; . PRIYONO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (2718.044 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.349

Abstract

AbstractCorn, an important crop in Indonesia still has a low productivity, thus many efforts are required to fulfill its national demand. One of the solutions to improve corn yield is by applying biostimulant containing chitosan as an active ingredient. Chitosan has been proved to increase plant growth and resistance against diseases. The objective of this research was to study the effects of several chitosan formulas on the yield and diseases occurance in sweet corn (Zea mays var. Bonanza). The chitosan formulas tested were soluble liquid(SL), wettable powder (WP), nano chitosan (NN), and unformulated chitosan (CH). The experiment was arranged using a randomized block design with three replications. All chitosan formulas were applied by seeds soaking for 20 minutes, followed by foliar spraying on corn plants at three weeks after planting (WAP), with the concentration of 500 ppm (400 L/ha spray volume), every threeweeks until 9 WAP. Parameters observed were brix value, weight of corn cobs, weight of corn biomass, and plant diseases including downy leaves, leafblight and leaf rust. The results showed that NN formula increased the brix value up to 7%, the corn cob weight up to 49% and the biomass weight upto 34% compared to the control; whereas SL formula reduced the incidence of downy mildew by 53% at 3 WAP and leaf blight disease by 51% at 6 WAP. In addition, the incidence of corn leaf rust reduced 59-71% in corn plant subjected to all chitosan formulas. Based on the results, application of chitosan in NN formula was best in increasing yield, while in SL formula was best in reducing the incidence of important corn diseases.[Keywords: downy mildew, chitosan formula, seed treatment]AbstrakJagung sebagai salah satu komoditas pangan penting di Indonesia masih memiliki produktivitas yang rendah sehingga diperlukan usaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhan jagung nasional. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan hasil jagung adalah dengan aplikasi biostimulan yang mengandung bahan aktif kitosan. Kitosan telah terbukti mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan daya tahantanaman terhadap penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh beberapa formula kitosan terhadap hasil dan kejadian penyakit pada tanaman jagung manis (Zea mays var. Bonanza). Formula kitosan yang diuji adalah cairan yang dapat larut (soluble liquid, SL), tepung yang dapat dibasahi (wettable powder, WP), nano kitosan (nano chitosan, NN), dan kitosan non formulasi (unformulated chitosan, CH). Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan tiga ulangan. Masingmasing formula kitosan tersebut diaplikasikan melalui perendaman benih selama 20 menit yangdiikuti dengan penyemprotan daun pada tanaman jagung berumur tiga minggu dengan konsentrasi 500 ppm (volume semprot 400 L/ha) yang dilakukan setiap tiga minggu sampai tanaman berumur sembilan minggu. Parameter yangdiamati adalah nilai brix, bobot tongkol jagung, bobot biomassa jagung, dan penekanan kejadian beberapa penyakit tanaman meliputi bulai, hawardaun, dan karat daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kitosan NNmeningkatkan nilai brix jagung manis hingga 7%, bobot tongkol jagung hingga 49% dan bobot biomassa hingga 34% dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Sementara itu, aplikasi kitosan SL dapat menekan kejadian penyakit bulai hingga 53% padaumur tanaman 3 minggu setelah tanam (MST) dan penyakit hawar daun hingga 51% pada umur 6 MST. Selain itu, kejadian penyakit karat daun jagung juga dapat ditekan 59-71% pada aplikasi keempat formula kitosan. Berdasarkan hasiltersebut, aplikasi kitosan NN paling optimal dalam meningkatkan hasil panen jagung manis, sedangkan aplikasi kitosan SL paling optimal dalam menekan kejadian beberapa penyakit pada tanaman jagung.[Kata Kunci: bulai, formula kitosan, perlakuan benih]
Pelarutan P dan K dari batuan leusit dan apatit menggunakan kombinasi senyawa humat-BPF-BPK Mohammad Jimmy KURNIATA; Tri Candra SETIAWATI; Jay JAYUS
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (2374.167 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.330

Abstract

AbstractDue to the limited availability of potassium and phosphate in soil and the high price of their synthetic mineral fertilizers, the importance of minerals-solubilizing microorganismshas been increasingly significant aimed at sustainable agriculture achievement. Apatite and leucite are considerably abundant minerals; however, their solubility is low. This study was aimed to study the effects of the combination of phosphate-and potassium-solubilizing bacteria (PhSB and PSB) and humic acid of cassava as bioleaching agents in the solubilization process of potassium and phosphate from agromineral material. Some leucite agromineral materials were obtained from Situbondo and Pati, while apatite materials were obtained from Tuban and Ciamis, Indonesia. The minerals were treated with 2.10 x 107CFU/g PhSB and 1.61 x 107CFU/g PSB isolates, combined with 100 ppm organic C humic compounds from cassava as the media. The minerals solubility was monitored every two weeks for 12 weeks ofobservation, which includes the concentration of dissolved K and P, as well as the pH of the media. The presence of organic acids was observed to monitor the bacterial activity by using HPLC, while the physical changes of the rock surface due to bacterial dissolution were scanned by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the highest dissolution of P was recorded at week 4 (344.23 ppm) released from Tuban apatite with the combination of PhSB and PSB under the humic compound.In contrast, the highest K dissolution was obtained at week 6 for Situbondo leucite (44.21 me/100 g) with a combination of humic cassava compound and PSB only. Statistical analyses showed a mark different on both minerals for dissolution of K and P. The SEM result indicates breakage of the rock surface after a three month observation period indicating that the dissolution minerals occurred. Selected organic acids such as citric, ferulic, coumaric, syringic, and malic acids were detected during the treatment.[Keywords: leucite, apatite, humic compounds, organic acid] Abstrak     Ketersediaan kalium (K) dan fosfat (P) dalam tanah terbatas,danharga pupuk sintetik relatif mahal, menjadikan mikroorganismepelarut mineral memegang peranan penting dalam menunjang pertanian berkelanjutan.Batuan mineral apatit dan leusitmerupakan sumber daya mineral dengan ketersediaan tinggi tetapi mempunyai kelarutan mineral rendah. Penelitian bertujuan untukmempelajari pengaruh kombinasi bakteri pelarut fosfat (BPF), bakteri pelarut kalium (BPK), dan humatsingkong sebagai agen bioleachingdalam proses pelarutan K dan P dari bahan agromineral. Bahan agromineral leusitdiperoleh dariKabupatenSitubondo dan Pati, sedangkan bahan apatit berasal dari Kabupaten Tuban dan Ciamis, Indonesia. Bahan mineral diperlakukan dengan 2,10 x107CFU/gBPF dan 1,61 x 107CFU/gBPK, dikombinasikan dengan 100 ppm C organik senyawa humatdari singkong sebagai media. Kelarutan mineral diamati setiap dua minggu sekali selama 12 minggu meliputi kelarutan K dan P, dan pH media. Produksi asam organik dianalisis untuk mengamati aktivitas bakteri menggunakan HPLC dan perubahan fisik permukaan batuan akibat pelarutan bakteri dipindai menggunakan SEM.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelarutan fosfat tertinggi tercatat pada minggu ke 4 (344,23 ppm) yang dilepaskan dari apatit Tuban dengan kombinasi BPF dan BPK dengan senyawa humat, sedangkan pelarutan kalium tertinggi diperoleh pada minggu ke 6 dari leusitSitubondo (44,21 me / 100 g) dengan kombinasi senyawa humatsingkong dan BPK. Secara statistikpada kedua mineral pelarutan K dan P menunjukkan berbedanyata. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan SEMterjadi kerusakan permukaan batuansetelah periode pengamatan tigabulan yang menunjukkan bahwa terjadi pelarutan mineral. Selama percobaan dideteksi beberapa  asam organik seperti asam sitrat, ferulat, kumarat, siringatdan malat. [Kata kunci: leusit, apatit,senyawa humat,asam organik]
Aktivitas amilase bakteri amilolitik asal larva black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) Irma KRESNAWATY; Rizki WAHYU; Ashadi SASONGKO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (295.541 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.341

Abstract

AbstractAmylase is an enzyme that has been widely used as a biocatalyst in foodand bioethanol industries. The availability of thermostable amylase will further expand the market and extend the shelf life of this enzyme. Amylase is produced by amylolytic bacteria using media with high-costnitrogen sources, such as pepton. Black soldier fly (BSF) is a potential source of amylolitic bacteria since its ability to degrade organic matters rapidly. This research aimedtoexploreamylolitic bacteria from the larvae of BSF with highest amylase activity that can be produced using low-cost media. The screening ofamylase activity was conducted by culturing the bacteria on starch containing media.Bacteria with the highest amylase activity were cultured in liquid media with twodifferentnitrogensources (urea and nitrate). Determinations of the optimum pH and temperature for this enzyme activity were carried out in the pH range 4to 7 and temperature 35to 65 ºC. Three amylase-producing isolates were obtained in this study. M1 isolate which has the highest activity was characterized based oncatalase activity and Gram staining. The results showed that the M1 isolate mightbelong togenus Proteussp. At the optimum condition (45ºC and pH 7), amylase activityin nitrate mediawas0.791U/mL, which was about 18-folds higher than that in ureamedia (0,041U/mL). Thus, amylase isolated from BSF larvae can be classified as a mesophilic enzyme and has the potential to be developed commercially at lower production costs.[Keywords:crude extract enzyme,Proteus sp.,thermostable] AbstrakAmilase merupakan salah satu enzim yangtelah digunakan secara luas sebagai biokatalis dalam industri pangan dan bioetanol.Ketersediaan amilase termostabil akan semakin memperluas pasar dan memperpanjang daya simpan enzim ini. Selama ini, produksi amilase dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan bakteri amilolitik menggunakan media dengan sumber nitrogen yang mahal, misalnya pepton. Black soldier fly (BSF) merupakan sumber bakteri amilolitik yang potential karena BSF memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi bahan organik dengan cepat.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi bakteri amilolitik dengan kemampuan amilase tinggi yang dapat diproduksi menggunakan media yanglebihmurah.Skrining bakteri penghasil amilase dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan bakteri pada media yang mengandung pati. Bakteri dengan aktivitas amilase tertinggi dikulturkan dalam media cair dengan dua sumber nitrogenyang berbeda, yaitu urea dan nitrat. PenentuanpH dan suhu optimum aktivitas enzim ini dilakukan pada rentang pH 4sampai 7 dan suhu 35sampai 65 ºC.Tiga isolat penghasil amilase diperoleh dalam penelitian ini. Isolat M1 yang memiliki aktivitas tertinggi dikarakterisasi berdasarkan uji katalasedan uji pewarnaan Gram. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa isolat M1 termasukgenus Proteus sp. Pada kondisi optimum (suhu 45oC dan pH 7), aktivitas amilase pada media nitrat adalah 0,791 U/mL, lebih kurang 18 kali lebih tinggi dibanding aktivitas pada media urea (0,041 U/mL). Dengan demikian, amilase yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri asallarva BSF merupakan enzim mesofilik dan berpotensi untuk dikembangkan secara komersial dengan biaya produksi yang lebih murah.[Kata kunci: enzim ekstrak kasar, Proteussp.,termostabil]
Waste reduction and nutrient recovery during the co-composting of empty fruit bunches and palm oil mill effluent Victor BARON; Jajang SUPRIATNA; Clarisse MARECHAL; Rajiv SADASIBAN; Xavier BONNEAU
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.338

Abstract

AbstrakMinyak kelapa sawit adalah minyak nabati yang paling banyak dikonsumsi dunia. Setengah dari produksinya berasal dari Indonesia, walaupun perluasannya telah dikritik dari sudut pandang lingkungan. Pengurangan dampak lingkungan perkebunan melalui praktik pengelolaan limbah yang lebih baik sangat penting untuk mencapai produksi yang lebih bersih. Dalam konteks ini, penelitian difokuskan pada pengomposan, praktik yang semakin banyak diterapkan di agroindustri. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji pengomposan produk samping pabrik kelapa sawit yaitu tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dan limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit (LCPKS), pada rasio LCPKS/TKKSdan frekuensi pembalikan yang berbeda. Setelah 60 hari, kompos masih dalam fase mesofilik dan tidak dapat dianggap sebagai kompos matang karena rasio C/N dan suhu yang tinggi. Penurunan bobot dan volume yang tinggi telah dicapai masing-masing sebesar 40% dan 60%, serta penguapan air yang signifikan dari LCPKSdan TKKS(60%). Rasio LCPKSterhadap TKKSpada 1 – 1.5 m3/ton adalah optimal untuk mencapai kelembaban (65-70%), ruang udara bebas (>50%) dan pemulihan nutrisi, juga menunjukkan bahwa dalam kondisi percobaan ini proses pengomposan tidak dapat menggunakan semua LCPKSyang diproduksi oleh pabrik (3m3/ton TKKS). Tingkat pemulihan nutrisi mendekati 100% untuk fosfor, kalium dan magnesium, sedangkan untuk nitrogen terjadikehilangan sekitar 30-35%. Pengomposan dengan platform beton dan beratap, tidak melakukan penyemprotan pada tumpukan secara berlebihan, dan mendaur ulang semua limbah cair merupakan hal penting untuk mencapai efisiensi pemulihan nutrisi yang tinggi dan untuk mengontrol kualitas kompos akhir.[Kata kunci:pengomposan, tandan kosong, pemulihan nutrisi, kelapa sawit, limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit, keberlanjutan]AbstractPalm oil is the most consumed edible oil in the world. Roughly half of the production originates from Indonesia, where the expansion of the crop has been criticized from an environmental perspective. Reducing the environmental impact of plantations through better waste management practices is critical to achieve cleaner production. In this context, our study was focused on composting, a practice increasingly adopted among agro-industries. Our trial was designed to test co-composting of the main palm oil mill by-products – empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME) – under different POME/EFB ratios and turning frequencies. After 60 days the compost was still in a mesophilic phase and could not be considered as mature compost due to high C/N ratio and temperature. High weight and volume reduction were achieved (40% and 60% respectively), as well as significant water evaporation from the POME and EFB (60%). We found that a POME to EFB ratio of 1 to 1.5 m3/ton was optimal for moisture (65-70%), free air space (>50%) and nutrient recovery, showing that in our experimental conditions the composting process could not use all the POME produced by the mill (3m3/ton of EFB). The nutrient recovery rate was close to 100% for phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. For nitrogen we observed 30-35% of losses. Composting on a concrete platform with a roof, not over-spraying the piles and recycling all the leachates are critical points to achieve high nutrient recovery efficiency and to control final compost quality.[Keywords:composting, empty fruit bunch, nutrient recovery, oil palm, palm oil mill effluent, sustainability]
Peningkatan kemurnian selulosa dan karboksimetil selulosa (CMC) hasil konversi limbah TKKS melalui perlakuan NaOH 12% Firda DIMAWARNITA; Tri PANJI; Yora FARAMITA
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (923.004 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.339

Abstract

AbstractCarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a versatile additive whose needs are fulfilled by imports. This becomes an opportunity to develop local CMC products. CMC can be synthesized from the cellulose of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). The use of OPEFB as a mixed ingredient of oyster mushroom growing media (baglog) could help the delignification process of OPEFB. Cellulose purified from baglog OPEFB waste using NaOH 10% treatment only produced α-cellulose 80.2% which then being converted to CMC with the purity of 73.4%. Low purity of this CMC did not meet the standard for food-grade which requires purity above 99.5%. This study aimed to improve the purity of cellulose from baglog OPEFB waste by using NaOH 12% treatment. In this way, the purity of the resulting CMC would be expected higher. The resulting CMC product was observed using SEM, FTIR and XRD. The result showed that α-cellulose obtained increased to 84.54% by using 12% NaOH treatment. The resulting CMC had a higher purity level (95.24%). Efforts to increase the degree of substitution and viscosity are still needed to achieve specifications that meet the quality standards of SNI. FTIR and XRD results showed that the characteristics of CMC produced from baglog OPEFB waste were close to commercial CMC as indicated by their functional groups and degree of crystallinity.[Keywords: FTIR, white oyster mushroom, baglog waste, OPEFB, XRD]AbstrakKarboksimetil selulosa(CMC) merupakan zat aditif serbaguna yang kebutuhannyamasihdipenuhi melalui impor. Hal ini menjadi peluang untuk mengembangkan produk CMC lokal.CMC dapat disintesis dari selulosa tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS).  Penggunaan TKKS sebagai campuran media pertumbuhan (baglog) jamur tiram putih dapat membantu proses delignifikasi TKKS. Selulosa yang dimurnikan dari limbah TKKS baglog menggunakan perlakuan NaOH 10% hanya menghasilkan α-selulosa sebanyak 80,2%, yang kemudian dikonversi menjadi CMC dengan kemurnian 73,4%. Tingkat kemurnian yang tergolong rendah tersebut tidak memenuhi mutu CMC untuk pangan yang mensyaratkan tingkat kemurnian diatas 99,5%.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemurnian selulosa dari limbah TKKS baglog melalui perlakuan menggunakan NaOH 12%. Dengan cara ini, kemurnian CMC yang dihasilkan diharapkan lebih tinggi. Produk CMC yang dihasilkan diamati menggunakan SEM, FTIR dan XRD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa α-selulosa yang diperoleh meningkat menjadi 84,54% pada ekstraksi menggunakan NaOH 12%. CMC yang dihasilkan memiliki tingkat kemurnian yanglebihtinggi, yaitu:95,24%. Upaya untuk meningkatkannilai derajat substitusidan viskositas masih diperlukan untuk mencapai spesifikasi yang memenuhi mutu standar SNI. Hasil FTIR dan XRD menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik CMC yang dihasilkan dari limbah TKKS baglog sudah mendekati CMC komersial ditinjau dari gugus fungsi dan derajat kristalinitasnya.    [Kata kunci: FTIR, jamur tiram putih, limbah  baglog, TKKS, XRD]
Asosiasi Glomus sp. dan Gigaspora margarita pada bibit Aquilaria malaccensis Endah SUSILOWATI; Melya RINIARTI; Maria Viva RINI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (633.329 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.342

Abstract

AbstractAgarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) is one of the non-timber forest products that has high economic value. However, this plant grows very slowly.  Therefore, seed technology input is needed, such as addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objectives of this research were to study the effect of AMF inoculum i.e. Glomus sp., Gigaspora margarita and mixture of both species on agarwood growth and to determine the best AMF type for agarwood seedlings growth. The experimental research design used was a completely randomized design with three treatments, namely Glomus sp. (G), G. margarita (Gi) and a mixture of Glomus sp. and G. margarita (GGi) and without AMF inoculation (K) with each treatment repeated 8 times. The number of AMF spores used was ± 300 spores/seedling, and applied at the time of transplanting from germination tray to the polybag. Data were processed using analysis of variance and least significant difference test (LSD). The results showed there was AMF colonization in agarwood roots after 12 weeks of inoculation with the highest percentage at 20.50% on G. margarita treatment. Overall, AMF improved the growth of agarwood seedlings. The best seedlings growth was in the treatment of mixed AMF (GGi). Increased growth was found in plant height (14.68 cm), seedling diameter (2.16 mm), leaf area (119.30 cm2), root volume (1.15 mL), total dry weight (0.83 g), and shoot root ratio (4.99).[Keywords: agarwood, A. malaccensis,AMF, G. margarita,Glomussp.]AbstrakGaharu (Aquilariamalaccensis) adalah salah satu hasil hutan bukan kayu yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Namun tanaman ini memiliki pertumbuhan yang lambat, sehingga diperlukan input teknologi pembibitan berupa penambahan fungi mikoriza arbuskular (FMA). Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian FMA tunggal Glomussp., Gigaspora margaritadan campuran keduanya (Glomussp. dan G. margarita)terhadap pertumbuhan gaharu serta menentukan isolatyang menghasilkan pertumbuhan bibit gaharu yang lebih baik.  Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap untuk menguji tiga perlakuan yaitu Glomussp. (G), G. margarita (Gi) dan campuran Glomus sp. dan G. margarita(GGi) serta satu kontrol (K) dengan  masing – masing perlakuan diulang 8 kali. Inokulum FMA yang digunakan memiliki kepadatan ±300 spora/bibit dan diinokulasikan saat bibit dipindahkan dari persemaian ke polybag. Data diolah menggunakan analisis varians dan uji beda nyata terkecil (BNT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan adanya kolonisasi FMA dalam akar gaharu setelah 12 minggu inokulasi dengan persentase kolonisasi tertinggi 20,50% oleh G. margarita.  Secara keseluruhan, pemberian FMA mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan bibit gaharu. Pertumbuhan terbaik terjadi pada perlakuan FMA campuran (GGi).  Peningkatan pertumbuhan secara nyata dapat dilihat pada tinggi tanaman (14,68 cm), diameter bibit (2,16 mm), luas daun (119,30 cm2), volume akar (1,15 mL), bobot kering total (0,83 g) dan nisbah tajuk akar (4,99).[Kata kunci: A. malaccensis, FMA, gaharu, G. margarita, Glomus sp.]
Solubilization of insoluble phosphates by Aspergillus niger Pelarutan fosfat sukar larut oleh Aspergillus niger LAKSMITA P SANTI; D H GOENADI; . SISWANTO; I SAILAH; . ISROI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 68, No 2: Desember 2000
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (316.973 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v68i2.142

Abstract

RingkasanPenggunaan langsung fosfat alam (FA) ke dalam tanah sebagai sumber pupuk P telah dilakukan selama bertahun-tahun melalui beberapa macam cara penggunaan. Kualitas FA di Indonesia umumnya rendah dan ketersediaan bahan baku yang berkualitas untuk produksi pupuk fosfat terlarut relatif terbatas. Beberapa mikroba asal tanah yang dapat melarutkan fosfat anorganik telah banyak dilaporkan. Namun, informasi yang tersedia tentang mekanisme pelarutan P dari FA lokal asal Indonesia dan P anorganik oleh Aspergillus niger BCC F194 belum banyak diteliti. Satu seri penelitian laboratorium telah dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui kemampuan A. niger BCC F194 melarutkan P. Evaluasi agronomi FA lokal (FA Cileungsi dan Madura) di rumah kaca juga telah dilakukan. A. niger BCC F194 dapat melarutkan sumber P sukar larut, yaitu FA Cileungsi dan Madura, serta senyawa Ca3(PO4)2 dan AlPO4. Kelarutan P anorganik tersebut berhubungan dengan peningkatan aktivitas proton (H*) yang menyebabkan penurunan pH medium dan produksi asam organik. Asam organik utama yang dihasilkan oleh A. niger BCC F194 dalam medium cair Pikovskaya yang dimodifikasi adalah asam oksalat (3.75 mM), asam sitrat (2.0 mM), dan asam glukonat (0.9 mM). Kelarutan FA Cileungsi lebih besar dibandingkan dengan FA Madura, dan kelarutan Ca3(PO4)2 lebih besar dibandingkan kelarutan AlPO4. Tidak ada korelasi antara kelarutan P anorganik dengan aktivitas enzim fosfatase, walaupun aktivitas enzim fosfatase cukup tinggi terdeteksi dalam medium. Satu formula biosuperfosfat telah berhasil dirakit dengan mereaksikan FA lokal dengan supernatan kultur cair (SKC) pengganti asam sulfat. Hasil percobaan padabibit kakao, karet dan kelapa sawit di rumah kaca menunjukkan bahwa prototipe pupuk biosuperfosfat dengan bahanbaku FA Cileungsi dan Madura bentuk granul maupun serbuk, memiliki nilai efektivitas agronomi yang relatif menyamai SP-konvensional. SummaryThe direct application of rock phosphate (RP) to soils as a source of phosphorus (P) fertilizer has been employed with varying popular methods over the years. The RP in Indonesia has low quality for plant fertilization and the availability of the raw material with good quality for production of soluble phosphate fertilizers is limited. Many common soil microbes that can dissolve insoluble inorganic phosphate have been extensively studied. However, there is little information on mechanism of P-solubilization from local RP of Indonesia and inorganic P by Aspergillus niger BCC F194 isolated from tropical acid soils. A laboratory study was conducted to determine the ability of phosphate solubilization A. niger BCC F194. Agronomic evaluation of bioactivated local RP, i.e. Cileungsi and Madura phosphate rocks (CRP and MRP) for direct application in greenhouse experiment was also conducted. A. niger BCC F194 was able in solubilizing different types of hardly-soluble phosphates, i.e. CRP and MRP, Ca3(PO4)2, and AlPO4 compounds. Inorganic P solubilization was directly correlated to the organic acid production and increasing proton (H+) activities causing pH to decrease and production of organic acid. The major acidic metabolites produced by A. niger BCC F 194 in modified liquid culture Pikovskaya medium were oxalic acid (3.75 mM), citric acid (2.0 mM), and  gluconic acid (0.9 mM). The solubilization of Cileungsi RP was higher than that of Madura RP, and the solubilization of Ca3(PO4)2 was better than that of AlPO4. No correlation between solubilization of inorganic P and enzyme activities, although high activities of phosphatase enzyme were detectable in the medium. A biosuperphosphate formula had been constructed by reacting local RP with liquid culture supernatant (LCS) replacing sulfuric acid. Results of cocoa, rubber, and oil palm seedlings experiments in greenhouse indicate that both granular and powder biosuperphosphate prototypes commonly had a comparable relative agronomic effectiveness value to that of the conventional SP.

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