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Hayati Minarsih
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INDONESIA
Menara Perkebunan
ISSN : 01259318     EISSN : 18583768     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Menara Perkebunan as a communication medium for research in estate crops published articles covering original research result on the pre- and post-harvest biotechnology of estate crops. The contents of the articles should be directed for solving the problems of production and/or processing of estate crops of smallholder, private plantations and state-owned estates, based on the three dedications of plantation. Analyses of innovative research methods and techniques in biotechnology, which are important for advancing agricultural research. Critical scientific reviews of research result in agricultural and estate biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 541 Documents
Regeneration of oil palm plantlets introduced by P5CS gene using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation Asmini BUDIANI; Imam Bagus NUGROHO; Hayati MINARSIH; Imron RIYADI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1347.764 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.336

Abstract

AbstrakCekaman kekeringan dapat mempengaruhi produktivitas tanaman perkebunan. Rekayasa genetika merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman perkebunan penting seperti kelapa sawit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan perekayasaan kelapa sawit melalui introduksi gen P5CS dengan transformasi berbasis Agrobacterium untuk meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap cekaman kekeringan. Pada penelitian ini perakitan kelapa sawit transgenik yang tahan terhadap cekaman kekeringan dilakukan melalui transformasi gen P5CS (Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) ke dalam kalus embriogenik (embryogenic calli – EC) menggunakan Agrobacterium. Plasmid pBI_P5CS yang membawa gen P5CS ditransfer dari Escherichia coli XL1 Blue ke Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL1 melalui konjugasi. Selanjutnya klon Agrobacterium yang membawa plasmid pBI_P5CS digunakan untuk menginfeksi kalus embriogenik kelapa sawit dengan perlakuan 100 ppm asetosiringon. Kalus transforman diregenerasi pada media de Fossard (DF) yang ditambahkan 50 ppm kanamisin dan 250 ppm sefotaksim. Kalus transforman diseleksi melalui uji GUS dan metode PCR menggunakan primer NPTII dan P5CS1. Uji GUS dilakukan untuk menyeleksi kalus transforman yang ditunjukkan dengan reaksi positif pembentukan warna biru pada kalus yang berhasil ditransformasi dengan konstruk pBI_P5CS. Pengujian dengan menggunakan PCR memberikan hasil positif dengan adanya profil pita PCR pada visualisasi menggunakan pewarnaan SYBR Green, yang menunjukkan amplikon berukuran ~ 0,7 kb untuk gen NPTII dan ~ 0,4 kb untuk gen P5CS pada elektroforesis dengan gel agarosa. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah diperolehnya kalus transforman terseleksi yang telah diregenerasi dan tumbuh menjadi planlet.[Kata kunci: cekaman kekeringan, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., rekayasa genetika, planlet]Abstract      Environmental abiotic stressors particularly drought has detrimental effects upon the productivity of estate crops. Increasing the crop tolerance towards drought stress through genetic engineering is one of the strategies employed to maintain steady productivity of valuable crop, i.e. oil palm. The aim of this study was to engineer oil palm with a better tolerance towards drought by introducing P5CS (Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) gene via Agrobacterium–mediated transformation into embryogenic calli (EC). The pBI_P5CS plasmid harboring P5CS gene was transferred from Escherichia coli XL1 Blue to Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL1 by conjugation. The positive clone of transformed Agrobacterium was then used to infect oil palm EC by the addition of 100 ppm acetosyringone. The transformed ECs were regenerated in the de Fossard (DF) media supplemented by 50 ppm kanamycin and 250 ppm cefotaxime followed by GUS assay and PCR-based screening using NPTII and P5CS1 primers. The positive EC clones were confirmed by GUS assay, which produced blue coloration on positive transformed oil palm EC. A positive result of PCR screenings was depicted by PCR products in SYBR Green staining gel agarose electrophoresis with the expected band size of ~ 0.7 kb for the NPTII gene and ~ 0.4 kb for the P5CS gene. This study has successfully selected and regenerated pBI_P5CS transformed oil palm embryogenic calli into plantlets.[Keywords: drought tolerance, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., genetic engineering, plantlets]
Aktivitas hidrolisat protein terhadap perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan awal kacang hijau (Vigna radiata) Fauziatul FITRIYAH; Irma KRESNAWATY; Djoko SANTOSO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1715.606 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.340

Abstract

AbstractPlant bostimulant application have proven to improve field productivity to meet genetic potential. Protein hydrolisates has been utilized as plant biostimulant to increase crops productiviy and yield. Protein hydrolysate from organic waste or by product is highly potential for plant biostimulant, since it is efficiently turn the waste into high value product.. Trash fish meal (TI) and chicken feather meal (TB) have high protein content and are potential as plant biostimulant. Application of protein hydrolisates as biostimulant has been acclaimed to improve plant growth. The aim of this study wasto evaluate the activity of protein hydrolysates from TB and TI on germination and early growth of mung bean. Hydrolysis was conducted under high temperature and pressure in acid condition. Application of protein hydrolysates under various concentrations: 5, 10, and 20 ppm. The effect of protein hydrolysates were evaluated on seed germination and root and colleoptile fresh weight. Chemical analysis was performed to measure nitrogen content in the materials. The result showed that germination at 10 ppm after 7 hours incubation of protein hydrolysate from TI and TB. Under TI hydrolysate germination was increase by 191.7%, from 21.7% blank solution to 63.3% of treatment. While under protein hydrolysate from TB increased by 99.5%, from 21.7% of blank solution to 43.3%. Activity of TB hydrolysate toward root and colleoptile growth was higher than in TI hydrolysate. Root growth was higher than colleoptile under all treatments. Protein hydrolysates of TI and TB could improve germination and early growth of mung bean and is highly potential as plant biostimulant.[Keywords: plant biostimulant, protein hydrolysis, plant growth, Vigna radiata]AbstrakAplikasi biostimulan tanaman terbukti mampu meningkatkan produktivitas riil di lapang sehingga mendekati potensi genetik tanaman. Hidrolisat protein telah dimanfaatkan sebagai biostimulan tanaman untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan hasil panen berbagai tanaman. Hidrolisat protein dari limbah atau produk samping sangat potensial dikembangkan sebagai biostimulan tanaman karena mampu secara efisien mengubah sampah menjadi produk berharga. Tepung ikan rucah (TI) dan tepung bulu ayam (TB) adalah produk samping usaha perikanan dan peternakan dengan kandungan protein tinggi yang sangat potensial dikembangkan menjadi biostimulan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas hidrolisat protein dari TI dan TB terhadap perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan awal kacang hijau. Hidrolisis dilakukan pada suhu dan tekanan tinggi dalam kondisi asam. Hidrolisat yang diperoleh selanjutnya diaplikasikan pada benih kacang hijau pada konsentrasi 5, 10, dan 20 ppm. Parameter yang diamati berupa persentase perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan akar dan koleoptil semai. Analisis kimia dilakukan untuk memberikan data pendukung berupa kadar nitrogen pada kedua bahan baku. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan aktivitas perkecambahan kacang hijau pada inkubasi selama 7 jam dalam larutan 10 ppm hidrolisat TI dan TB. Kenaikan persentase perkecambahan pada hidrolisat TI sebesar 191,7%, yaitu dari 21,7% pada blanko menjadi 63,3% pada perlakuan. Sementara dalamhidrolisatTBpeningkatan aktivitas mencapai 99,5%, yaitu dari 21,7% pada blankomenjadi 43,3% pada perlakuan. Pertumbuhan akar dan koleoptil dengan aplikasi hidrolisat TB lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada aplikasi hidrolisat TI. Pengaruh hidrolisat protein lebih tinggi pada pertumbuhan akar dibandingkan koleoptil. Hidrolisat TI dan TB mampu meningkatkan perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan awal kacang hijau dan sangat potensial dikembangkan sebagai biostimulan tanaman. [Kata kunci:biostimulan tanaman, hidrolisisprotein, pertumbuhan tanaman,Vigna radiata]
87(2)_Back Matter admin admin
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (155.997 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.355

Abstract

87(2)_Back Matter
87(2) Front Matter admin admin
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (509.034 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v87i2.357

Abstract

87(2) Front Matter
Fortifikasi senyawa selenium pada jamur tiram coklat (Pleurotus pulmonarius dan Pleurotus sajor-caju) Firda DIMAWARNITA; Yora FARAMITA; . TRI-PANJI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 88, No 1 (2020): April, 2020
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (387.798 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v88i1.353

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is one of the most important micronutrients needed for human health. However, the content of Se compound in animals and plants isrelativelysmallin order to meet recommended intakes of Se. Therefore, Se fortification in food source, such as mushroom, is needed. In this study, fortification was carried out by adding sodium selenite to the growth media (the mixture of sawdust and OPEFB) of brown oyster mushrooms included Pleurotus pulmonarius and Pleurotus sajor-caju, in various concentrations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm. The results showed that the highest absorption of Se in P. pulmonarius and P. sojur caju (3.51 and 2.31 %, respectively) obtained from 200 ppm sodium selenite addition. High concentrations of sodium selenite in baglog media tend to inhibit mycellium growth and the production of mushroom fruiting body. The additions of 200 ppm sodium selenite in baglog media of P. pulmonarius and P. sajor-caju were the best treatment in term of the fastest mycelium coverage in 40 and 37 days with the highest biological efficiency ratio (BER) value of 18.80 and 17.89 %, respectively.Layu Senyawa selenium (Se) merupakan salah satu mikronutrien terpenting yang harus dipenuhi kebutuhannya dalam tubuh. Akan tetapi, kandungan senyawa Se pada hewan dan tumbuhan sangat kecil untuk memenuhi kebutuhan asupan Se yang dianjurkan. Oleh karena itu, fortifikasi Se pada sumber pangan seperti pada jamur diperlukan. Dalam penelitian ini, fortifikasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan sodium selenit ke dalam media pertumbuhan (campuran serbuk gergaji dan TKKS) jamur tiram coklat, yaitu Pleurotus pulmonarius dan Pleurotus sajor-caju dengan berbagai konsentrasi,diantaranya: 100, 200, 300, dan 400 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penyerapan Se tertinggi pada P. pulmonarius dan P. sojurcaju yaitu masing-masingsebesar 3,51 dan 2,31% diperoleh dari penambahan sodium selenit 200 ppm. Konsentrasi sodium selenit yang tinggi pada media baglog cenderung menghambat pertumbuhan miselium dan produksi tubuh buah jamur. Penambahan sodium selenit sebanyak 200 ppm pada media baglog P. pulmonarius dan P. sajor-caju merupakan perlakuan terbaik ditinjau dari waktu tercepat pertumbuhan miselium jamur menutupi media dalam baglog, yaitu masing-masing 40 dan 37 hari dengan nilai biological efficiency ratio (BER) tertinggi, yaitu 18,80 dan 17,89 % secara berurutan.
SPAD-502 and atLEAF CHL PLUS values provide good estimation of the chlorophyll content for Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. Leaves Andi Nur CAHYO; Rudi Hari MURTI; Eka Tarwaca Susila PUTRA; Tri Rini NURINGTYAS; Denis FABRE; Pascal MONTORO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 88, No 1 (2020): April, 2020
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v88i1.369

Abstract

Measurement of chlorophyll content using destructive methods is not efficient due to a large number of samples, cost, and time needed. Estimationof chlorophyll content by nondestructive methods using handheld chlorophyll meter may be considered to improve efficiency. This research aimed to determine the formula to convert SPAD-502 and atLEAF CHL PLUS values (relative indicator of chlorophyll content) to estimated (absolute) rubber leaves chlorophyll content. Twenty leaves of rubber plant were measured using SPAD-502 and atLEAF CHL PLUS at the same time to determine SPAD-502 and atLEAF CHL PLUS values. The measured leaves were then collected to determine the chlorophyll content using a standard laboratory procedure. Regression and correlation analyses (among 3 methods) were conducted using SAS v.9 software. The results showed that between SPAD-502 and atLEAF CHL PLUS values were closely correlated, hence both of the devices can substitute each other to estimate rubber leaf chlorophyll content. In addition, the relationship between atLEAF CHL PLUS and SPAD-502 values with actual chlorophyll content of rubber clone SP 217, PB 260, GT1, and all clones (general) were significant with high coefficient of determination (R2) as well as low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Variation (CV). Therefore, by using formula determined in this study, both atLEAF CHL PLUS and SPAD-502 can be suggested for accurate, fast, and non-destructive estimation of chlorophyll content of rubber plant leaf.
Sintesis dan uji in vitro penghambatan nanokitosan-Cu terhadap pertumbuhan Fusarium oxysporum dan Colletotrichum capsici Sri WAHYUNI; Muhammad Alfian PRASETYO; Deden Dewantara ERIS; . PRIYONO; . SISWANTO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 88, No 1 (2020): April, 2020
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (464.338 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v88i1.367

Abstract

Wilt and anthracnose are diseases on chili that cause substantial losses and even crop failure. Control of the diseases is generally carried out using chemical pesticides which are environmentally harmful. Therefore, the development of nanoparticles, such as nanochitosan-Cu, can be an environmentally friendly solution in controlling chili disease. The current technology in developing nanochitosan-Cu is green synthesis, which uses an effective reducing agent but non-toxic for plants and the environment. However, the process requires sonication, which is difficult to be adapted for scale-up production. This research aimed to synthesize and determine the formulation of nanochitosan –Cuusing magnetic stirrer method without sonication, and also to evaluate the antifungal ability of nanochitosan-Cu againstFusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum capcisi causing wilt and anthracnose disease, respectively. Synthesis of nanochitosan-Cu was carried out at 50°C and 400 rpm of speed. Characterizations of nanochitosan-Cu were analyzed using SEM-EDX and PSA. In vitro antifungal activity test was carried out by food poisoning method.The results showed that the synthesis of nanochitosan-Cu using ionic gelation method can be carried out without sonication process, and produce round shape nanoparticles with 183.7 nm of diameter. The nanochitosan-Cu was effective against F. oxysporum and C. capsici, at a concentration of 100 ppm. It inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum and C. capsici by 100% and 92.38%, respectively.Layu dan antraknosa merupakan penyakit pada tanaman cabai yang menimbulkan kerugian besar bahkan gagal panen. Pengendalian penyakit tersebut umumnya dilakukan menggunakan pestisida kimia yang tidak ramah lingkungan. Untuk itu perlu dikembangkan biofungisida yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah nanopartikel kitosan-Cu. Teknologi pengembangan nanopartikel yang saat ini sedang berkembang adalah green synthesis, yaitu menggunakan reduktor yang efektif namun tidak toksik terhadap tanaman dan lingkungan. Proses sintesis ini membutuhkan sonikasi yang cukup sulit untuk diadaptasi pada skala produksi masal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan sintesis nanopartikel kitosan-Cu dengan metode magnetic stirrer tanpa sonikasi, serta mengevaluasi kemampuan antifungi terhadap Fusarium oxysporum dan Colletotrichum capcisi penyebab layu dan antraknosa. Sintesis nanokitosan-Cu dilakukan pada suhu 50°C dengan kecepatan 400 rpm. Karakterisasi nanokitosan-Cu dilakukan menggunakan SEM-EDX dan PSA. Uji aktivitas antifungi secara in vitro dilakukan menggunakan metode peracunan makanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sintesis nanokitosan-Cu dengan metode gelasi ionik dapat dilakukan tanpa proses sonikasi dan menghasilkan nanopartikel berdiameter 183,7 nm dan berbentuk bulat. Nanokitosan-Cu yang dihasilkan efektif sebagai antifungi terhadap F. oxysporum dan C. capsici. Pada konsentrasi 100 ppm, nanokitosan-Cu mampu menghambat pertumbuhan F. oxysporum dan C. capsici masing-masing sebesar 100% dan 92,38%.
Bioconversion performance and development of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) on treated cocoa pod husk Ciptadi Achmad YUSUP; Haryo Tejo PRAKOSO; . SISWANTO; Deden Dewantara ERIS
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 88, No 1 (2020): April, 2020
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (339.524 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v88i1.365

Abstract

Indonesia is the third largest cocoa producer in the world, thus the number of cocoa pod husk (CPH) resulted from this activity is abundant. To handle this waste, farmer usually uses it directly as a feed source to small ruminants but this practice is less effective due to its low protein content and it also contains a substantial amount of lignin. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae are known as bioconversion agents that can be fed upon various organic substrates and they are also high protein source. The aim of this research was to evaluate the possibility of BSF grown on CPH based on their relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), waste reduction index (WRI), and development time. Body size of the imago from each treatment was also measured. Larvae were fed with fresh CPH (F), fresh blended CPH (B), composted CPH (C), mix of fresh CPH with food waste (F+FW) and mix of composted CPH with food waste (C+FW). Food waste served as a control. The results of this study show that the most ideal treatment that possible to be applied in cocoa plantation was C+FW treatmentwhich gave average prepupal fresh weight of 11.20 g/100 larvae with 18 days of development time. This treatment had the highest value of WRI and RGR among all treatments. Composted CPH that mixed with food waste treatment also had a shorter development time of BSF larvae.
Potential use of Claroideoglomus etunicatum to enrich signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) for silvopasture preparation Risa ROSITA; Rahayu WIDIASTUTI; Irdika MANSUR; Sarah Asih FAULINA
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 88, No 1 (2020): April, 2020
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (280.391 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v88i1.364

Abstract

Silvopasture system improvement in managing post-mining land resources has been done by searching for a quality grass. One of the selected grass species is signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.). This research aimed to prepare signal grass through the inoculation of AMF Claroideoglomus etunicatum, as an effort to enrich its growth before being applied to post-mining soil. Research stages included the AMF inoculation on signal grass through spore culture and then transferred the colonized grass to the pot using sterile zeolite as a growth medium. The treatment on the first stage was without and with AMF inoculation (dose of 20 spores) on signal grass which was repeated for 12 times. Incubation in a spore culture was 4 weeks while incubation in a pot containing sterile zeolite medium was 8 weeks. Research data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk’s normality test, Independent Sample T-test, and Pearson’s correlation test. Observation results showed that the inoculation of C. etunicatum on signal grass was significantly impact on the increase of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of tillers, shoot and root fresh weight, and shoot dry weight (p <0.05). Microscopic observation showed that there was AMF colonization on treated signal grass roots in the amount of 55 ± 0.06 % with number of spores was 252 ± 9.82 per 10 g zeolites, while AMF infection was not found in uninoculated signal grass. It is expected that by providing signal grass inoculated with AMF C. etunicatum would support its growth in post-mining land for Silvopasture system.
Isolation and characterization of Dehydrin promoter region from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Hayati MINARSIH; Sonny SUHANDONO; Anissa K FUADI; Tati KRISTIANTI; Riza A PUTRANTO; Deden SUKMAJDAYA; . SUSTIPRIJATNO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 88, No 1 (2020): April, 2020
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (867.853 KB) | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v88i1.363

Abstract

The development of molecular biology techniques nowadays has enabled to engineer drought tolerant sugarcane by genetic engineering to accelerate the breeding program. Dehydrin (DHN) is known to have an important role in plant response and adaptation to abiotic stresses (drought, high salinity, cold, heat, etc.). While plant tissues are subjected to drought stress (dehydration), DHN protein is accumulated to high content throughout all vegetative or generative tissues. The research aimed to isolate and characterize the DHN promoter from sugarcane that can be used as transformation material in generating drought tolerant sugarcane. Specific primers for DHN promoter amplification were designed and DHN promoter region was successfully isolated by PCR cloning method. Two putative promoter sequences were identified namely Pr-1DHNSo and Pr-2DHNSo. In silicoanalyses were carried out and cis-regulatory elements motifs that play a role in adaptation on abiotic stress as well as biotic stress including ABRE, MBS, CGTCA-motif, TGACG-motif, GARE-motif, P-box TCA-element and Box-W1 were identified. The promoter Pr-1DHNSo was then cloned into pBI121 expression vector by Overlap Extention PCR (OE-PCR) for further characterization. Functional test of the promoter construct pBI- Pr-1DHNSo was conducted through Agrobacterium transformation into sugarcane calli. GUS assay and PCR analysis showed that the DHN promoter was transformed and expressed in the sugarcane calli.

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